identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D2E067FFCCFFE5FDB3FD876F06FAA3.text	03D2E067FFCCFFE5FDB3FD876F06FAA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galagidae Gray 1825	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  GALAGIDAE</p>
            <p>(GALAGOS)</p>
            <p>• Small to medium-sized prosimians with highly developed, elongated hindlimbs, generally short snout, round eyes, large, naked, membranous, mobile ears, large, soft, woolly fur, and long, usually thick tail.</p>
            <p>• 30-90 cm.</p>
            <p>• Afrotropical Region.</p>
            <p>• Tropical lowland, swamp, riparian, montane, and submontane forests and forest-edge, thicket and scrub, hilly and semi-arid woodlands, savanna, and tree plantations.</p>
            <p>• BH genera, 18 species, 34 taxa.</p>
            <p>• 1 species Critically Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D2E067FFCCFFE5FDB3FD876F06FAA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Anthony B. Rylands;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Galagidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 184-209, ISBN: 978-84-96553-89-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6657019
03D2E067FFCEFFE7FF9AFE506227F440.text	03D2E067FFCEFFE7FF9AFE506227F440.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galagoides demidovii (Fischer 1806)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>1.</p>
            <p>Demidoff’s Dwarf Galago</p>
            <p> Galagoides demidovii</p>
            <p>French: Galago de Demidoff / German: Demidoff-Zwerggalago / Spanish: Galago pequeno de Demidoff</p>
            <p>Other common names: Demidoff's Dwarf Bushbaby, Prince Demidoff's Bushbaby; Bioko Dwarf Galago (poensis), Calabar Dwarf Galago (murinus), Congo Dwarf Galago (anomurus), Kasai Dwarf Galago (phasma), Uele Dwarf Galago (medius)</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago demidovii Fischer, 1806 , </p>
            <p> Senegal.</p>
            <p> Fairly well-demarcated “foxy-red” and “reddish-gray” morphs of  G. demidovii occur throughout West Africa. In Central Africa, lighter and darker morphs appear to take their place. In general, grayer animals are larger in size, and the head is narrow, with large forward-facing eyes and a pointed, upturned muzzle with a prominent white nose stripe. There is slight sexual dimorphism in body size. Color of underparts also varies greatly by locality. An as-yet undescribed  variety from the vicinity of Mount Cameroon is known only from a few museum specimens. It is gray with a contrastingly redder mid-dorsal region, creamy-yellow underparts, and black eye-rings. Another large grayish-red form, known from two specimens taken from Lake Oku in the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon, is morphologically quite distinct and likely represents a separate species. A particularly small, undescribed  form with a most distinctive dark red tail occurs in Okomu National Park, Nigeria (where the nominates subspecies  demidovii and G.  thomasi are also found).  G. demidovii has 58 chromosomes. There are likely a far greater number of distinct taxa, but more research is needed. Six subspecies recognized. </p>
            <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p>
            <p> G. d. demidoviiFischer, 1806 — WAfricafromSenegaltoNigeria (WNigerRiver); notconfirmedinGuinea, Guinea-Bissau, andMali.</p>
            <p> G. d. anomurusdePousargues, 1893 — Cameroon (SSanagaRiver), CentralAfrican. Republic, EquatorialGuinea, Gabon, RepublicoftheCongo, DRCongo (NCongoRiver).</p>
            <p> G. d. mediusThomas, 1915 — NEDRCongo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, andNWTanzania.</p>
            <p> G. d. murinusMurray, 1859 — Nigeria (ENigerRiver) toNWCameroon.</p>
            <p> G. d. phasmaCabrera &amp; Ruxton, 1926 — DRCongo (SofCongoRiver), WUganda, andNAngola.</p>
            <p> G. d. poensis Thomas, 1904 — endemic to Bioko I. </p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 12-17 cm, tail 14-22 cm; weight 55-100 g. Demidoff’s Dwarf  Galago is a wide-ranging and highly variable species. The tail is long and nonbushy. Pelage color ranges by locality from dark maroon, gingery reddish-brown, dark reddish-brown, reddish-gray, or yellow-gray above with reddish-yellow, grayish-white, creamy yellow, or creamy-white underparts. The neck sometimes has a grayish contrast, and the tail can be a deeper red-brown. Eye-rings can be brownish or black, and the mid-facial stripe white or yellow toned. The nominate subspecies  demidovii is reddishgray above with reddish-yellow or creamy-white underparts. Its eye-rings are brownish, and its mid-facial stripe is yellow toned. Size range runs from fairly large to very small. The “Calabar Dwarf  Galago ” (G. d. murinus) is deep maroon or reddish-brown above. Its eye-rings are black, and the mid-facial stripe is white. The “Bioko Dwarf  Galago ” (G. d. poensis) is a small reddish-brown taxon. The “Congo Dwarf  Galago ” (G. d. anomurus) is a large variety, with pelage ranging from yellow-gray to dark maroon above and grayish-white to creamy-yellow below. The “Kasai Dwarf  Galago ” (G. d. phasma) is generally dark reddish-brown; a wide size range indicates that at least two distinct taxa may actually be represented. The “Uele Dwarf  Galago ” (G. d. medius) is gingery-reddish-brown dorsally, sometimes with a contrasting grayish neck. The underside is creamy-yellow, and the tail is a deeper red-brown. At least two different taxa of the Uele Dwarf  Galago are represented, one large and the other small. The large type is gingery-red-brown on the back (contrasting with the grayer tone of the neck), creamy-yellow below;its tail is a deeper red-brown. The small type is a deeper red-brown above without the contrasting gray neck and with a deeper yellow underside and deeper red tail. Throughout West Africa, there also are a numberof fairly well-demarcated foxy-red and reddish-gray morphs, while in Central Africa, lighter and darker morphs appear to take their place. In general, grayer animals are larger. Given this considerable variation in coloration and size, additional distinct taxa likely will be described; however, pelage can also be variable within populations so species’ descriptions cannot be based on pelage alone. </p>
            <p> Habitat. Demidoft’s Dwarf  Galago is found in a broad range of forest types from primary and secondary rainforest, to evergreen, deciduous and semi-deciduous,littoral, marsh, gallery, savanna, and montane forest up to 1600 m above sea level. They are usually found below 5 m in the forest strata, with a preference for the understory below 10 m; they will even use the ground but can be found as high as 12 m. Demidoff’s Dwarf  Galago is mainly associated with the understory of secondary forest and forest edge habitats. It is also present in primary tropical moist forest, particularly in tree-fall zones, logged forest, roadsides, and cultivated areas. It is generally restricted to dense undergrowth with fine branches. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. Demidoff’s Dwarf  Galago has an insectivore-frugivore diet, with roughly three-quarters consisting of invertebrates such as insects (mostly small beetles and nocturnal moths) and snails, along with the occasional tree frog. The remainder of its diet is made up offruits, unripe nuts, young leaves, buds, and exudates. Prey is detected by hearing and sight rather than by smell, and prey is snatched with one or both hands. Individuals can acrobatically feed by hanging bipedally while hunting. </p>
            <p>Breeding. Mating is prolonged, lasting up to an hour, and takes place while a pairis suspended beneath a branch. Births occur throughout the year in Gabon, but numbers seem to reach a peak in January-April. In Central Africa, mating is known to take place in September—October and January-February. Gestation varies by region, being 110-129 days (111-114 days on average), after which usually one but sometimes two offspring are born. Females normally breed only once a year. Birth weight is 5-10 g. The mother takes the infant out of the nest when it is a few days old, leaves it hidden in vegetation while she forages during the night, and carries it in her mouth back to the nest in the morning. After about a month infants are able to follow the mother, but they arestill carried on occasion. Infants that are unable to leap across a gap after their mother emita call; the female returns, picks up andjumps with her infant. Weaning occurs after aboutsix weeks. Juveniles are much darker in color than adults. When interacting with adults, young hold their tail in a corkscrew position, which prevents them from being attacked. They are independent at 90 days and fully mature by 8-10 months. Individuals can live 12-13 years in captivity.</p>
            <p>Activity patterns. Demidoft’s Dwarf Galagos are fully nocturnal and almost exclusively arboreal. They make rapid, darting movements while running and leaping. When leaping, they push off with hindlimbs and land forelimbs first.</p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. Demidoff’s Dwarf  Galago is mainly solitary. The male’s territory (0-5-2-7 ha) overlaps those of several females (each 0-6 1-4 ha). Males maintain territories for 1-3 years. Matriarchies are present. Individuals sleep either in a spherical nest that they construct out of dense vegetation or in an abandoned squirrel nest. The oval-shaped leaf nests are also used for giving birth; such nests are found more often during the wet season. Males sleep alone, but females sleep in groups of 2-5 (occasionally up to ten). Adult males are aggressive toward one another and seem to be territorial. Adults of opposite sexes, however, may share the same area, sometimes sleep together by day, and have some contact at night even though they forage separately. Because each male seeks to control an area that overlaps home ranges of several females, intense competition among males may result. Field research has distinguished four categories of males. The heaviest males (averaging 75 g) have large home ranges that include at least one female’s home range and often are in a central position overlapping a number of female ranges. Home ranges of several such males converge at a common point of slight overlap, where interaction occurs. The lightest males (averaging 56 g) are tolerated within the ranges of the heavy males and have small home ranges of their own. Medium-sized males (averaging 61 g) occupy relatively large home ranges but on the periphery of female ranges. These males may associate with other peripheral males and eventually may gain weight and shift into a central position. The last category, nomadic males, includes mostly young animals that do not remain long in any one area. Males leave their natal area at puberty. Demidoff’s Dwarf  Galago has a distinctive loud call repertoire. These are long crescendos that increase in volume, speed, and pitch, given once or twice and used for contact, spacing, and gathering. Chirps are given in short phrases in the context of mild alarm. An explosive buzz is used for contact avoidance. Very rapid chirps that speed up and slow down are used when individuals are highly alarmed. </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Only the subspecies poensis on Bioko Island has a restricted distribution. Otherwise, Demidoff’s Dwarf  Galago is widespread and notably resilient to human pressure. It occurs in numerous protected areas: Dja Biosphere Reserve and Korup National Park in Cameroon; Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of the Congo; Kahuzi-Biéga and Salonga national parks and Tayna Gorilla Reserve in the DR Congo; Monte Alen National Park in Equatorial Guinea; Bia, Kakum, Kyabobo, and Nini-Suhien national parks and Ankasa and Bia reserves in Ghana; Tai National Park in Ivory Coast; Sapo National Park in Liberia; Cross River and Okomu national parks, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Akpaka, Ilaro, and Sapoba forest reserves, and Mamu River Forest Reserve in Nigeria; Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary in Sierra Leone; and Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest, Kibale Forest, and Queen Elizabeth national parks in Uganda. It also occurs in the proposed Mount Kupe Forest Reserve (Cameroon) and probably in most of 13 recently created parks in Gabon. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Ambrose (1999), Blackwell (1969b), Charles-Dominique (1972, 1977a), Charles-Dominique &amp; Bearder (1979), Dulaney (1987), Dutrillaux et al. (1982), Hill (1947, 1953d), Honess &amp; Bearder (1996), Lawrence &amp; Washburn (1936), Napier &amp; Napier (1967, 1985), Oates (2011), Olson (1979), Olson &amp; Nash (2003), Pitts (1988), Stanyon et al. (1992), Vincent (1969), Wickings et al. (1998).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D2E067FFCEFFE7FF9AFE506227F440	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Anthony B. Rylands;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Galagidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 184-209, ISBN: 978-84-96553-89-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6657019
03D2E067FFCEFFE6FA95F4326F2BF47C.text	03D2E067FFCEFFE6FA95F4326F2BF47C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galagoides thomasi (Elliot 1907)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>2.</p>
            <p>Thomas’s Dwarf Galago</p>
            <p> Galagoides thomasi</p>
            <p>French: Galago de Thomas / German: Thomas-Zwerggalago / Spanish: Galago pequeno de Thomas</p>
            <p>Other common names: Thomas's Bushbaby, Thomas's Dwarf Bushbaby, Thomas's Galago</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago (Hemigalago) thomasi Elliot, 1907 , </p>
            <p> Fort Beni, Semliki River, Belgian Congo (= DR Congo).</p>
            <p> Following its description, G.  thomasi was generally regarded as a subspecies of G. demidovi, but in 1953, W. C. O. Hill remarked that thomas: was the only distinctive subspecies, having a larger body size and longer, looser fur. It was L. Nash and her coworkers who resurrected thomas: as a full species in 1989. It is sympatric with  G. demidovii across much of its range. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. W &amp; C Africa including S Senegal, Ivory Coast, S Ghana, S Nigeria, S Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (also on Bioko I), Gabon, Republic of the Congo, DR Congo, W Uganda, NW Tanzania, and NE Zambia; possibly in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, SW Central African Republic, Rwanda, Burundi, and Angola. The outer boundary ofits distribution is uncertain.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 14-20 cm, tail 15-24 cm; weight 60-150 g. Thomas’s Dwarf  Galago is a small species with long loose fur, a narrow head, and a comparatively long, pointed muzzle that often has a pale nose stripe. Ears are prominent. The dorsal side is brownish-gray, and the underside is yellowish. It has a very pale interocular stripe with variable eye-rings; in some populations, these are fine and indistinct, and in others, these are dark, forming a mask. The tail is not bushy and is the same color as the dorsum. The dorsum is medium to light brown. The ventrum is slightly lighter brown in many populations, but coat coloris strongly influenced by shedding, being more ashyjust before shedding and darkerjust after. The anal scent gland is black. </p>
            <p> Habitat. Lowland and montane forest up to 2690 m above sea level; gallery, deciduous, semi-deciduous, littoral, and riparian forests; marshland, plantations, and farmbush. When in sympatry with Demidoff’s Dwarf  Galago , Thomas’s Dwarf  Galago normally occupies the upperstrata of the canopy, 10-20 m above the ground, but when allopatric, it also uses the ground level. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. Thomas's Dwarf  Galago has been described as a faunivore-frugivore, feeding on fruits, young leaves, exudates, and invertebrates, although invertebrate foods seem to make up two-thirds or more of the diet. It can acrobatically hang bipedally when catching food or eating, and it can catch insect prey with surprising rapidity. </p>
            <p>Breeding. The female gives birth to one or two young after gestation of 110-114 days. Births take place throughout the year, although there is a peak in frequency from December to February. A poorly defined mating peak was reported during August in Uganda, with a discernible birth peak (five records) in December-February (the driest time of the year in Uganda). Nevertheless, births or extrapolated births were recorded in all months, and adult females were always either pregnant or nursing. Birth weights are ¢.25 g. Single young are about as frequent as twins. Sex ratios at birth and among adults appear to be relatively consistent at 1:1.</p>
            <p> Activity patterns. Thomas's Dwarf  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. It uses broad supports near tree trunks and finer branches in the crown. It makes very rapid movements—frequently ascending, descending, and leaping up to 1-8 m between supports. </p>
            <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thomas’s Dwarf Galagos are largely solitary, with a male’s territory overlapping those of several females. They sleep either in nests of dense vegetation or self-made nests, but they will very occasionally resort to natural crevices or holes in trees, which they line with fresh leaves. They are usually solitary while foraging but maintain occasional vocal contact with familiar individuals. They usually sleep communally, although lone males have been seen. In Cameroon, up to five individuals of mixed sex have been observed gathering at dawn, whereas in Uganda as many as 8-12 individuals with even or near-even adult sex ratios have been observed while sleeping together. Their vocal repertoire is distinct. Contact calls are short crescendos that rapidly increase in speed and pitch and are usually repeated at least three times in quick succession. Trill calls are associated with individuals coming together at dawn and can be characterized as assembly calls. Rapid chips are given in the context of mild alarm. Apparent alarm calls are usually given in long sequences for about 30 minutes. High-intensity alarm calls include rapid yaps in discrete phrases. There are also rapid and rhythmical yaps, often interspersed with grunts and buzzes. They live up to ten years in captivity.</p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Thomas's Dwarf  Galago is widespread and often common, especially in disturbed habitats. Its small size means that it is generally not hunted. It occurs in numerous protected areas, and its presence was recently confirmed in northern Tanzania. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Ambrose (1999, 2006), Bearder et al. (2003), Blackwell (1969b), Burnham &amp; Navaza-Leon (1998), Charles-Dominique (1972), Kingdon (1971, 1997), Llorente et al. (2003), Nash et al. (1989), Oates (2011), Olson (1979), Olson &amp; Nash (2003), Omari et al. (1999), Simpson (1965), Wickings et al. (1998).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D2E067FFCEFFE6FA95F4326F2BF47C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Anthony B. Rylands;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Galagidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 184-209, ISBN: 978-84-96553-89-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6657019
03D2E067FFCFFFE6FF7BF41B6D2DF5B8.text	03D2E067FFCFFFE6FF7BF41B6D2DF5B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galagoides orinus (Lawrence & Washburn 1936)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>3.</p>
            <p>Mountain Dwarf Galago</p>
            <p> Galagoides orinus</p>
            <p>French: Galago des Usambara / German: Uluguru-Zwerggalago / Spanish: Galago pequeno de montana</p>
            <p>Other common names: Amani Dwarf Galago, Uluguru Bushbaby, Usambara Galago</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago demidovii orinus Lawrence &amp; Washburn, 1936 , </p>
            <p> Tanzania, Uluguru Mountains, Bagilo.</p>
            <p> Galagoides orinus was recognized as a full species by P. Honess in 1996 based on differences in vocalizations and morphology—a classification subsequently accepted in the revisions of C. P. Groves in 2001 and P. Grubb and coworkers in 2003. It is sympatric with  G. zanzibaricus . Researchers have confirmed the presence of a small dwarf galago, similar to G.  orinus , on Mount Rungwe in the south-western highlands of Tanzania. In 2001 Groves referred to a similar-looking galago from the Ukinga Mountains, off the north-east shore of Lake Malawi, and adjacent to and east of Mount Rungwe as the “Ukinga” form, a similar galago is also found in Northern Malawi’s Misuku Hills. Differences in calls, morphology, and other characteristics strongly suggest that although currently considered G. orinus, this form is likely a new species. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Poorly known but found in many of the Eastern Arc Mts of SE Kenya and E Tanzania, including the Taita Hills and the E &amp; W Usumbara, Uluguru, Udzungwa, and Rubeho Mts.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 12-:5-15 cm,tail 17-19 cm; weight ¢.80 g. The Mountain Dwarf  Galago is generally dark brownish-green and reddish-toned. It has a conspicuous creamy-yellow median stripe on the face, and eye-rings are thin and dark brown. Ears are not deeply pigmented. The muzzle is slender and turned up. The chin and neck are yellowish-white. The crown, dorsum, forelimbs, thighs, and flanks are dark brown. The ventrum, inner forelimbs, and inner hindlimbs are creamy white. The tail is relatively short and of uniform thickness with long hairs; it is reddish at the base and darker at the tip. Hindfeet are very short. </p>
            <p>Habitat. Mountain Dwarf Galagos live at low densities in mid-elevation and montane moist forests at 1200-2000 m above sea level and in giant heather Erica forest at the limit of the tree zone. Disturbed forest, such as tree-fall zones, appears to be preferred, especially areas of thick vine tangles. The canopy, mid-canopy, and understory are used. They are also found in forest with large numbers of wild bananas and Hageniadominant montane forest, where they occupy the midto high canopy.</p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Mountain Dwarf  Galago is a faunivore-frugivore. It eats fruits, young leaves, exudates, and invertebrates (e.g. moths and cockroaches). Individuals will enter large, cone-shaped banana flowers to eat the nectar. It usually hunts in trees but occasionally searches for insects in leaflitter. </p>
            <p> Breeding. There is little information available on this species, but aspects of breeding are probably similar to other species of  Galagoides , with the female giving birth to one or two young after gestation of 110-114 days. </p>
            <p>Activity patterns. Mountain Dwarf Galagos are nocturnal and arboreal but little is known aboutits specific activity patterns. Their mode of locomotion is mainly vertical clinging and leaping. They also scamper quadrupedally on horizontal supports and run head down on tree trunks. They hop to the ground for foraging but quickly return to vertical stems; they can leap up to 5 m. All forest strata are used.</p>
            <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mountain Dwarf Galagos are largely solitary. A male’s home range overlaps those of the females. Their social organization is otherwise little known. They use round nests constructed of leaves and twigs for sleeping in the daytime. Nests may be set in clumps of lianas 15 m up in the canopy and hold three to four individuals. They forage alone and in small groups. After leaving their sleeping sites, members of small groups participate in bouts of intergroup and intragroup advertisement calling. They then separate to forage solitarily but maintain contact by calling, which reaches a second peak at dawn. The species-specific advertisement call is a “double unit repetitive call,” and they also emit diagnostic alarm call yaps and descending screeches.</p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Although the Mountain Dwarf  Galago is widespread, habitats throughout its distribution are fragmented and threatened by habitat loss and degradation. It occurs in the Udzungwa Mountains National Park and forest reserves in Tanzania: Amani West, Livingstone, Mporoto Ridge, Rungwe, Udzungwa Scarp, Uluguru North, and West Kilombero Scarp. It also probably occurs in the Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary in Kenya. The Livingstone Forest Reserve is within the proposed Kitulo National Park. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Bearder et al. (2003), Burgess et al. (2000), Butynski et al. (1998), Honess (1996), Honess &amp; Bearder (1996), Jorgensbye (2007), Kingdon (1997), Lawrence &amp; Washburn (1936), Perkin (2000, 2001a, 2001b, 2004), Perkin et al. (2002).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D2E067FFCFFFE6FF7BF41B6D2DF5B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Anthony B. Rylands;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Galagidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 184-209, ISBN: 978-84-96553-89-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6657019
03D2E067FFCFFFE1FA70F55E6B4CF6AB.text	03D2E067FFCFFFE1FA70F55E6B4CF6AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galagoides rondoensis Honess 1997	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>4.</p>
            <p>Rondo Dwart Galago</p>
            <p> Galagoides rondoensis</p>
            <p>French: Galago du Rondo / German: Rondo-Zwerggalago / Spanish: Gélago pequeno de Rondo</p>
            <p>Other common names: Rondo Bushbaby, Rondo Galago</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galagoides rondoensis Honess in Kingdon, 1997,</p>
            <p> Tanzania, Lindi District, Rondo Plateau, Rondo Forest Reserve (10° 07’ S, 39° 23’ E).</p>
            <p> A species from the Rondo Plateau, southeastern Tanzania. It was first identified as  G. demidovii but later recognized as a distinct species based on differences in vocalizations and morphology. A museum specimen in the Frankfurt collection, originally from the Pugu Hills Forest Reserve (now Saadani National Park), is smaller than the typical Rondo Dwarf Galago. With a shortertail, a yellowish mid-facial stripe, unpigmented ears, and no eye-rings,it may represent a distinct subspecies. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Endemic to Tanzania, known only from six small remnant moist-forest patches in C coastal and extreme SE Tanzania (Litipo, Rondo, Ziwani, Pugu Hills/ Kazimzumbwi, and Zareninge), and the Pande Game Reserve; it is not known if it occurs in the intervening areas.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 9-12 cm, tail 16-22 cm; weight 35-70 g. The Rondo Dwarf  Galago is thought to be the smallest living galago, with little or no sexual dimorphism. Pelage color varies with maturity. The muzzle is long and slender. Pelage is generally brown above, becoming pale yellowish below and darkening to a deeper yellow on the neck and chin. It has a whitish mid-facial stripe, and eye-rings are thin and dark. The tail is somewhat reddish and relatively long with the final one-third much bushier than the rest, giving it a characteristic “bottle-brush” effect; it is often held rolled up when the animal is at rest. Ears are slate gray and prominent. A yellow pigmentation of the ears, lips, and chin is especially marked in young individuals. The dorsal pelage is rich brown and extends onto the dorsal sides of the thighs and forelimbs. The ventral pelage is creamy white, with some yellow staining on the chest of some individuals. </p>
            <p>Habitat. Coastal lowland dry forest and scrub in forest patches, usually on east-facing slopes and escarpments and in areas wetter than the surrounding habitats (rainfall mean 936-1110 mm). Rondo Dwarf Galagos are often associated with liana tangles around tree-fall zones. Its elevational range is 100-900 m.</p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. There are few observations of feeding, but the Rondo Dwarf  Galago appears to be a faunivore-frugivore, eating fruits, young leaves, exudates, and invertebrates. Insect prey makes up a large proportion of the diet; it hunts in the leaf litter and understory. Individuals (up to four together and sometimes with the Tanzania Coast Dwarf  Galago ,  G. zanzibaricus ) are often observed jumping to the ground to catch invertebrate prey, particularly insects fleeing army ant columns. </p>
            <p> Breeding. Very little is known about the breeding pattern of the Rondo Dwarf  Galago . Based on data from trapped females, antenatal body weight is 93 g (n = 3) and postnatal lactating weight is 66-5 g (n = 2). Infants are carried in the mother’s mouth; mothers park the infant during the night. </p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Rondo Dwarf  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. Locomotion is mainly vertical clinging to thin stems and leaping up to 2 m over small gaps. Quadrupedal running on horizontal supports and running head down tree trunks have been observed. </p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. The limited data available suggest that the Rondo Dwarf Galagois a relatively solitary forager that comes togetherto sleep in small groups. Three individuals have been seen to nest together, and up to four individuals have been seen forming small loose groupings when foraging. Flat leafy nests used for daytime sleeping can be located in thick liana tangles 5-30 m off the ground. It may share a nest with a Mozambique Dwarf  Galago (  G. granti ). After leaving the nest at dusk, most activity is spent in the forest understory (less than 3 m off the ground) and more than 15% of observations have been with other individuals. The Rondo Dwarf  Galago has an extensive vocal repertoire. Loud calls are often mixed together to form other call structures, depending on the context. A study in the Rondo Forest found that 70% of calls analyzed were alarm calls, with only 22% species-specific advertisement calls (n = 647). The species-specific advertisement call is used to advertise presence and for group reassembly in the morning. The “double unit rolling call” is diagnostic. </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Rondo Dwarf  Galago is threatened by the logging ofits remaining forest habitat, which is highly fragmented and amounts to less than 100 km?®. It occurs in Saadani National Park and the forest reserves of Litipo, Pugu Hills, Rondo, and Ziwani—all in Tanzania. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Bearder (1999), Bearder, Ambrose et al. (2003), Bearder, Honess &amp; Ambrose (1995), Burgess et al. (2000), Honess (1996), Honess &amp; Bearder (1996), Honess et al. (2007), Kingdon (1997), Lumsden &amp; Masters (2001), Perkin (2002, 2004).</p>
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03D2E067FFC8FFE1FF9CF64D63D8F5BA.text	03D2E067FFC8FFE1FF9CF64D63D8F5BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galagoides granti (Thomas & Wroughton 1907)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>5.</p>
            <p>Mozambique Dwart Galago</p>
            <p> Galagoides granti</p>
            <p>French: Galago de Grant / German: Mosambik-Zwerggalago / Spanish: Galago pequeno de Mozambique</p>
            <p>Other common names: Grant's Bushbaby, Grant's Dwarf Galago, Grant's Galago, Grant's Lesser Galago, Mozambique Lesser Galago</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago granti Thomas &amp; Wroughton, 1907 , </p>
            <p> Mozambique, Inhambane, Coguno.</p>
            <p> Galago granti was named after the collector C. H. B. Grant. It has been classified in a number of ways. It was considered to be a subspecies of  G. senegalensis granti by E. Schwarz in 1931, but a southern subspecies of  Galago zanzibaricus granti , by P. Jenkins in 1987. In 1979, T. R. Olson placed it in the genus  Galagoides as G. zanzibaricus  granti . In 1996, P. Honess confirmed its status as a distinct species based on vocalizations, their sexual organs, and hair morphology. This species is variable in appearance, and here we treat the following forms provisionally as synonyms, although they may well be recognized as distinct with further research. The “Malawi  Galago ” (  G. nyasae ) described by Elliot in 1907 is known from six specimens collected in the mountains south of Lake Nyasa (= Lake Malawi), southern Malawi, and the neighboring region of north-western Mozambique,it is here considered conspecific with  G. granti . It is similar to the typical  G. granti but is generally browner,less reddish above, and less yellowish above, with a less blackened tail. The facial pattern is indistinct with hardly any eye-rings, and the snout has a yellowish median stripe. The “Mount Thyolo Dwarf  Galago ” is known only from two museum specimens collected on Mount Thyolo (= Mount Cholo) in southern Malawi. It is generally similar to the Lake Nyasa  form except in body proportions. The dorsal pelage is light brown; the underside is creamygray; eye-rings are black; cheeks and throat are yellowish; and ears are large and not heavily pigmented. Finally, the “Kalwe Small Dwarf  Galago ,” which is known from two specimens collected in the Misuku Hills of northern Malawi, may also be  G. granti . It is much larger and brownish, with a dark brown tail tip and notably short ears. Recorded vocalizations from Kalwe are distinctive and merit further study, whereas those from Mount Thyolo are said to be broadly similar to  G. granti . Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. East African coast from the Rufiji River in SE Tanzania to the Limpopo River in SE Mozambique, also inland in montane areas (e.g. Thyolo Mts of W Malawi) and extending W into Chimanimani, Zimbabwe; a record from Mt Namuli in Mozambique requires verification.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 9-12 cm, tail 16-22 cm; weight 35-70 g. The Mozambique Dwarf  Galago is generally reddish or red-olive above, and the underside is creamy yellow, with a less yellowish throat. The head is a darker reddish-gray, and the forehead is grayer than the top of the head. Thick black eye-rings are continuous with the black on the sides of the muzzle. There is a thick white stripe running from the forehead to the rhinarium. Skin of the long rounded ears is black. The tail is drab brown, darkened or even blackish on the terminal one-third, including the tip, and it is long and bushy with hairs of 20-25 mm. </p>
            <p> Habitat. [Lowland evergreen, semi-evergreen, dry coastal, submontane evergreen and gallery forest and hilly (miombo) woodlands, thicket, and scrubland. Vegetation associated with tea plantations is also used. The Mozambique Dwarf  Galago has been recorded to at least 1800 m above sea level. It prefers the undergrowth. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. Little is known about the diet of the Mozambique Dwarf  Galago . It is a faunivore-frugivore, supplementing insects and birds with fruit in the denser part of the understory at heights of 6-10 m above the ground. It has been seen clinging to tree-trunks, head-down, and eating exudates. Stomachs of sacrificed individuals have contained fruits, flowers, and insects. In 1983, R. Smithers reported seeing them congregate around mist nets and chewing off heads of birds caught in the nets. </p>
            <p> Breeding. Little is known about breeding of the Mozambique Dwarf  Galago . There are two birth seasons per year (February-March and August—October), butit is not known if individual females breed twice in the same year. They sometimes produce twins, but single young are typical. </p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Mozambique Dwarf  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. Like closely related species, it is an agile jumper, leaping between vertical supports, and it also uses quadrupedal climbing and walking or scurrying. </p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Mozambique Dwarf  Galago is a solitary forager (90% of nighttime observations), but groups of up to six individuals have been reported sleeping in a tree hollow. A male’s territory (2-3 ha) overlaps those of one or two females (each c.2 ha). Most communication is with loud advertising counter-calls that are exchanged between conspecifics during the first two hours after sunset and last two hours before sunrise. These calls seem to be related to departing and gathering from the sleeping site. Sleeping sites are located 3-5-5 m off the ground and comprise tree holes, green leafy self-constructed nests, or nests made from twigs and lianas. Such sites are shared with as many as five conspecifics of mixed sex, other galago species (the Rondo Dwarf  Galago , G.  rondoensis ), and even diurnal squirrels. Mozambique Dwarf Galagos make a species-specific incremental call that begins quietly, increases and then decreases in volume, and is composed of 1-17 units, each made up of an increasing number of subunits. Such calls are given alone and in mixed sequences. </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Mozambique Dwarf  Galago is fairly widespread and common. It occurs in Quirimbas National Park in Mozambique; Litipo, Nambiga, and Rondo forest reserves and Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania; Chimanimani National Park and East Ngarima Reserve in Zimbabwe; and other forest reserves in Mozambique and southern Tanzania. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Anderson (2000, 2001), Bearder, Ambrose et al. (2003), Bearder, Honess &amp; Ambrose (1995), Burgess et al. (2000), Butynski et al. (2006), Courtenay &amp; Bearder (1989), Harcourt &amp; Bearder (1989), Honess (1996), Honess &amp; Bearder (1996), Jenkins (1987), Kingdon (1971, 1997), Lumsden &amp; Masters (2001), Meester et al. (1986), Nash et al. (1989), Olson (1979), Perkin (2000, 2007), Skinner &amp; Smithers (1990), Wallace, G. (2006).</p>
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03D2E067FFC8FFE0FA97F55F688BF5B4.text	03D2E067FFC8FFE0FA97F55F688BF5B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galagoudes cocos (Heller 1912)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>6.</p>
            <p>Kenya Coast Dwarf Galago</p>
            <p> Galagoides cocos</p>
            <p>French: Galago des cocotiers / German: Kokos-Zwerggalago / Spanish: Galago pequeno de Kenia</p>
            <p>Other common names: Diani Galago, Kenya Coast Galago</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago moholi cocos Heller, 1912 , </p>
            <p> Kenya, Mazeras.</p>
            <p> The so-called “Diani  Galago ” is here considered to be conspecific with this species. G.  cocos has been considered a subspecies or synonym of  G. zanzibaricus ; however, its distinct loud advertising call, penile morphology, and facial markings support its classification as a unique species. Most publications on the ecology of G.  cocos prior to 2003 refer to it as  G. zanzibaricus . </p>
            <p> This species is parapatric with  G. zanzibaricus udzungwensis, or perhaps narrowly sympatric at a few sites in the coastal strip of north Tanzania. It is sympatric with G.  orinus , and parapatric with G. grant, meeting at the Rufiji River. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. E Kenya, NE Tanzania, and possibly S Somalia coast, largely confined to the coastal strip and gallery forests (e.g. those of the lower Tana River) up to 210 m above sea level.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body c.17 cm, tail ¢.27 cm; weight 155-180 g. The Kenya Coast Dwarf  Galago is a small, long-muzzled species, similar to the Tanzania Coastal Dwarf  Galago (  G. zanzibaricus ) but larger. No sexual dimorphism or dichromatism occurs in the Kenya Coast Dwarf  Galago . A broad, white interocular streak continues well above the eyes, and it is enhanced by prominent circumocular rings, formed by dark skin that continues down the sides of the muzzle to  form prominent tearshaped marks at the base of the muzzle. Ears are large and held at ¢.45° from the vertical plane rather than upright. The dorsum is buffy-brown, and the ventrum grayish-white, with no yellow wash on the chin or chest. The tail has a similar color to the dorsum; the distal one-third is dark buffy-brown in some individuals. </p>
            <p> Habitat. Most commonly, secondary lowland rainforest but also coastal dry, evergreen, riparian, swamp, floodplain, second-growth, and montane forests. The Kenya Coast Dwarf  Galago also occurs in cultivated habitats and rural gardens. Its elevational range is sea level to 350 m. It prefers undergrowth and lower forest levels, 5 m from the ground. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Kenya Coast Dwarf  Galago is a faunivore-frugivore. It eats invertebrates and passerine birds, supplemented with fruit. It forages alone and prefers to move in the small-branch niche near the ground. Fruits eaten include those of  Lannea stuhlmannii (  Anacardiaceae ),  Monanthotaxis fornicata and  Uvaria acuminata (both  Annonaceae ),  Grewia (Malvaceae) ,  Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) , and  Ficus (Moraceae) . It eats beetles, orthopterans, centipedes, spiders, ants, termites, caterpillars, millipedes, and true bugs, catching them with both hands or by the mouth. They do not appear to eat gums. </p>
            <p> Breeding. The Kenya Coast Dwarf  Galago has two birth seasons per year (February March and August—October). Gestation is ¢.120 days. Usually a single young is born, sometimes two. Infants are carried in the mother’s mouth and are parked on a branch while she forages. Infants can become independent as early as two months. </p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Kenya Coast Dwarf  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. Their locomotion is quadrupedal, walking on medium sized branches, and vertically clinging and leaping. When jumping between vertical supports, they land front-feet-first or catlike on all four limbs at the same time. </p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. Kenya Coast Dwarf Galagos are largely solitary, although groups of up to six have been reported sleeping in a tree hollow—the most common arrangement being one adult male with one or two females and their offspring. Sleeping site use varies; some individuals use many sites, while others are faithful to just a few. A male’s territory (2-3 ha) overlaps those of one or two females (each c.2 ha). Reciprocal social grooming has been reported. In the coastal forests of Kenya, Kenya Coast Dwarf Galagos have group home ranges of 1-6-2-8 ha. In those forests, there is a closer, regular association between the sexes, and both are probably territorial. Adult males usually have non-overlapping ranges that are shared with one or two females and their offspring. Males and females travel similar distances of 1700-1800 m each night. The male usually sleeps with these other individuals, but a mother will sleep alone for about three weeks after giving birth. Young males disperse from their natal ranges, but females remain in the area and first give birth at about twelve months. The Kenya Coast Dwarf  Galago has an “incremental” advertising counter-call, which is heard from both sexes, most often at the beginning and end of the night. A number of other calls make up the species’ vocal repertoire, including the buzz and rapid chatter, yaps, and “chirrups.” </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Kenya Coast Dwarf  Galago is quite widespread and abundant, butit is locally threatened over much ofits distribution by conversion of suitable habitat to cultivated land, especially non-timber plantations of pineapple and sisal. Nevertheless, it is able to persist in high numbers in agricultural areas with good tree coverage. It occurs in Arabuko-Sokoke National Park, Shimba Hills National Reserve, and Tana River Primate Reserve in Kenya. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Bearder &amp; Martin (1980b), Bearder, Ambrose et al. (2003), Bearder, Honess &amp; Ambrose (1995), de Boer (1973), Butynski &amp; de Jong (2004), Butynski et al. (2006), Courtenay &amp; Bearder (1989), Gucwinska &amp; Gucwinska (1968), Harcourt (1984, 1986a), Harcourt &amp; Nash (1986a, 1986b), de Jong &amp; Butynski (2004), Nash (1983, 1986b), Nash et al. (1989), Perkin (2007).</p>
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03D2E067FFC9FFE0FF7FF5216DC7F640.text	03D2E067FFC9FFE0FF7FF5216DC7F640.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galagoides zanzibaricus (Matschie 1893)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>7.</p>
            <p>Tanzania Coast Dwarf Galago</p>
            <p> Galagoides zanzibaricus</p>
            <p>French: Galago de Zanzibar / German: Sansibar-Zwerggalago / Spanish: Gélago pequeno de Tanzania</p>
            <p>Other common names: Matundu Dwarf Galago, Zanzibar Bushbaby, Zanzibar Galago; Udzungwa Dwarf Galago (udzungwensis), Zanzibar Dwarf Galago (zanzibaricus)</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago zanzibaricus Matschie, 1893 , </p>
            <p> Tanzania, Zanzibar, Yambiani.</p>
            <p> This is a polytypic species, but its taxonomy remains unresolved. It is probably a “waste basket taxon” for several species. It was regarded as a subspecies of  G. senegalensis by E. Schwartz in 1931, and the specific name was revived by J. Kingdon in 1971. T. R. Olson moved it from the genus  Galago to  Galagoides in 1979, and three species were subsequently split off: </p>
            <p> G. granti ,  G. nyasae (not recognized here, see  G. granti taxonomy section), and G.  cocos . Two subspecies are recognized. </p>
            <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p>
            <p> G. z. zanzibaricusMatschie, 1893 — NETanzania (ZanzibarandMafiaIs); absentfromPembaI.</p>
            <p> G. z. udzungwensis Honess in Kingdon, 1997 — NE Tanzania (Udzungwa at Kihansi, Uluguru, and East Usambara Mts S to the Rufiji River) and Mafia I. </p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 12-18 cm, tail 17-24 cm; weight 100-200 g. There is no apparent sexual dimorphism or dichromatism in the Tanzania Coast Dwarf  Galago . The “Zanzibar Dwarf  Galago ” (G. z.  zanzibaricus ) is bufty-grayish dorsally, with a creamy-gray underside. Its tail is only slightly darkened toward the tip, and it has yellowish cheeks and throat. It has thick, black eye-rings, continuous with the black on the sides of the muzzle, and a thick white stripe that runs from the forehead to the rhinarium. The skin of the ears is not deeply pigmented. The “Udzungwa Dwarf  Galago ” (G. z. udzungwensis) is smaller. Its pelage is grayish-brown above grading to yellowishbuff ventrally, with an orangey-buff throat. It has a broad white mid-facialstripe, and cheeks are yellowish-buff. There are no distinct eye-rings. Thetail is gray-brown, and it is evenly and sparsely furred. </p>
            <p>Habitat. Secondary lowland tropical, coastal dry evergreen, groundwater, and submontane forests; brushland; coconut groves; and coral-rag thicket. Tanzania Coast Dwarf Galagos are found from sea level to 1070 m, but the highest point on Zanzibaritself is 120 m. The little we know aboutthis species suggests that they prefer to spend their time in the trees, rarely coming to the ground, preferring mid to high height classes, above 5 m.</p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. Like other small galagos, the Tanzania Coast Dwarf  Galago seems to be a faunivore-frugivore with a preference for animal prey (including insects, such as beetles and ants, and birds), supplemented with fruit (e.g.  Trichilia emetica,  Meliaceae , and  Vitex ,  Lamiaceae ). It does not eat gum. </p>
            <p>Breeding. There are two birth seasons per year (February-March and August-October). A single young is born after gestation of c.120 days, although sometimes they have twins. Infants are carried in the mother’s mouth. Sexual maturity occurs at about twelve months. One individual of the nominate subspecies lived for 16 years and six months in the San Antonio Zoo, USA.</p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Tanzania Coast Dwarf  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. It uses the fine-branch niche, with quadrupedal walking and running when moving along tops of horizontal branches and leaping between more vertical stems and trees. </p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Tanzania Coast Dwarf  Galago is mainly solitary, although groups of 2-6 individuals may sleep together. Nests are usually in tree holes or tangles of dense vegetation 4-8 m from the ground. Leaf nests may comprise green leaves or coconut palm, and individuals can make up to ten trips to assemble a nest. Little is known aboutits behavior at night, but most observations (92%) have been of solitary individuals. The main vocal advertisementis a “single unit rolling call.” These galagos commonly produce this call at dusk or before dawn for reassembly of sleeping groups, and it seemsto serve as a gathering call. Other calls include a buzz, rapid whistle, descending shriek, screech, screech-grunt, and yap. </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Tanzania Coast Dwarf  Galago is relatively widespread and common, but the subspecies zanzibaricusis listed as Endangered, being entirely confined to the southern and eastern parts of Zanzibar Island and on nearby Mafia Island, where, although common, its habitat is fragmented and continues to be degraded and transformed. The Tanzania Coast Dwarf  Galago occurs in Jozani Chwaka Bay and Udzungwa national parks and Kiamboza, Kihansi, and Matundu forest reserves in Tanzania. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Anderson (2000), Bearder (1987), Bearder, Ambrose et al. (2003), Bearder, Honess &amp; Ambrose (1995), de Boer (1973), Burgess et al. (2000), Butynski, Ehardt &amp; Struhsaker (1998), Butynski, de Jong et al. (2006), Harcourt (1986a), Harcourt &amp; Bearder (1989), Harcourt &amp; Nash (1986a, 1986b), Honess (1996), Honess &amp; Bearder (1996), Kingdon (1971, 1997), Lumsden &amp; Masters (2001), Masters et al. (1993), Nash (1983), Olson (1979), Perkin (2000, 2004, 2007), Ying &amp; Butler (1971).</p>
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03D2E067FFC9FFE3FA74F57A6BF9F24A.text	03D2E067FFC9FFE3FA74F57A6BF9F24A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1796	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>8.</p>
            <p>Northern Lesser Galago</p>
            <p> Galago senegalensis</p>
            <p>French: Galago du Sénégal / German: Senegal-Galago / Spanish: Galago menor de Senegal</p>
            <p>Other common names: Senegal Bushbaby, Senegal Galago; Ethiopia Lesser Galago (dunni), Kenya Lesser Galago (braccatus), Senegal Lesser Galago (senegalensis), Uganda Lesser Galago (sotikae)</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1796 , </p>
            <p> Senegal, French West Africa.</p>
            <p> This polytypic species has a complex taxonomic history. Originally, only G. senegalensis was recognized, but it was subsequently split into seven species: G.  gallarum ,  G. moholi ,  G. matschiei , G. grant,  G. zanzibaricus , G.  cocos , and  G. nyasae (not recognized here, see G. grant: taxonomy section). All taxa are distinguished by a species-specific advertisement call. Because there is considerable variation within the widespread  G. senegalensis , more cryptic species may occur within this taxon. Four subspecies are recognized. </p>
            <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p>
            <p> G. s. senegalensisE. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, 1796 — limitsofitsdistributionarelittleknown, butitisfoundfromSenegaltoESudan (acrosstheWhiteNile), andStoEUganda (Karamojaregion), WKenya (MountElgon), andTanzania.</p>
            <p> G. s. braccatusElliot, 1907 — highlandregionsofKenyaandNTanzania.</p>
            <p> G. s. dunniDollman, 1910 — Eritrea, EEthiopia, andpossiblySomalia; theprecisedistributionisunknown.</p>
            <p> G. s. sotikae Hollister, 1920 — Kenya, S Uganda, and Tanzania, along the S shores of Lake Victoria from Mwanza to Ankole. </p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 13-21 cm, tail 20-30 cm; weight 150-300 g (males) and 110-250 g (females). Sexes of the Northern Lesser  Galago are similar in color, but males are 11% heavier than females. It has a broad head and short muzzle, with relatively short ears. Its tail is quite thin at the base but otherwise rather fluffy. Regional differences occur in coloration. Pelage is gray or brown-gray dorsally, with yellow tones on the outer surfaces of limbs and a pale underside. It has dark, complete eye-rings and a white interocular stripe. The nominate subspecies  senegalensis is pure gray above, with a yellowish-white underside. Lower parts of the limbs are creamy-yellow, and the tail is gray-brown. The “Kenya Lesser  Galago ” (G. s. braccatus) is generally gray to gray-brown, with contrasting yellow on undersides, legs, and rump. The tail is brown. The “Uganda Lesser  Galago ” (G. s. sotikae) is a large taxon, described as more brownish-gray dorsally than other subspecies and with yellowish limbs. The “Ethiopia Lesser  Galago ” (G. s. dunni) is a large subspecies with short ears. Its fur has a rather greenish sheen, and limbs are less bright yellow than in other East African forms. </p>
            <p> Habitat.  Acacia woodland, thorn scrub, wooded savanna, gallery forest, and forest edge. The Northern Lesser  Galago prefers the lower forest levels. Dense grassy areas are avoided. It is found in all strata of savanna woodland (e.g. miombo), dense to open brushland areas, montane forest up to 2400 m above sea level, and secondary and highly fragmented forest and woodland, including cultivated areas. It is also found in forests where no other species of galagos occur. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Northern Lesser  Galago is a faunivore-frugivore that also specializes on eating gums of  Acacia drepanolobium and A. xanthophloea (  Fabaceae ). It prefers the gum of A. drepanolobium, which has flavonoids that may have estrogenic effects and may be lower in tannins than other gums. Gum may serve as a key resource during the dry season. It supplements gum with animal prey, including insects (e.g. locusts) and lizards. Stomach contents of wild-caught individuals included mainly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera (caterpillars) but also spiders and scorpions. To a lesser degree, Northern Lesser Galagos eat seeds, fruits such as those of  Balanites aegyptiacus (  Zygophyllaceae ),  Tamarindus (Fabaceae) , and  Sclerocarya (Anacardiaceae) , and nectar from the Baobab (  Adansonia digitata,  Malvaceae ); they may be pollinators. </p>
            <p>Breeding. Two mating and birth seasons occur per year. Battles between rival males are frequent during these times, with combatants rising up to face one another on their hindfeet, their arms outstretched, and teeth barred. Males box, grapple, and bite during antagonistic interactions. These maneuvers are mostly bluff, and actual injuries are rare. Mating lasts 7-12 minutes, and individuals have been observed to mate 22 times on thefirst day of estrus. Normally a single offspring is born (rarely twins), after gestation of 140-142 days. Females have a postpartum estrus; the vagina is closed except during the breeding season. Young are 19 g at birth and sparsely covered with fur; their abdomens are naked. While the mother is out in search of food, they are either left behind in the nest or carried along in her mouth. Weaning occurs at 70-100 days. Adult size is nearly attained by about four months, and sexual maturity occurs at 11-13 months. Individuals may live for up to 16 years.</p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Northern Lesser  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. Their locomotory pattern involves leaps between supports and resting, usually with the body in a relatively vertical position. They move at least 600 m/night. Individuals can cover open spaces of up to 50 m by bipedal hopping on the ground to move between foraging sites. </p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Northern Lesser  Galago lives in large multimale-multifemale groups of up to nine members (usually 2-5) for much of the year. They are led by an alpha male. Several individuals will commonly sleep together by day. Their sleeping sites range from near the ground to 10 m up in the forest canopy and include tree holes in hollow rotten branches or boles, forks of trees, unoccupied man-made beehives with or without nest material, and self-constructed leaf nests, which they take 30 minutes to construct. They have been known to use wooden nest boxes placed for birds. During the mating season, groups break up into temporary breeding pairs that go off to live on their own. Individuals forage singly or in groups of up to three. The Northern Lesser  Galago produces 18 different calls. The loud, low-pitched woo advertisement call is the most distinctive and species-specific. </p>
            <p>Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List, including all four subspecies. It is widespread and relatively common and occurs in numerous protected areas in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.</p>
            <p>Bibliography. Anderson (1999, 2000, 2001), Anderson et al. (2000), Bearder (1987, 1999), Bearder &amp; Doyle (1974a, 1974b), Bearder &amp; Martin (1980a), Bearder et al. (1995, 2003), Bercovitch (1978), Butler (1967), Butynski &amp; de Jong (2004), Darney &amp; Franklin (1982), De Boer (1973), Del Pero et al. (2000), Dutrillaux et al. (1982), Glick (1993), Haddow &amp; Ellice (1964), Harcourt (1981), Heffner, H.E. et al. (1969), Heffner, R.S. (2004), |zard &amp; Nash (1988), Izard &amp; Simons (1986, 1987), Kingdon (1971, 1997), Masters &amp; Bragg (2000), Masters etal. (1993), Nash (1983, 1989, 1993, 2003), Nash &amp; Whitten (1989), Nash et al. (1989), Off et al. (2008), Pullen et al. (2000), Sauer &amp; Sauer (1963), Sauther &amp; Nash (1987), Treff (1967), Zimmermann (1981, 1985b, 1989a, 1990), Zimmermann et al. (1988).</p>
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03D2E067FFCAFFE3FA9EFEEF6CF5F4AC.text	03D2E067FFCAFFE3FA9EFEEF6CF5F4AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galago gallarum Thomas 1901	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>9.</p>
            <p>Somali Lesser Galago</p>
            <p> Galago gallarum</p>
            <p>French: Galago de Somalie / German: Somali-Galago / Spanish: Galago menor de Somalia</p>
            <p>Other common names: Somali Bushbaby, Somali Galago</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago gallarum Thomas, 1901 , </p>
            <p> Dawa River (= Webi Dau), Boran country, southern Abyssinia (= Ethiopia).</p>
            <p> This species was first recognized by O. Thomas in 1901, but then subsumed as a subspecies of  G. senegalensis . In 1979, T. R. Olson argued for its recognition as a distinct species. It is narrowly sympatric with  G. senegalensis in Meru National Park, central Kenya. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. S Ethiopia, E Kenya, and W Somalia, patchily between the Tana and Shebelle river valleys, W to Lake Turkana and the Rift Lakes of Ethiopia; distributional limits in the Ogaden region and elsewhere are vague, and it may also occur in SE Sudan and NE Uganda.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 13-20 cm,tail 21-29 cm; weight 220-250 g (males) and 180-220 g (females). The Somali Lesser  Galago is dull-colored. It is generally similar to the Northern Lesser  Galago (  G. senegalensis ) but with shorter hindlimbs, a shorter black tail, and medium-sized black ears. The coat is buff to sandy-brown above and light gray below, with a yellowish boundary between the two zones. Outer surfaces of limbs are yellowish, and the tail is mostly black. The face and throat are white with incomplete, narrow dark brown eye-rings. There is no sexual dichromatism, but males seem to be larger. </p>
            <p> Habitat. Semi-arid country (  Acacia woodland and thorn scrub). The known elevational range of the Somali Lesser  Galago is 150-1200 m. It lives in drier and thornier habitat than any other galago (or indeed, any other African primate). This scattered bush habitat may require it to spend more time on the ground than other galagos. It uses small trees (2-15 m in height), many of which produce gum. It can be found in all strata in Acacia-Commiphora deciduous brushland and thicket. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Somali Lesser  Galago is probably a faunivore-frugivore that also specializes on gum, although the diet has not yet been studied in detail. It eats seeds and animal prey (invertebrates), and traplines for droplets of  Acacia (Fabaceae) gum produced as a result of attacks by wood-boring insects. It forages at all heights, from the ground to 15 m, but mostly at 1-5 m. It hunts in the dense undergrowth and will pounce on prey on the ground. </p>
            <p> Breeding. Little is known about the breeding of the Somali Lesser  Galago . The reproductive rate is unknown, but it probably has two pregnancies per year like other species of  Galago . Adult females with large, weaned juveniles have been seen in September, suggesting single infants and births around March. Older infants may be carried on the ventrum of the mother, an uncommon behavior for galagos; only three other species, the Southern Needle-clawed Galago (  Euoticus elegantulus ), the Northern Needle-clawed  Galago (LE.  pallidus ), and the Thick-tailed Greater  Galago (  Otolemur crassicaudatus ) may carry their young this way. The mother parks her young in a single clump of trees while she forages as far as 50 m away. </p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Somali Lesser  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. Ears and hindfeet of the Somali Lesser  Galago are shorter than those of the similarsized Northern Lesser  Galago ; the latter may be adaptations for rapid quadrupedal movement through the very thorny vegetation. It can make leaps between branches more than 2:5 m apart. Adults frequently go to the ground to hop bipedally to the next bush or tree. It does not appearto use tree holes or make nests to sleep in. </p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Somali Lesser  Galago is a solitary forager, usually alone but sometimes in pairs or trios. Allogrooming between mother and offspring has been observed. A species-specific loud call is the advertising quack that is possibly used to maintain long-distance spacing and territoriality. Other calls include yaps, “chitters,” “pings,” and “woos.” Over much of the range, density is probably less than 1 ind/ha, although densities are much higher at some localities. </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Somali Lesser  Galago is widespread and, although patchily distributed, locally common. It is known to occur in three protected areas: Meru National Park, Shaba, and Arawale national reserves in Kenya. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Anderson (1999), Bearder (1999), Bearder, Ambrose et al. (2003), Bearder, Honess &amp; Ambrose (1995), Butynski &amp; de Jong (2004), Harcourt &amp; Bearder (1989), Izard &amp; Nash (1988), de Jong &amp; Butynski (2004), Kingdon (1997), Masters &amp; Bragg (2000), Nash (1983), Nash et al. (1989), Olson (1979), Perkin &amp; Butynski (2002/2003), Zimmermann (1989a).</p>
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03D2E067FFCAFFE2FA9AF44A6009FC7E.text	03D2E067FFCAFFE2FA9AF44A6009FC7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galago moholi A. Smith 1836	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>10.</p>
            <p>Southern Lesser Galago</p>
            <p> Galago moholi</p>
            <p>French: Galago moholi / German: Moholi-Galago / Spanish: Galago menor meridional</p>
            <p>Other common names: Mohol Galago, Moholi Bushbaby, Moholi Galago, South African Galago, South African Lesser Galago</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago moholi A. Smith, 1836 , </p>
            <p> Botswana, banks of the Marikwa and Limpopo Rivers.</p>
            <p> This species was formerly considered a subspecies of  G. senegalensis . A subspecies is recognized by some authors, the “Namibia Lesser  Galago ” (G. m. bradfield:), but not here. Individuals from the western and eastern sides of the species’ distribution are small in size, whereas those from the central part are larger. Other than that, little information is available to distinguish the two forms.  G. moholi is sympatric with G. senegalensis in central and southern Tanzania, and possibly with  G. matschiei in Burundi and Rwanda. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. SE DR Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe to N Namibia, N &amp; E Botswana and W Mozambique, as far S as the Orange and Limpopo rivers in NE South Africa; it may occur in NW (Lake Victoria) &amp; W Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 12-17 cm, tail 16-28 cm; weight 160-255 g (males) and 95-200 g (females). The Southern Lesser  Galago is smaller than the Northern Lesser  Galago (  G. senegalensis ), with very long ears and a long, dark, thin tail. It has a broad head with a short muzzle with a pale nose stripe. The dorsum is mainly grayish-buff with an area of dark brown on the lower back that varies in size according to the season. The underside is paler grayish brown, and lateral surfaces of limbs are yellowish. Flanks, feet, hands, and inner limbs are yellowish. There is a prominent white interocular stripe, and the black diamond-shaped eyerings are broad and black. Albinism has been reported. Males are c¢.10% larger than females, but the sexes are otherwise similar in appearance. </p>
            <p> Habitat. Semi-arid  Acacia woodland, woodland and open savanna, gallery forest, and forest edge. The Southern Lesser  Galago occurs in all forest strata. It is found in the highest densities in association with  Acacia (Fabaceae) . Habitat is drought-prone with very unpredictable rainfall. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Southern Lesser  Galago is a faunivore-gummivore; it does not eat fruits. Invertebrates comprise 52% of the diet and gums the remaining 48%. The most important trees providing gum are the sweet thorn (  Acacia karroo) and umbrella thorn (  Acacia tortilis) of the family  Fabaceae . Southern Lesser Galagos increase their gum intake during the cold-dry winter (May—August) when availability of invertebrates declines. They traverse their winter home range moving from one gum site to the next; in open habitat, they even move on the ground. In the warm-wet summer (November—February), they feed more on insects and travel mostly through the trees. Up to two hours can be spent hunting for insects in one bout. Favored invertebrate prey includes moths, grasshoppers, and beetle larvae. They rarely drink water in the wild, but they do visit provisioned drinking stations at tourist hotels and are even tempted there by yogurt. </p>
            <p> Breeding. Social organization of the Southern Lesser  Galago is multimale-multifemale. The male approaches an estrous female with a low-clucking vocalization and, while mounting, makes a loud call that ends in a whistle. Usually two (sometimes just one) offspring are born in October-November orJanuary-February, after gestation of 130 days. Infants weigh c.12 g. Twins can be fathered by two different males. A mother carries the young in her mouth for the first couple of months. Infants leave the nest for the first time at ten days and are weaned at eleven weeks. Females have a postpartum estrus. Weaning takes place at 70-100 days. Females reach maturity at ¢.200 days and males at ¢.326 days. Adult females are philopatric; subadult males disperse into new areas. Juvenile mortality rates in the wild have been estimated at 55%. One individual lived for ten years and five months in the London Zoo, but they have been known to live up to 14 years. </p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Southern Lesser  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. It is a vertical clinger and leaper and can use its powerful hindlimbs to cross gaps of up to 5 m. Walking and climbing are used to negotiate highly thorny trees. It also frequently crosses between trees on the ground, using rapid bipedal hopping. Southern Lesser Galagos develop a thick undercoat before winter, which is shed in spring. There is no evidence of torpor, despite freezing mid-winter temperatures. Individuals tend to use familiar pathways and to rigorously scent-mark their routes. They travel c.2 km/night, moving through an average of 500 trees. </p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Southern Lesser  Galago usually lives in small family groups of 2-7, typically an adult pair with or without young, two adult females plus infants, or an adult female with young. Such groups spend the day sleeping at the same site, but adults split up at night to forage alone. They sleep alone or in small groups of up to eight animals at heights of 1-13 m in selfconstructed nests of acacia twigs lined with leaves, tree holes, unused bird nests, dense foliage, or on branches and forks in trees.  Acacia and mopane (  Colophospermum mopane,  Fabaceae ) trees often have hollowed-out trunks that are used for nesting and breeding sites. Individuals have a midnight rest period and make use of two or three favorite sleeping sites during the day. In South Africa, during the coldest nights of mid-winter (minimum —5°C), individuals may return to huddle at a sleeping site up to seven hours before sunrise, and at these times they are frequently active during the day. In particularly cold weather, the Southern Lesser  Galago nest in more sunny locations and are more likely to share nests. They have matriarchies. Dominant males are larger, are more vocal, and have an odor; subordinate males are smaller, are quiet, and lack an odor. Adult males are territorial and may fight viciously for control of a home range (1-5-22-9 ha) that overlaps the ranges of up to five females (4:4-11-7 ha). They spend up to 30% of the night within 50 m of conspecifics, and communication at a distance is maintained through sound and scent. Home ranges of adult males can double in size during the mating season as they seek estrous females over a wide area using scent and calls. Loud calls are made by both sexes, lending to a rich vocal repertoire of 19 calls, both continuous and discrete, as well as two infant-specific calls. Vocalizations include loud-calls made irrespective of the mating season: barks, whistles, and yaps. Infants make click and “crackle” (like paper crackling) vocalizations. </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Southern Lesser  Galago is able to live in close association with humans, occupying gardens and using buildings as sleeping places. It is widespread and common, and it is actually expanding its distribution in some areas, particularly in the south. It occurs in Luando Reserve in Angola; Waterberg National Park in Namibia; Borakalalo and Kruger national parks, Pilanesberg Game Reserve, and Tembe Elephant Park in South Africa; Kasanka National Park in Zambia; and Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Anderson (1999, 2000), Anderson et al. (2000), Ansell (1960, 1978), Bearder (1969, 1974, 1987, 2007), Bearder &amp; Doyle (1974a), Bearder &amp; Martin (1980a, 1980b), Bearderet al. (2006), Butynski et al. (2006), Caton et al. (2000), Charles-Dominique &amp; Bearder (1979), Clark (1985), Constantino (2001), Crompton (1984), Doyle (1979), Doyle &amp; Bearder (1977), Doyle, Andersson &amp; Bearder (1971), Doyle, Pelletier &amp; Bekker (1967), Groves (1974), Harcourt (1981, 1986b), Harcourt &amp; Bearder (1989), Izard &amp; Nash (1988), Izard &amp; Simons (1987), Jenkins (1987), Knox &amp; Wright (1989), Lipschitz (1997), Lumsden &amp; Masters (2001), Mascagni &amp; Doyle (1993), Masters &amp; Bragg (2000), Meester et al. (1986), Mzilikazi et al. (2006), Napier &amp; Napier (1967), Nash &amp; Weisenseel (2000), Nash et al. (1989), Olson (1979), Olson &amp; Nash (2003), Pinto et al. (1974), Pullen (2000), Pullen et al. (2000), Skinner &amp; Smithers (1990), Watson et al. (1996), Ying &amp; Butler (1971), Zimmermann et al. (1988).</p>
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03D2E067FFCBFFE2FA4EFC1C6297F4F7.text	03D2E067FFCBFFE2FA4EFC1C6297F4F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galago matschiei Lorenz 1917	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>11.</p>
            <p>Spectacled Lesser Galago</p>
            <p> Galago matschiei</p>
            <p>French: Galago de Matschie / German: Matschie-Galago / Spanish: Galago menor de anteojos</p>
            <p>Other common names: Dusky Bushbaby, Matschie’'s Lesser Galago</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago matschiei Lorenz, 1917 , </p>
            <p> DR Congo, Ituri Forest, Moera.</p>
            <p> Galago matschiei may be sympatric with  G. moholi in Burundi and Rwanda. A subpopulation of G. matschie: on the Itombwe Massif, DR Congo, may represent a distinct taxon, but additional research is needed to verify this. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Albertine Rift region of NE DR Congo, Uganda, W Rwanda, and NW Burundi, from Lake Albert to the headwaters of the Kagera River, and the Itombwe Massif in the S; there is a narrow eastern distributional extension to just W of the Nile, where it occurs in forest patches such as Mabira and Mpanga, and a record from Moroto in N Uganda.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head—body 15-20 cm,tail 19-25 cm; weight 170-250 g. The Spectacled Lesser  Galago is a large, dark brown species with a heavy muzzle. It is characterized mainly by a pair of large amber eyes surrounded by blackish patches. Eyes are separated by a white line and have a well-defined ridge bordering them above. Nails on the hands and feet are pointed, although not as strongly keeled as in species of FEuoticus. Hindfeet of the Spectacled Lesser  Galago are considerably shorter than in the Northern Lesser  Galago (  G. senegalensis ), and their ears are somewhat shorter. Lower incisors are sharply protuberant. The tail is not bushy. </p>
            <p> Habitat. Dense, humid primary and secondary tropical lowland, submontane, and relic forest, especially where Parinari excelsa (Chrysobalanceae) is the dominant tree. The Spectacled Lesser  Galago uses all levels of the canopy, but it occurs most often in the lower levels and forest edge. Its elevational range is 740-1600 m above sea level. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available on this species, but like other similar taxa, the Spectacled Lesser  Galago is probably a faunivore-frugivore, eating fruit and animal prey (especially caterpillars and beetles) and also gums. </p>
            <p> Breeding. The Spectacled Lesser  Galago reportedly gives birth to a single offspring. A breeding peak may occur in November-December. </p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Spectacled Lesser  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal—a vertical clinger and leaper. </p>
            <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available on this species, but it is no doubt largely solitary.</p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although populations of the Spectacled Lesser  Galago are declining,it is still widespread and quite common in some areas. It occurs in Kahuzi-Biéga National Park and Tayna Gorilla Reserve in the DR Congo and Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest National Park, Kibale Forest National Park, and Mpanga Forest Reserve in Uganda. It may also be found in Budongo Forest Reserve in Uganda. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Ambrose (2006), Bearder (1999), Kingdon (1997), Napier &amp; Napier (1967), Nash et al. (1989), Off &amp; Gebo (2005), Omari et al. (1999), Rahm (1966), Vincent (1969, 1972b).</p>
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03D2E067FFCBFFEDFA4EF3A76BE2F783.text	03D2E067FFCBFFEDFA4EF3A76BE2F783.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sciurocheirus alleni (Waterhouse 1838)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>12.</p>
            <p>Bioko Squirrel Galago</p>
            <p> Sciurocheirus alleni</p>
            <p>French: Galago d'Allen / German: Bioko-Buschwaldgalago / Spanish: Géalago ardilla de Bioko</p>
            <p>Other common names: Allen's Bushbaby, Allen's Galago, Bioko Allen's Bushbaby</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago alleni Waterhouse, 1838 , </p>
            <p> Equatorial Guinea, Fernando Po (= Bioko).</p>
            <p> In 1863, J. Gray placed this species in a separate genus,  Sciurocheirus (squirrel galagos), but more recently, some authors have placed it as a subgenus of  Galago . It is distinct from the lesser galagos in a number ofits characters, including its unique locomotory anatomy and behavior. It has a long muzzle, long fingers, rusty-red pelage, flufty tail, and nasal bones that are not truncated posteriorly. Genetically,its sister genus is  Otolemur . Formerly three subspecies were recognized, but the  gabonensis and  cameronensis forms have been elevated to full species. Further variation and species may still be recognized within the genus. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Endemic to Bioko I.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 20-28 cm, tail 23-30 cm; weight 300-410 g. The Bioko Squirrel  Galago is dark brownish-gray above, often with a heavy tinge of red, and reddish limbs. The underside is pale grayish-white, sometimes with a yellow tone. There is a black mask, made up of broad black eye-rings over the otherwise light gray face. The muzzle protrudes with a pale gray stripe. The tail is black, never with a white tip, and bushy throughout, like a squirrel’s tail. Ears are relatively short with a pale gray ring around their bases. </p>
            <p>Habitat. Primary montane forest.</p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Bioko Squirrel  Galago is frugivorous, consuming mainly fruits and gums, supplemented with young leaves and certain types of wood. Some invertebrates and frogs are also eaten, which are caught by hand rather than by mouth. It perches above ant trails to eat them as they move. It forages in the low to mid-canopy and on the ground. </p>
            <p>Breeding. Births occur year-round, with a noticeable peak in January. Pregnant and lactating females have been observed on Bioko Island in March. One (sometimes two) young are born per year, which the mother carries in her mouth for the first six weeks.</p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Bioko Squirrel  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. Like other bushbabies, it has elongated hindlimbs and a long tail for vertical clinging and leaping. It can leap 2—4 m between vertical supports. </p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. Regular vocal contact is common among individual Bioko Squirrel Galagos when they are dispersed. These contact calls help in species identification. A harsh, low-frequency croak used for long distance contact is common to all squirrel galagos. Long whistles given as single units, or in phrases of one to six descending units, characterize the Bioko Squirrel  Galago . Variations on this call are used for contact, spacing, cohesion, and mild alarm. Whistles and “kwoks” are also uttered. </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Bioko Squirrel  Galago has a relatively restricted distribution, but it does fairly well in secondary forest and remains locally common in appropriate forest habitats. It is not definitely known to occur in any officially designated protected areas, but it is found in the Southern Highlands Scientific Reserve and possibly Pico Basilé National Park, Equatorial Guinea. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Ambrose (1999, 2003), Bayes (1998), Bearder &amp; Honess (1992), Butynski &amp; Koster (1994), Charles-Dominique (1977a, 1977b), Crovella et al. (1994), de Boer (1973), Dutrillaux et al. (1982), Eisentraut (1973), Hill (1953d), Jouffroy &amp; Gunther (1985), Masters et al. (1994), Oates (2011), Oates &amp; Jewell (1967), Pimley (2002), Pimley et al. (2005a).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D2E067FFCBFFEDFA4EF3A76BE2F783	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Anthony B. Rylands;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Galagidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 184-209, ISBN: 978-84-96553-89-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6657019
03D2E067FFC4FFEDFF82F77762EBFA46.text	03D2E067FFC4FFEDFF82F77762EBFA46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sciurocheirus cameronensis (Peters 1876)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>13.</p>
            <p>Cross River Squirrel Galago</p>
            <p> Sciurocheirus cameronensis</p>
            <p>French: Galago du Cameroun / German: Kamerun-Buschwaldgalago / Spanish: Géalago ardilla de Camerun</p>
            <p>Other common names: Cross River Bushbaby</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Otolicnus alleni var. cameronensis Peters, 1876 , </p>
            <p> Cameroon, Duala.</p>
            <p> This species is genetically and vocally distinct from its sister taxon S.  gabonensis , and it shows variation from probably at least one other taxon in this genus; more research is required to verify taxonomic distinctions. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Forested regions between the Niger and Sanaga rivers in SE Nigeria and NW Cameroon; squirrel galagos, perhaps this species, have been reported from Ivory Coast.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head—body 17-19 cm, tail 22-28 cm; weight 200-350 g. The Cross River Squirrel  Galago is smaller and darker than the Bioko Squirrel  Galago (S. allen), with relatively larger ears. The head of the Cross River Squirrel  Galago is entirely dark with usuallyjust a gray nasal streak. The tail is very dark gray, nearly black. </p>
            <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary montane, lowland deciduous, and monsoon forest.</p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Cross River Squirrel  Galago is a frugivore, eating mainly fruits and gums, supplemented with young leaves and certain types of wood. Some invertebrates and frogs are also eaten. It is frequently seen in banana trees where it selects the ripest fruits; ripe fruits of  Rothmannia (Rubiaceae) trees and false nutmeg (  Pycnanthus angolensis,  Myristicaceae ) are also eaten in secondary forest. It forages in the low to mid-canopy and on the ground. </p>
            <p> Breeding. Births of the Cross River Squirrel  Galago occur throughout the year, with a noticeable peak in January. Infants, juveniles, and lactating females are seen on Mount Kupé in March-April, and parked juveniles are seen in Korup in early April. One (sometimes two) young are born per year after gestation of 133 days. The mother carries the infant in her mouth for the first six weeks. Sexual maturity occurs at 8-10 months. Copulation may be preceded by urine marking of the substrate by both partners. A male mounts a female in a dorsoventral position; he engages in a copulatory lock that can last for an hour. Individuals can live up to twelve years. </p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Cross River Squirrel  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. Like other bushbabies,it has elongated hindlimbs and a long tail for vertical clinging and leaping. It can leap 2-4 m between vertical supports. </p>
            <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Males are mainly solitary and live in home ranges of 2:8-3-6 ha. Females occupy home ranges of 0-06-3-4 ha. Groups of two to seven females are associated with one central male. Home ranges of central males overlap those of several females. Females are somewhat more gregarious than males, and their home ranges overlap. There is evidence of matriarchies. Male—female relations are stable throughout the year and are maintained by frequent contact (50% of the time throughout the night). Males emigrate at puberty; females continue to sleep with their mothers. Hollow trees are preferred sleeping sites. Liana tangles are favored for resting and parking young. Individuals forage by night among small vertical supports in the undergrowth, and they sleep by day in one of several favored hollow branches or in specially built nests located near the tops of the tallest trees. Males sleep alone, and females sleep in groups of 3-6. Because they cannot tolerate exposure to sunlight or heavy rainfall, their sleeping places are invariably sheltered. Regular vocal contact is kept among conspecifics when they are dispersed. These contact calls also help in species identification. A harsh, low-frequency croak is used for long distance contact and is common to all squirrel galagos. Long whistles given as single units or in phrases of one to six descending units characterize this species. Variations on this call are used for contact, spacing, cohesion, and mild alarm. Whistles and “kwoks” are also uttered.</p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as S.  alleni cameronensis ). The Cross River Squirrel  Galago occurs in the protected areas of Afe Mountain, Banyang-Nbo Wildlife Sanctuary, and Korup National Park in Cameroon and Cross River National Park in Nigeria. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Ambrose (2003), Oates (2011), Pimley (2002), Pimley et al. (2005a).</p>
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03D2E067FFC4FFECFA85FA336235FD22.text	03D2E067FFC4FFECFA85FA336235FD22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sciurocheirus gabonensis (Gray 1863)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>14.</p>
            <p>Gabon Squirrel Galago</p>
            <p> Sciurocheirus gabonensis</p>
            <p>French: Galago du Gabon / German: Gabun-Buschwaldgalago / Spanish: Géalago ardilla de Gabon</p>
            <p>Other common names: Gabon Allen's Galago, Gabon Bushbaby, Gray's Squirrel Galago</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago alleni var. gabonensis Gray, 1863 , </p>
            <p> Gabon.</p>
            <p> Following its description as a variant of  Galago alleni , in 1872 J. Gray listed this galago as a distinct species in the genus  Otolicnus . However, most subsequent authors have regarded it as a synonym of  G. alleni . C. P. Groves in 1989 listed it as a subspecies of  G. alleni , as did J. Kingdon in his African mammals field guide published in 1997, but it is now considered to be a full species. The so-called “Makandé Squirrel  Galago ” from the Forét des Abeilles, south of the Ogoué River, Gabon, was first mentioned by Kingdon in his field guide, butstill awaits formal description. It is said to be somewhat smaller than S.  gabonensis and very dark, with orange underparts. Its repetitive croaking territorial advertisement call is distinct from other members of the genus. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Sanaga River in NW Cameroon, through Equatorial Guinea, SW Central African Republic, and the Republic of the Congo to Gabon (S to the Ogooué River); its E extent is thought to be bounded by the Congo and Ubangirivers; its distribution S of the Ogooué River is unknown, but possibly exists in DR Congo and Angola.</p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 16-24 cm, tail 23-30 cm; weight 200-500 g. The Gabon Squirrel  Galago is gingery-brown above, with rather yellowy underparts, bright orange limbs, and a gray crown. It has black eye-rings, and a pale nose stripe extends to a broad forehead patch. Ears are dark, large, and rounded. The tail is dark brown to silvery-gray, sometimes with a light colored tip, and is evenly bushy. </p>
            <p> Habitat. Primary lowland, littoral, evergreen, and semi-deciduous forests, also some secondary and logged forest up to 800 m above sea level. The Gabon Squirrel  Galago is rare in cultivated areas. It is most often seen in the understory (1-2 m above the ground), where it prefers vertical supports. Individuals rarely go to the ground but may forage there in heavily shaded forest with an open floor and numerous lianas and tree trunks. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Gabon Squirrel  Galago is mainly frugivorous-gummivorous (73% fruit from stomach content analysis). It supplements its diet with young leaves and certain types of wood. Some invertebrates (beetles, moths, ants, spiders, termites, centipedes, and caterpillars), frogs, and snails are also eaten. It catches them by hand rather than by mouth. It rarely goes up to heights of 10 m above the ground when it is hunting. </p>
            <p> Breeding. Births of the Gabon Squirrel  Galago occur throughout the year, with a noticeable peak in January. One (sometimes two) young are born per year after gestation of c.133 days; the birth weight is 24 g. The mother takes its infant out of the nest when it is a few days old, carrying it in her mouth for the first six weeks. The mother hidesit in vegetation while she forages during the night and carries it back to the nest in the morning. Sexual maturity occurs at 8-10 months. Individuals have been known to live up to eight years in the wild. </p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Gabon Squirrel  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. Movements are by vertical clinging and leaping. </p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. Adult males are largely solitary and live in home ranges of 17-50 ha. They are aggressive toward one another and apparently are territorial, each seeking to control a home range that overlaps those of several females, and intense competition may result. Females are more gregarious, living in smaller overlapping home ranges of 3-9-16-6 ha, in which matriarchies are evident. Male—female relations are stable throughout the year and are maintained by frequent contact. Adults of the opposite sex can share the same area, sometimes sleep together by day, and have some contact at night even though they forage separately. Usually a single individual occupies a sleeping site; males sleep alone, but females sometimes sleep in goups of 3-6, two or three adult females, plus their young. Males emigrate at puberty; females may continue to sleep with their mothers. Individuals forage by night among small vertical supports in the undergrowth and sleep by day in one of several favored hollow branches or in specially built nests located near the tops of the tallest trees. Because they cannot tolerate exposure to sunlight or heavyrainfall, their sleeping places are invariably sheltered. As with other squirrel galagos, low-frequency croaking is used for long distance contact. Short, rapid whistles in phrases of 1-10 units, used in the contexts of contact and alarm, are characteristic of the Gabon Squirrel  Galago . </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Gabon Squirrel  Galago is relatively widespread, although it occurs at relatively low densities throughout much ofits distribution. It occurs in Dja Biosphere Reserve and Lobéké Reserve in Cameroon and possibly Monte Alen National Park in Equatorial Guinea. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Ambrose (1999, 2003), Charles-Dominique (1977a), Charles-Dominique &amp; Bearder (1979), Gray (1872), Groves (1989), Kingdon (1997), Nash et al. (1989).</p>
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03D2E067FFC0FFE9FF85FE4D6BF0F41A.text	03D2E067FFC0FFE9FF85FE4D6BF0F41A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euoticus elegantulus (Le Conte 1857)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>15.</p>
            <p>Southern Needle-clawed Galago</p>
            <p> Euoticus elegantulus</p>
            <p>French: Galago élégant / German: Sidlicher Kielnagelgalago / Spanish: Galago de garras meridional</p>
            <p>Other common names: Elegant Galago, Elegant Needle-clawed Galago, Southern Needle-clawed Bushbaby, Western Needle-clawed Bushbaby, Western Needle-clawed Galago</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Microcebus elegantulus Le Conte, 1857 , </p>
            <p> Gabon, Ogooué River, Njola.</p>
            <p> In the 2003 review by P. Grubb and coworkers, it was suggested that there might be at least two subspecies, with the  form found south of the Ogooué River not yet named. |. Gray in 1863 placed this species in the subgenus Fuoticus. E. Schwarz in 1931 and W. C. O. Hill in 1953 concluded that it represented a distinct genus, and this has been confirmed in recent molecular genetic analyses. Individuals from inland areas tend to be darker than those closer to the coast, with other regional variations in body size and coloration. Monotypic. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Primary forested regions of Cameroon (S of the Sanaga River), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, DR Congo (N of the Congo and Ubangi rivers), and possibly the Central African Republic (four specimens found in the extreme SW).</p>
            <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 19-23 cm,tail 26-32 cm; weight 270-360 g. Male Southern Needle-clawed Galagos are slightly larger than females. The fur is notably dense, soft, and woolly. Upperparts are a deep golden-orange, sometimes with a darker reddish line running down the entire length of the back. The belly, flanks, and tail are ashy-gray, and there also may be some slight graying of the foreparts and face. Thetail is long and bushy and almost invariably tipped with white. Ears are short and small, and eyes are very large and pale orange. The snoutis remarkably blunt for a galago.</p>
            <p>Habitat. Primary, secondary, littoral, evergreen, semi-deciduous, and deciduous lowland rainforests, also riparian forest and edges of clearings at low to medium altitudes. The Southern Needle-clawed Galagolives at heights of 15-30 m above the ground and generally prefers the upper canopy.</p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Southern Needle-clawed  Galago is a specialized gummivore, supplementing its diet with fruit, young leaves, insects, and an occasional bird. In the single long-term study of the species, 80% of gum was taken from a single liana,  Entada gigas (  Fabaceae ). The toothcomb can be used to scrape gum, and the long tongueis used to lick resin and gum from holes. Invertebrates such as cicadas are caught with the hands. Insect prey appears to supplements gum and was found in stomachs of collected specimens in Rio Muni. </p>
            <p> Breeding. Births of the Southern Needle-clawed  Galago appear to occur throughout the year but mainly from January to March. Normally a single offspring is born after gestation of ¢.135 days. The mothercarries her offspring in her mouth for the first two months, after which she carries her young on her fur. Adult weight is reached at eight to ten months of age. </p>
            <p>Activity patterns. Southern Needle-clawed Galagos are arboreal. Although primarily nocturnal, they can be active at any time of the day or night. Claw-like nails enable them to move around on smooth supports. They move easily on tree trunks, run along branches, make horizontal leaps of 2-5 m, and can leap up to 8 m with someloss of height.</p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Southern Needle-clawed  Galago is normally solitary, and the home range of the male overlaps those of several females. They sleep in huddles of up to seven individuals in dense foliage or tree forks. Males emigrate; females remain near their natal territory. Several individuals sleep in a tightly packed ball in tree forks hidden by dense foliage. They spend the entire night searching for gums, and their nails allow them to investigate large tree trunks and other areas inaccessible to most other species of galagos. Gum is located by smell. An individual can visit 500-1000 collection points/night. Southern Needle-clawed Galagos are more abundant in secondary forest where exudate food trees are common. One common call-type has high-pitched single units often repeated in long sequences (“t’ya”). It comprises a pattern of relatively low-frequency yaps, interspersed with rapid, slightly ascending sequences or rattles. </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Southern Needle-clawed  Galago is widespread and common in many parts of its range. It occurs in the Dja Biosphere Reserve in Cameroon and Monte Alen National Park in Equatorial Guinea. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Ambrose (1999), Bayes (1998), Charles-Dominique (1977a), Du Chaillu (1861), Dutrillaux et al. (1982), Groves (1989, 2001), Hill (1953d), Jewell &amp; Oates (1969a, 1969b), Nash et al. (1989), Stiner &amp; Turmelle (2002/2003), Vincent (1972a, 1973).</p>
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03D2E067FFC0FFE9FF9DF3FC6DDEF616.text	03D2E067FFC0FFE9FF9DF3FC6DDEF616.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euoticus pallidus (Gray 1863)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>16.</p>
            <p>Northern Needle-clawed Galago</p>
            <p> Euoticus pallidus</p>
            <p>French: Galago pale / German: Nordlicher Kielnagelgalago / Spanish: Galago de garras septentrional</p>
            <p>Other common names: Northern Needle-clawed Bushbaby, Pallid Needle-clawed Galago; Bioko Needle-clawed Galago (pallidus), Nigeria Needle-clawed Galago (talbot ))</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Otogale pallida Gray, 1863 , </p>
            <p> Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.</p>
            <p> Formerly considered to be a subspecies of  E. elegantulus . C. P. Groves in 1989 elevated it to a full species. Two subspecies recognized. </p>
            <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p>
            <p> E. p. pallidusGray, 1863 — BiokoI.</p>
            <p> E. p. talboti Dollman, 1910 — found patchily between the Niger and Sanaga rivers in SE Nigeria and NW Cameroon. </p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 16-20 cm, tail 28-32 cm, weight 200-260 g. The Northern Needle-clawed  Galago is generally smaller and paler than the Southern Needle-clawed  Galago (FE.  elegantulus ), with a longer bushy tail. The upper bodyis pale reddish or buffy-brown to reddish-gray, noticeably grayer on the arms, shoulders, neck, and tail. It has a dark red-brown dorsal stripe running from behind the area between the shoulder blades to the lumbar region. The underside is yellowish-white to gray-white. The face is light buff and characterized by a pair of black eye-rings surrounding very large, bright, orangey-gold eyes. Their long dark ears have no extra fold. Penile morphology is distinct from that of Southern Needle-clawed  Galago . The “Bioko Needle-clawed  Galago ” (E. p.  pallidus ) is dull cinnamon-gray above, with an indistinct, brownish-red dorsal stripe and whitish-gray underparts. The black of the eye-rings continues on to the nose, so that only the interorbital region is whitish. The “Nigeria Needle-clawed  Galago ” (E. p. talboti) is lighter colored above than the nominate subspecies, with a more distinct dorsal stripe and yellowish-white undersides. The interorbital white stripe tends to extend up to between the eye-rings. </p>
            <p> Habitat. Primary, secondary, tropical moist, montane, lowland, evergreen, young and old secondary forest, and riparian swamp forests, also tree plantations. The Northern Needle-clawed  Galago prefers midto high canopy above 15 m. It appears to be largely confined to lower elevations, perhaps due to a paucity or absence of gum-producing trees at elevations above 1600 m. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Northern Needle-clawed  Galago is a specialized gummivore, feeding primarily on gums but also saps and resins, supplemented with fruit, young leaves, insects, and an occasional bird. </p>
            <p>Breeding. A single young is born each year. The mother carries her offspring in her mouth for the first two months and afterwards on her fur. Pregnant females have been found in January, May, June, and November.</p>
            <p>Activity patterns. Northern Needle-clawed Galagos are arboreal and nocturnal. They move with ease on broad supports and can grip smooth surfaces with their claw-like nails. They often descend tree trunks head first. They can make horizontal leaps between adjoining trees and will also sometimes drop vertically with outstretched limbs. Hollow trees are used as sleepingsites.</p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Northern Needle-clawed  Galago is usually solitary. The home range of a male overlaps those of several females. Individuals sleep in huddles of up to five or, more often, singly in dense foliage and in tree forks. When sleeping communally, they produce a distinct gathering call at dawn. (Calls that are common to both species of needle-clawed galago are single high-pitched units often repeated in long sequences (“t’'ya”) and long, harsh screeches. </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The subspecies  pallidus on Bioko Island is classified as Endangered because it has a tiny geographic distribution, which is undergoing continual destruction and degradation. It occurs in Korup National Park and Banyang-Mbo Widlife Sanctuary in Cameroon and Cross River National Park, Okomu National Park, Afi Mountain Wildife Sanctuary, and Mamu River Forest Reserve in Nigeria. It also is found in the proposed Mount Kupe Forest Reserve in Cameroon, Iko Esai “Community Forest” in Nigeria, and Southern Highlands Scientific Reserve on Bioko Island. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Ambrose (1999), Bearder &amp; Honess (1992), Eisentraut (1973), Malbrandt &amp; MacLatchy (1949), Oates (1969, 2011), Oates &amp; Jewell (1967), Sanderson (1940).</p>
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03D2E067FFC0FFE8FA94F5096075FB21.text	03D2E067FFC0FFE8FA94F5096075FB21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Otolemur crassicaudatus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>17.</p>
            <p>Thick-tailed Greater Galago</p>
            <p> Otolemur crassicaudatus</p>
            <p>French: Galago a queue touffue / German: Gro 3ohr-Riesengalago / Spanish: Galago mayor de cola gruesa</p>
            <p>Other common names: Brown Greater Galago, Garnett's Greater Galago, Greater Bushbaby, Greater Galago, Largeeared Greater Galago, Thick-tailed Bushbaby; Miombo Silver Galago (monteiri); Northern Silver Galago (argentatus), South African Thick-tailed Galago (crassicaudatus), Tanganyika Thick-Tailed Galago (kirkii)</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 , </p>
            <p> South Africa, Natal, Ngoye Forest, 15 km east of Eshowe, 28° 52’ S, 31° 37’ E.</p>
            <p> Some experts consider the subspecies monteiri and argentatus to be distinct species. The forms monteiri and kirkii hybridize in northern Mozambique and Zimbabwe, while the  form crassicaudatus intergrades with monteiri in central Mozambique, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. Some taxonomic authorities argue that the subspecies monteiri can be split into two groups with the monteiri group present from Angola through the southern DR Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, northern Mozambique, Malawi, and southern Tanzania (Tabora). The distribution of the argentatus group is unclear, but it has been recorded from Rwanda, Kenya, and Tanzania. The review by P. Grubb and coworkers in 2003 regarded monteiri to be a valid species and divided it into two subspecies: monteiri and argentatus. Further research is clearly needed to verify the distinctiveness of monteiri from  crassicaudatus at the species level. Patterns ofcalling in the two forms are almost identical, but morphology, including that of the penis, shows some variation. The subspecies monteiri is widely sympatric with  O. garnettii in north-eastern and south-eastern Tanzania. Four subspecies are recognized. </p>
            <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p>
            <p> O. c. crassicaudatusE. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, 1812 — SMozambique (SoftheLimpopoRiver), SouthAfrica (Limpopo, Transvaal &amp; NKwazulu-Natal), andSwaziland.</p>
            <p> O. c. argentatusLonnberg, 1913 — KenyaandTanzaniaaroundtheE &amp; SEshoreofLakeVictoriaandpossiblyRwanda.</p>
            <p> O. c. kirkiiGray, 1865 — Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, andSouthAfrica (NorthernandTransvaalprovinces).</p>
            <p> O. c. monteiri Bartlett in Gray, 1863 — Uganda, Burundi, S &amp; E DR Congo, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, N Malawi, N Mozambique, and Botswana. </p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head—body 26-40 cm,tail 30-50 cm; weight 1.1-1.8 kg (males) and 1.2-1.5 kg (females). The Thick-tailed Greater  Galago is the largest of the galagos. It is silvery-gray to brown above, with the face paler than the forehead. The tail is invariably long and bushy; the muzzle is long, broad, and dog-like; and ears are notably large, naked, membranous, and mobile. Face markings are indistinct or absent. Hindfeet are shortened, and distal ends of the nails are normally convex. Males are larger than females. The “South African Thick-tailed  Galago ” (O. c.  crassicaudatus ) is buffy on the mid-back and tail, with grayer flanks and a pale forehead. The underside is creamy. Hands and feet are dark except for the digits, and the tail is dark on the tip. Tail length is ¢.120-130% of the head—body length. The “Tanganyika Thick-Tailed  Galago ™ (O. c. kirkii) is brown to brownish-gray above and creamy (with slight yellowing) on the underside. The tail is light brown, and hands and feet are not very dark. The “Miombo Silver  Galago ” (O. c. monteiri) is very large, with notably long ears. It is pale silvery above and on the tail, with a grayish-white or creamy-yellow underside. Forehead is brown, and hands and feet are dark. The “Northern Silver  Galago ” (O. c¢. argentatus) is generally similar to the Miombo Silver  Galago , but more grayish and with a darker forehead. The face is notably long, with a broad muzzle. Thetail is often nearly white, and hands and feet are dark. Melanistic (all black) individuals are quite common. </p>
            <p> Habitat. Gallery, light coastal, and montane forest, also savanna woodland (miombo,  Brachystegia ) and bamboo thickets. The Thick-tailed Greater  Galago has adapted to farmland and garden orchards, timber plantations, and wattle forests. It occurs up to 1800 m above sea level in eastern Zimbabwe. It prefers the upperlevels of the canopy (4-12 m). The subspecies monteiri is known from  Brachystegia woodlands and riparian forests. It extends over a wide range by using corridors of vegetation along rivers and streams. The subspecies kirkii is mostly found in coastal forest, woodland, and riparian brushland; in the northern parts of the distribution, it extends into brushland and open woodland. It is not uncommon in urban gardens and farmland if there is sufficient tree growth to provide shelter and orchards of tropical and semi-tropical fruits. </p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. The Thick-tailed Greater  Galago eats insects, fruit, and gum in varying proportions depending on whereit occurs. At somesites,it is a gummivore (62% gum, 33% fruit, and 5% insects), but at others,it is more insectivorous (59% insects and 41% gum). Social feeding occurs, and individuals move and feed as a group when large trees are in fruit. Despite patchiness of gum and well-known and defendable pathwaysto its sources, Thick-tailed Greater Galagos tend to travel to them and feed on them alone;trees providing gum are important to them during cold periods. Other items consumed include flowers, seeds, nectar, millipedes, termites, fish, birds, hardshelled and woody dried fruits, and arthropods from the orders Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Odonata, Chilopoda, Isoptera, and Diplopoda. </p>
            <p>Breeding. Estrus last 3-5 days. Mating seems to be seasonal. Copulation is prolonged and can last 45 minutes. Births have been recorded in August-November. Normally two (sometimes three and rarely one or four) offspring are born per year in a nest that is relined just before birth. Gestation is 126-135 days. The mother carries her young in her mouth at first, and later on her back. Infant cannibalism by the mother has been reported. Weaning takes place at 70-134 days. Sexual maturity occurs at 18-24 months. An individual lived for 14 years in the New York (Bronx) Zoo, USA.</p>
            <p> Activity patterns. The Thick-tailed Greater  Galago is nocturnal and arboreal. Its locomotory pattern is mainly quadrupedal. Because of their large size, they are more monkey-like in their locomotion and generally walk or run atop broad, horizontal supports or on the ground (sometimes over 100 m). They can produce impressive leaps of up to 3 m and hop along the ground. </p>
            <p> Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Thick-tailed Greater  Galago is the most gregarious of all the galagos, often occurring in small, stable family groups of 2-6. Groups often are an adult pair with or without young, two adult females plus infants, or an adult female with young. Matriarchies are present, and it is possible that they have complex social networks. Males sleep alone; females sleep with their offspring in groups of 2-6. Although adult females make a nest of leaves when they give birth, the most common sleeping site is a dense tangle of creepers or, occasionally, tree hollows or a flat leaf platform, c¢.5-12 m from the ground. Thick-tailed Greater Galagos are also known to inhabit caves and roof spaces in human dwellings. Groups sleep together by day, but members split up at nightto forage. Adults can be territorial, with group territories overlapping only to a small degree. Nevertheless, the home range of a male (c.10 ha) may overlap extensively with those of several females (c.7 ha). Males fight one another to secure control over such areas. Social grooming is quite common, as is play among youngsters. Social play, locomotory play, and object play occur among Thick-tailed Greater Galagos. In South Africa, nocturnal activity lasts from nine-and-ahalf hours in summer to about twelve hours in winter, with a rest period in the middle of the night. Individuals move over a distance of c.1 km/night. </p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List; the subspecies argentatus has not been evaluated. The Thick-tailed Greater  Galago is widespread and generally abundant. Some populations are reported to be expanding their distribution (e.g. in South Africa), while in other areas (e.g. around Lake Victoria), they are disappearing because of habitat loss. It occurs in numerous protected areas in Angola, DR Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Anderson (1998, 2000), Ansell (1960), Bearder (1974, 1987), Bearder &amp; Doyle (1974b), Bearder et al. (1995), Buettner-Janusch (1964), Bullard (1984), Clark (1978a, 1978b, 1982a, 1982b, 1985, 1988), Coe &amp; Isaac (1965), Constantino (2001), Crompton (1983, 1984), Dixson (1976, 1995, 1998), Dixson &amp; Van Horn (1977), Doyle (1979), Doyle &amp; Bearder (1977), Eaglen &amp; Simons (1980), Eaton et al. (1973), Ejidike &amp; Okosodo (2007), Happold &amp; Happold (1992), Harcourt (1980, 1986b), Katsir &amp; Crewe (1980), Kingdon (1997), Mainoya &amp; Urasa (1982), Masters (1986, 1988, 1991), Masters &amp; Lubinsky (1988), Masters, Lumsden &amp; Young (1988), Masters, Stanyon &amp; Romagno (1987), Montagna &amp; Yun Jeung-Soon (1962a), Napier &amp; Napier (1967), Nash &amp; Weisenseel (2000), Nash et al. (1989), Olson (1979), Pasztor &amp; Van Horn (1977), Pinto et al. (1974), Poorman (1982), Randolph (1971), Roberts (1971), Rosenson (1972, 1973), Skinner &amp; Smithers (1990), Tartabini (1991), Welker (1973, 1976).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D2E067FFC0FFE8FA94F5096075FB21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Anthony B. Rylands;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Galagidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 184-209, ISBN: 978-84-96553-89-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6657019
03D2E067FFC1FFEBFA75FAD4623BFB2A.text	03D2E067FFC1FFEBFA75FAD4623BFB2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Otolemur garnettii (Ogilby 1838)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>18.</p>
            <p>Garnett’s Greater Galago</p>
            <p> Otolemur garnettii</p>
            <p>French: Galago de Garnett / German: Kleinohr-Riesengalago / Spanish: Galago mayor de Garnett</p>
            <p>Other common names: Northern Greater Galago, Small-eared Galago, Small-eared Greater Galago; Kikuyu Smalleared Galago (kikuyuensis), Pangani Small-eared Galago (panganiensis), White-tailed Small-eared Galago (/asiotis), Zanzibar Small-eared Galago (garnettii)</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Otolicnus garnettii Ogilby, 1838 , </p>
            <p> Zanzibar Island, Tanzania; type locality fixed by O. Thomas in 1917.</p>
            <p> Until recently, O. garnettiz was considered a subspecies of  Otolemur or  Galago crassicaudatus. It is now considered to be a distinct species. A small (possibly dwarf) undescribed form, known as the “Mwera Greater  Galago ,” occurs in south-eastern Tanzania and north-eastern Mozambique. It is fawnish-gray with off-white underparts, dark brown hands and feet, and poorly defined patches around the eyes. It is reported to be sympatric with O. garnettiiat Litipo and Mtopwa, and it has similar vocalizations. It may represent a new species or subspecies. The subspecies lasiotis is possibly sympatric with the “Miombo Silver  Galago ” (  O. crassicaudatus monteiri) in north-eastern Tanzania, and the subspecies panganiensis is widely sympatric with it in north-eastern and south-eastern Tanzania. Four subspecies are recognized. </p>
            <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p>
            <p> O. g. garnettiiO. g., 1838 — Zanzibar, Pemba, andMafiaIs, Tanzania.</p>
            <p> O. g. kikuyuensisLonnberg, 1912 — Kenya (highlandsEoftheRiftValley).</p>
            <p> O. g. lasiotisPeters, 1876 — SSomalia (SofJubaRiver), EKenya, andNETanzania (Tanga), andinlandtotheTaitaHillsinSEKenyaandKibwezi, NofMtKilimanjaro, inNTanzania.</p>
            <p> O. g. panganiensis Matschie, 1905 — Tanzania (S of Tanga, Mt Kilimanjaro, and Lake Manyara); possibly in N Mozambique and N Malawi. </p>
            <p> Descriptive notes. Head-body 23-34 cm, tail 30-44 cm; weight 820-1200 g (males) and 550-720 g (females). The Garnett’s Greater  Galago is much smaller than the Thick-tailed Greater  Galago (  O. crassicaudatus ), with a pointed (rather than broad) muzzle and short ears. The upperside is grayish-brown to reddish, with paler underparts. The tail is bushy, and its tip is brown, black, or white. The face is not paler than the forehead; eye-rings are not noticeable. Distal ends of the nails are concave, with lateral points. Males are ¢.18% heavier than females, although only slightly larger. The “Zanzibar Small-eared  Galago ” (O. g.  garnettii ) is slightly greenish-toned and reddishbrown above, with a yellowish-white underside. The tail is light brown, becoming black on its terminal one-half, and the crown is often black. The “White-tailed Small-eared  Galago ” (O. g. lasiotis) is generally grayish above with a grayish-white underside. The terminal part of the tail is only slightly darker and is often tipped with white. The “Pangani Small-eared  Galago ” (O. g. panganiensis) is a well-marked, rather pallid subspecies, lacking the greenish tones of the Zanzibar Small-eared  Galago . Only the last one-quarter ofthe tail tends to be black. The “Kikuyu Small-eared  Galago ” (O. g. kikuyuensis) is generally iron-gray with a tinge of green above and yellowish-white below. The tail is light brown, becoming nearly black toward the tip. Occasional individuals are darker and more ocher. </p>
            <p>Habitat. Coastal, riparian, montane, and highland forest from sea level to 2500 m,also agricultural mosaic habitats (coconut and clove plantations), coral rag, forest edge, and major river valleys. A highly adaptable species, it is found in midto high-canopy coastal and montane tropical forest and in gallery forest. It is also able to persist in secondary and highly fragmented forest, cultivated areas, and sometimes suburbs.</p>
            <p> Food and Feeding. Garnett’s Greater  Galago is a frugivore that supplements its diet with insects, other animal prey, and gums. It is principally a solitary arboreal forager spending more than one-half its time above 5 m and preferring canopy branches larger than 5 cm in diameter. They rarely go to the ground. Only certain fruiting trees, including  Ficus (Moraceae) ,  Grewia (Malvaceae) ,  Lannea stuhlmannii (  Anacardiaceae ), and  Vitex strickeri (  Lamiaceae ), may tempt individuals to congregate and feed together. Although most observations suggest Garnett’s Greater Galagos eat mainly fruit, nocturnal observations of insect hunting are difficult to obtain. Indeed, 50% offecal pellets contain insects and the other 50% contain seeds. Stomach-content analysis gives a similar result. Invertebrates are the animal prey of choice and include beetles, orthopterans, centipedes, spiders, ants, caterpillars, millipedes, bugs, snails, and termites. An occasional bird is also eaten. Garnett’s Greater Galagos sometimes also forage on bananas, breadfruit, mangos, paw paw, and other crops, including coconuttree sap used by local people for the production of palm wine. </p>
            <p> Breeding. Multiple males may seek a female to mate. Mating is prolonged, lasting up to 120 minutes. They give birth to one, rarely two, offspring each year, typically in August—October. Gestation is ¢.130 days. The infant is carried only in the mother’s mouth and not on her back as in the Thick-tailed Greater  Galago , and she parks them while foraging. Weaning takes place at c.140 days. Both sexes are able to breed by 18 months of age. It can live up to 15 years. </p>
            <p>Activity patterns. Garnett’s Greater Galagos are nocturnal and arboreal. They have a quadrupedal locomotion strategy. When leaping, they tend to land hindfeetfirst. Hopping is the normal mode of progression on the ground.</p>
            <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Garnett’s Greater Galagos spend their day in a sleeping site of tangled vegetation in tall bushes or trees. They apparently do not make nests or sleep in tree holes. Males sleep alone; females sleep with their offspring. Males are mainly solitary, with a home range of c.17 ha, but reciprocal grooming and play occur. Less social behavior is seen among Garnett’s Greater Galagos than among Thick-tailed Greater Galagos, possibly because of the presence of fewer infants. Female territories are c.12 ha. There is little overlap between home ranges of adults of the same age, but extensive overlap occurs among individuals of different ages. Matriarchies are present. In coastal Kenya, individuals travel c.1-6 km/night. Fully adult individuals, even of the opposite sex, rarely sleep together. Young females mature in their natal ranges, but males disperse to other areas. A loud trailing call is given by both sexes to announce their presence to conspecifics.</p>
            <p> Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Garnett’s Greater  Galago is widespread and abundant, although patchily distributed and conspicuously absent from some forests. It occurs in the national parks of Aberdare, Meru, Mount Kenya, and Tsavo and Tana River Primate Reserve in Kenya and the national parks ofJozani Chakwa, Lake Manyara, and Udzungwa Mountains and the forest reserves of Liteho, Litipo, Ngezi, Rondo, and Ziwani in Tanzania. It may also be found in the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. </p>
            <p>Bibliography. Ansell &amp; Dowsett (1988), Bearder, Ambrose et al. (2003), Bearder, Honess &amp; Ambrose (1995), Becker, Buder et al. (2003), Becker, Watson &amp; Ward (1999), Butynski et al. (1998), Clark (1978a, 1988), Hager (2001), Hager &amp; Welker (2001), Harcourt (1984), Harcourt &amp; Nash (1986a), Hill (1953d), Honess (1996), Izard &amp; Simons (1986), Jenkins (1987), Kingdon (1997), Lumsden (1995), Masters (1986, 1988, 1991), Masters &amp; Lubinsky (1988), Masters, Lumsden &amp; Young (1988), Masters, Stanyon &amp; Romagno (1987), Nash (1983), Nash &amp; Harcourt (1986), Nash &amp; Weisenseel (2000), Nash et al. (1989), Olson (1979), Perkin (2000, 2001b), Petter &amp; Petter-Rousseaux (1979), Poorman (1982), Zimmermann (1990).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D2E067FFC1FFEBFA75FAD4623BFB2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Anthony B. Rylands;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Galagidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 184-209, ISBN: 978-84-96553-89-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6657019
