identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D487D9FFB34344FCB7FBE088B80F22.text	03D487D9FFB34344FCB7FBE088B80F22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baliospermum Blume	<div><p>Baliospermum Blume</p><p>Baliospermum Blume (1826) 603; Decne. (1844) 154, t. 154 ‘155’; Baill. (1858) 394; Müll.Arg. (1866) 1125; Benth.(1880) 324; Hook.f. (1887) 461; J.J.Sm. (1910) 599; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1912) 24; Ridl. (1924) 312; Gagnep. (1927) 429; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1931) 182; Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 497; Airy Shaw (1972) 222; Whitmore (1973) 68; Airy Shaw (1981) 267; (1982) 8; Radcl.-Sm. (1986) 83; Grierson &amp; D.G.Long (1987) 809; Chakrab. &amp; N.P.Balakr.(1992 ‘1990’) 3; G.L. Webster (1994) 108; Govaerts et al. (2000) 242; Radcl.-Sm. (2001) 306; Phattar. &amp; Chayam. (2005) 120; Thin (2007) 261; P.T.Li &amp; M.G.Gilbert (2008) 277; (2009) f. 333:4; G.L. Webster (2014) 177. ― Baliospermum Blume sect. Baliospermum: Chakrab. &amp; N.P.Balakr. (1992 ‘1990’) 5. ― Type: Baliospermum axillare Blume [= Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh].</p><p>Shrubs, dioecious or monoecious. Indumentum of simple, strigose hairs. Stipules small and triangular or round, somewhat elevated, bud-like structures. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate; blade deeply lobed or not, margin serrate to crenate, with glands in teeth underneath, the basal ones close to the petiole enlarged, basally 3- or 5-nerved. Inflorescences axillary to terminal, racemes or panicles, pedunculate to almost sessile, uni- or sometimes bisexual, staminate ones many-flowered per node, pistillate ones few-flowered or reduced to a single flower in the leaf axil. Flowers symmetric; pedicel with subbasal abscission zone; sepals 5 (or 6), connate at base, imbricate; petals absent. Staminate flowers small, pedicellate; sepals membranous, margin entire; disc annular and lobed or consisting of 5 (or 6) free glands; stamens 9–21, filaments free, thin, broadening towards the broadly triangular connective; anthers 2-thecate, thecae almost confluent on top of connective, opening latrorse with lengthwise slits; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers larger than staminate ones, shortly pedicellate, elongating in fruit; sepals chartaceous, margin entire to often lobed with glands, persistent and sometimes accrescent; disc annular, lobed inside sepals, thin, flat, whitish when dry; ovary 3-locular, smooth, glabrous or hairy; ovules 1 per locule; styles absent, stigmas recurving, widening into shortly split wings. Fruits lobed capsules, septicidally and (partly to) completely loculicidally dehiscent, subglobose; columella persistent, apically shortly T-shaped. Seeds subglobose, marbled, ecarunculate.</p><p>Distribution ― Five species (ranging from the Himalayas to Yunnan, Myanmar, Indochina to Malesia (Sumatra, Java, Sumbawa in the Lesser Sunda Islands) (Airy Shaw 1972, 1982, Govaerts et al. 2000, Phattarahirankanok &amp; Chayamarit 2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D487D9FFB34344FCB7FBE088B80F22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	van Welzen, P. C.	van Welzen, P. C. (2018): The genus Baliospermum (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 63 (2): 125-129, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.02.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.02.06
03D487D9FFB14345FFEDFDFB8B4E08A2.text	03D487D9FFB14345FFEDFDFB8B4E08A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh	<div><p>1. Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh — Fig. 1; Map 1</p><p>Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh in Nicolson et al. (1988) 106; Phattar. &amp; Chayam. (2005) 121, f. 25; P.T.Li &amp; M.G.Gilbert (2008) 277; (2009) f. 333: 4. ― Croton solanifolius Burm. (non Geiseler, see below) (1769) 6 ( ‘ solanifolium ’). ― Type: Rheede, Hort. Malab. 10 (1690) t. 76. See note 1.</p><p>Jatropha montana Willd. (1805) 563. ― Ricinus montanus (Willd.) Wall. (1847) nr. 7727. ― Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Müll.Arg. (1866) 1125; Kurz (1877) 410;J.J.Sm. (1910) 600;Pax &amp; K.Hoffm.(1912) 25, f. 6; Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 497; Airy Shaw (1972) 222; Whitmore (1973) 68; Airy Shaw (1981) 267;(1982) 8; Radcl.-Sm.(1986) 83;Grierson &amp; D.G.Long (1987) 811; Chakrab. &amp; N.P.Balakr. (1992 ‘1990’) 5, f. 1; P.H. Hô (1992) 351; Thin (2007) 262. ― Type: Klein s.n. (holo B-WILLD,no.17927), India.</p><p>Croton solanifolius Geiseler (1807) 74,nom.illeg,non Burm.(see above). ― Baliospermum indicum Decne.(1844) 154, t. 154 ‘155’. ― Type: J.G. KÖnig s.n., Herb. Vahl (holo C), India.</p><p>Baliospermum axillare Blume (1826) 604;Miq. (1859) 410; Kurz (1877) 410; Hook.f. (1887) 461; Boerl. (1900) 294; F.N. Williams (1905) 32; Ostenf. (1905) 718; Craib (1911) 467; (1912) 194; Ridl. (1924) 312; Gagnep. (1927) 429, f. 51: 6-19. ― Lectoype (designated here): Anonymous s.n., Hb. Reinwardt (L, barcode L.2189912), [Indonesia, Java,] in montosis (in mountains).</p><p>Croton polyandrus Roxb.(1832) 682,nom.illeg., non Spreng.(1821). ― Croton roxburghii Wall. (1840) 20 (see also Esser 2017). ― Baliospermum polyandrum (Roxb.) Wight (1852) 23, t. 1885. ― Lectotype (designated here): Herb. Roxburgh s.n. (BR 505447).</p><p>[ Rottlera suffruticosa Wall. (1847) n. 7843, nom. nud. ― Cited specimen: Hb. N. Wallich 7843 (K-W).]</p><p>[ Baliospermum angulare Decne.ex Baill. (1858) 395,nom.nud. ― No specimen cited.]</p><p>[ Baliospermum moritzianum Baill. (1858) 395,nom.nud. ― Cited specimen: Zollinger 615 (G-DC), cited as Moritzi 615.]</p><p>Baliospermum axillare Blume var. dioica Haines (1910) 234. ― Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Müll.Arg.var. dioica (Haines) Haines (1921) 115. ― Type: Haines s.n. (n.v.), India, Bihar, Choatanagpur (see Chakrabarty &amp; Balakrishnan 1992 ‘1990’).</p><p>Baliospermum pendulinum Pax in Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1912) 28. ― Lectotype (designated here): Wawra von Fernsee 2495 (lecto W), Sandwich Inseln [Hawaii], Honolulu, in Gärten [cultivated in garden].</p><p>Baliospermum axillare Blume var. heterophylla Gagnep.(1927) 430. ― Type: Bon s.n. (holo P), Annam [Vietnam], Prov. de Thanh-hoa, Trinh-nga.</p><p>Baliospermum razianum Kesh.Murthy &amp; Yogan. in Keshva Murthy et al.(1987) 486 ( ‘raziana ’); T. Jose et al. (1988) 225 ( ‘raziana ’). ― Type: K.R. Keshava Murthy et al. 4218A (holo RRCBI n.v.; iso 4218B, C: RRCBI n.v.), India, Karnataka, Coorg dist., Nagarahole.</p><p>Shrubs, up to 2(-10) m high, stem up to 10 mm diam at base, monoecious (rarely only one sex present), evergreen to deciduous in drier areas, epidermis thin, smooth, brown-green when fresh; flowering branches 2.5 -5 mm diam, somewhat hairy when young, glabrescent, dark brown; sap clear, sticky. Indumentum of simple hairs, strigose on branches and leaves, more sericeous on floral parts. Stipules bud-like or glandular enations. Leaves: petiole 0.9 -18.2 cm long, round to reniform in trans- verse section, somewhat longitudinally ribbed when dry, at most basally slightly pulvinate, hairy, glabrescent; blades ovate to elliptic to obovate, older ones often with 1 or 2 lobes, 4.2 - 32.6 by 1.5-15.5 cm (width without lobes), smaller in flowering part, 1.4- 5.1 times as long as wide, symmetric, papery to pergamen- taceous, base emarginate to truncate to narrowly cuneate, at attachment slightly emarginate, margin flat, especially in older leaves with a single to two lobes, basally up to c. halfway the blade, apex acuminate to cuspidate, both surfaces smooth, somewhat hairy when young, especially abaxially, dark green above, light green underneath; lobes sometimes present, basal to halfway the blade, small to larger, supported by a secondary vein; venation pinnate to 3-plinerved, slightly raised on both sides, especially abaxially, secondary veins 6 -14 pairs, looped and closed near margin, lobes always supported by a secondary vein. Staminate inflorescences often developing during fruit set, raceme-like thyrses, up to 7(- 20) cm long, but often very short when in bud, with few hairs, with groups of staminate flowers per node supported by a group of bracts, seldom also a pistillate flower per node; bracts triangular, c. 0.8 by 0.6 mm, outside slightly hairy, especially along midrib, margin of more basal ones with one or two tooth-like glands (comparable to leaves), inside glabrous, green. Staminate flowers 2.5 -3 mm diam, bright green to yellow; pedicel 2.4 -8 mm long, hairy, red suffused; sepals ovate, 1.3- 2 by 1.3 -2 mm, margin entire, light green (see note 3); stamens c. 15-19; filaments 1.2 -1.3 mm long, pale light green; anthers cream to bright yellow. Pistillate inflorescences reduced to a single to three flowers developing in the leaf axil next to the staminate inflorescences. Pistillate flowers turning downwards, c. 2.5 mm diam; peduncle c. 2 mm long, elongating to c. 6 mm in fruit, round, hairy; sepals 5, ovate, 1.3 -2 by 1-1.3 mm, green, margin with a few glandular teeth, not accrescent; ovary slightly 3-lobed, c. 1.2-1.3 by 1.2 -1.6 mm, hairy, light green; style absent, stigmas 3, 1.4 -2.3 mm long, light green, upper 0.5-1.3 mm split, basal part thick, ± round, lobes flat, thickened perpendicular to ovary, inside smooth. Fruits obovoid, 3-lobed, 7-10 by 7-9.8 mm, hanging downward, smooth, hairy, green to upper part white (imma- ture?), dehiscing septicidally and apically partly loculicidally into bivalved cocci or also completely loculicidally and falling apart in 6 single cocci, strand-like remnants of sutures remaining attached to base of columella, these peeling off from bottom to apex; wall thin, woody when dry; columella slender, 5 - 6.7 mm long. Seeds dorsoventrally flattened obovoid with on inside a central ridge, c. 5.5 -6.8 by 3.7-5 by 3 - 4 mm.</p><p>Distribution ― Southeast Asia: ranging from India to S China (Yunnan Prov.) to Indochina; in Malesia: absent in the Malay Peninsula, present on Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali, Sumbawa), and the Moluccas (Ambon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology ― Found in disturbed, seasonally dry habitats: shaded to partly open, often wet, fire-damaged, very degraded, mixed evergreen and deciduous hardwood forest with bamboo, in bamboo thickets, and in alang-alang; bedrock soil granite, limestone or shale. Even found on walls of demolished buildings. Altitude: 20-1300 m. Flowering and fruiting whole year through.</p><p>Uses ― A decoction of the leaves is used as a purgative; the seeds are a drastic purgative (Radcliffe-Smith 2001). However, quite the opposite, the Karen hilltribes in N Thailand cut up the roots or leaves, soak these with seven grains of rice for 30 minutes and drink the liquid to stop vomiting and nausea (E.F. Anderson 5459, L).</p><p>Vernacular names ― Thailand: Long pom, nong pom, thon di, tong tae, tong taek, thon di; pho-bo-cho, tho-khlo (Karen in Mae Hong Son) (Smitinand 2014). Java: (Smith 1910): Adakadal, Srintil (Javanese); Kasingat (Sundanese); Miquel (1859): Pantjahan, Oedoe lada (Sundanese).</p><p>Notes ― 1. The species is generally referred to as B. montanum (based on Jatropha montana by Willdenow 1805), because Burman (1769) seemingly published a nomen nudum when he listed Croton solanifolius . However, Burman correctly referred to a description and plate made by Van Rheede tot Drakestein (1690) and created a valid name (see Nicolson et al. 1988).</p><p>2. This species differs from the remainder of the genus in its monoecy, annular staminate disc, generally single, hanging pistillate flowers and the gland-like stipules. Still, the species is variable and may have small to very large, narrow to broad, lobed or non-lobed leaves, short to sometimes long staminate inflorescences, etc. Usually the leaves in the flowering parts are much smaller. In Malesia the specimens are relatively uniform.</p><p>3. Petrmitr 256 (in L, from Thailand) may be of hybrid origin. Like B. solanifolium the plant is bisexual with hanging pistillate flowers/fruits. However, the disc is subdivided and sometimes grown into petal-like organs. The separate glands are like in B. calycinum, which also often has the long inflorescences with long peduncle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D487D9FFB14345FFEDFDFB8B4E08A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	van Welzen, P. C.	van Welzen, P. C. (2018): The genus Baliospermum (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 63 (2): 125-129, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.02.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.02.06
