taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D687BBAF76040AFF6EFFB7E872473F.taxon	description	Plate 1, Figs 1 – 2	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF76040AFF6EFFB7E872473F.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Three teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0015 (2 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF76040AFF6EFFB7E872473F.taxon	description	Description. One of the specimens illustrated (Pl. 1, fig. 1) is a lower lateral tooth, given its narrow, relatively high inclined principal cusp. The root possesses two wide root lobes that diverge at an angle of approximately 100 °. The other (Pl. 1, fig. 2) is an upper lateral tooth with a more or less triangularly shaped, distally inclined principal cusp and concave mesial and distal cutting edges. Its root is divided into two root lobes by a shallow median groove that diverge at an angle of approximately 120 °.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF76040AFF6EFFB7E872473F.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Since 1999, there is a general acceptance of the name Alopias exigua (Probst, 1879) for this taxon. Following discussions in the works of various authors, including Zbyszewski & Almeida (1950), Serralheiro (1954), Schulz (1968), Antunes & Jonet (1970), Case (1980), Capetta (1987) finally concluded that teeth with this morphology belonged to Alopias exigua. Subsequent authors adopted this assignment. Therefore, it is accepted here too.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF76040AFF6EFFB7E872473F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Oligocene to Pliocene. Oligocene: North Carolina, USA (Müller, 1999), North Sea (Cappetta 1987). Miocene: North Carolina, USA (Müller, 1999), North Sea (Pollerspöck & Baeury 2014); Paratethys (Schultz 1969, 2013), Proto-Mediterranean, Middle Miocene (Cappetta 1987). Pliocene: Eastern Atlantic (Müller 1999). Distribution in Portugal. Middle Miocene: (Langhian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954); (Tortonian) Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian), Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Antunes & Balbino 2003).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF76040AFF6EFCADE9A94244.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Alopias macrourus Rafinesque, 1810	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF750409FF6EFD8DE9B74124.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Carcharodon megalodon Agassiz, 1843	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF750409FF6EFC97E81847C5.taxon	description	Plate 1, Figs 3 – 4	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF750409FF6EFC97E81847C5.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Two isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0035 (2).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF750409FF6EFC97E81847C5.taxon	description	Description. The first tooth (Pl. 1, fig. 3) is an anterior tooth with a principal cusp possessing slightly concave mesial and distal cutting edges. The root is severely damaged. The second tooth (Pl. 1, fig. 4) belongs to the lateroposterior group with a distally inclined principal cusp and concave mesial and distal cutting edges. The root has two root lobes that diverge at an angle of 110 °.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF750409FF6EFC97E81847C5.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The generic / subgeneric taxonomic status of this species has been the subject of much debate, most recently, e. g., by Long et al. (2014), who placed it in Carcharocles, and Boessenecker et al. (2019), who placed it in Otodus. Some authors also assigned the species to a subgenus within Otodus. In this work we avoid the use of subgenera and consider this species to belong to Otodus at full genus rank.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF750409FF6EFC97E81847C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Miocene to Pliocene, Eastern and western Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian and West Pacific Oceans (Müller 1999). Possibly surviving into the Pleistocene (Cappetta 1987). For more detailed information on distribution see Schultz (2013) and Boessenecker et al. (2019). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski 1940; Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954). Middle Miocene: (Langhian-Serravallian), Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954; Jonet 1964; Antunes & Jonet 1970; Jonet et al. 1975; Fialho 2015; Fialho et al. 2021); (Serravallian) Algarve Basin, Lagos – Portimão Fm., (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Antunes et al. 1981). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950), Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian), Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Balbino 1995; Antunes & Balbino 2003). Lower Pliocene: Santa Maria Island, Azores (Ávila et al. 2012).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF740408FF6EFD8DE9784124.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Oxyrhina hastalis Agassiz, 1843	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF74040FFF6EFC97EAA04345.taxon	description	Plate 1, Figs 5 – 9	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF74040FFF6EFC97EAA04345.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 38 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0013 (5 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF74040FFF6EFC97EAA04345.taxon	description	Description. The first tooth (Pl. 1, figs 5 a, b) is an upper lateral tooth with a relatively high, slightly curved principal cusp and convex mesial and distal cutting edges. The root is divided into two slightly curving root lobes by a shallow median groove. The second tooth (Pl. 1, figs 6 a, b) is an upper lateral tooth that has a lower principal cusp that is slightly constricted at a quarter of its height. The root is divided into two slightly curved root lobes by a shallow median groove. The third tooth (Pl. 1, figs 7 a, b) is a lower anterior tooth with a relatively high principal cusp that is twice as high as its base width and has concave mesial and distal cutting edges. The root is divided into two root lobes by a shallow median groove and diverge at an angle of 90 °. The fourth and fifth tooth (Pl. 1, figs 8, 9) are lower commissural teeth that possess a relatively low principal cusp that is strongly constricted just above its base. The root is divided into two root lobes by a shallow median groove that diverges at an angle of 110 to 120 °.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF74040FFF6EFC97EAA04345.taxon	discussion	Discussion. After a long history of discussion as to which genus this species should be assigned, we follow the authors Ward & Bonavia (2001), Reinecke & Wienrich (2009), Avila et al. (2018), Cappetta (2012) and Schultz (2013), and accept the name Cosmopolitodus hastalis (Agassiz, 1838).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF74040FFF6EFC97EAA04345.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Miocene, widely distributed in the western Atlantic and along the eastern Atlantic Frontage of Europe, the North Sea and in the Paratethys and the Proto-Mediterranean (Müller 1999; Schultz 2013). Survives into the mid-Pliocene in Mediterranean (Cappetta 1987), as well as the Gulf Coastal Plain of the USA (Ebersole et al. 2017). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954). Middle Miocene: (Langhian-Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheir 1954). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970), Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian) Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Balbino 1995; Antunes & Balbino 2003). Lower Pliocene: Santa Maria Island, Azores (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Ávila et al. 2012).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF73040FFF6EFEB4E990444B.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	description	Plate 2, Figs 1 – 6	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 267 isolated teeth and tooth parts. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0012 (5 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	description	Description. The first upper anterior tooth (Pl. 2, fig. 1) has an upright narrow and elongated principal cusp that is slightly distally oblique and five times as high as its base width. The lingual surface is strongly convex and bears a non-enameloid basal band. The mesial cutting edge is convex, and the distal one is slightly sigmoid. A well-developed cusplet is present at each side of the principal cusp, both strongly directed towards the principal cusp. The root is divided into two root lobes by a shallow central groove that diverge at an angle of 90 °. The distal lobe is slightly wider than the mesial one. The second anterior tooth (Pl. 2, fig. 2) is strong similarity to the first, but the principal cusp is slightly more curved near the apex and both cutting edges are slightly sigmoid. The third tooth (Pl. 2, figs 3 a, b) is a lateral one with a slightly sigmoidal and slightly distally inclining principal cusp that is approximately three times as high as its base width, flanked by a well-developed cusplet at each side. The root is divided into two equally wide root lobes by a shallow central groove. The root lobes diverge at an angle of 110 °. A lower parasymphyseal tooth (Pl. 2, figs 4 a – c) is significantly smaller in size and mesio-distally compressed. The labiolingually sigmoid principal cusp is high and narrow with minute, poorly developed cusplets at each side. Although their basal parts are visible the root lobes are merged. The lower anterior tooth (Pl. 2, figs 5 a – b) has a high and narrow, slightly sigmoidal principal cusp with a cusplet at each side, that are directed towards the principal cusp. The principal cusp is four times higher as its base width. The root is divided into two almost equally sized root lobes that diverge at an angle of 80 °. The lower lateral tooth (Pl. 2, figs 6 a, b) possesses a slightly inclined principal cusp that is two and half times as high as its base width with two mesial and distal cusplets of which the most mesial and distal ones are poorly developed. The root is divided into two equally sized root lobes that diverge at an angle of approximately 110 °.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Many of the specimens at hand are incomplete. Considering the size of the teeth, the majority represent juvenile or adolescent specimens. Those teeth that are complete and represent adult specimens show the tooth morphology of C. cuspidatus. Miocene specimens formally assigned to C. acutissima have significantly smaller teeth and possess the typical curved upper lateral teeth, being an ontogenetic development (Hovestadt 2020).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Upper Oligocene to Miocene, northwestern and eastern Atlantic, including the Gulf Coastal Plain of the USA (Cicimurri et al. 2025), from the European Atlantic Frontage down to Angola, Proto-Mediterranean, Paratethys and southwestern Indian Ocean (Capetta 1987; Müller 1999; Schultz 2013), as well as the Gulf Coastal Plain of the USA (Cicimurri et al. 2025). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950). Middle Miocene: (Langhian-Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Antunes & Jonet 1970; Fialho 2015; Fialho et al. 2021). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Antunes & Jonet 1970), Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian) Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Balbino 1995; Antunes & Balbino 2003).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF72040EFF6EFB2CE82246C3.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Megascyliorhinus cooperi Cappetta & Ward, 1977	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF72040DFF6EFA37EBEB4347.taxon	description	Plate 2, Figs 7 – 13	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF72040DFF6EFA37EBEB4347.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 21 teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0020 (7 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF72040DFF6EFA37EBEB4347.taxon	description	Description. Generally, the teeth possess a very high and elongated principal cusp that is three to four times as high as its base width, with a minute cusplet at each side of the principal cusp. The first three teeth (Pl. 2, figs 7 – 9) are upper teeth of which the first one has a typical root with two root lobes that diverge at an angle of approximately 90 °. The root lobes of the following teeth are significantly wider diverged. The lower teeth (Pl. 4, figs 10 – 13) also possess a high but narrower principal cusp and the root lobes become more diverged in lateral teeth.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF72040DFF6EFA37EBEB4347.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Since 1970, the original combination name Megascyliorhinus miocaenicus is generally accepted for this species. There is no reason for further discussion, and we follow previous authors here.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF72040DFF6EFA37EBEB4347.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lower Miocene: Paratethys, Austria (Schultz 2013). discussion, ene: southern France (Capetta 1987). Lower Pliocene, Tunisia (Capetta 1987). Distribution in Portugal. Upper Miocene: (Tortonian), Tagus Basin (Antunes & Jonet 1970), Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian) Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Balbino 1995; Antunes & Balbino 2004).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF71040DFF6EFEAAE8E5444D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Pachyscyllium albigensis Reinecke, Moths, Grant & Breitkreuz, 2005	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF71040CFF6EF9BDEA4B41B5.taxon	description	Plate 2, Figs 14 – 19	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF71040CFF6EF9BDEA4B41B5.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 20 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0021 (5 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF71040CFF6EF9BDEA4B41B5.taxon	description	Description. The teeth (Pl. 2, figs 14 – 19) possess a triangularly shaped principal cusp that is approximately twice to three times as high as its base and flanked by a pair of cusplets. The lingual surface of the principal cusp (Pl. 2, figs 14 a, 15 a, 16 a, 17 a, 18 a, 19 a) is strongly convex and smooth. The labial surface (Pl. 4, figs 14 b, 15 b, 16 b, 17 b, 18 b, 19 b) is less convex and smooth. The principal cusp of lateral teeth becomes distally inclined. The root is divided into two root lobes by a deep central groove that diverge at an angle of approximately 90 °, of which the center is strongly protruding lingually.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF71040CFF6EF9BDEA4B41B5.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species was often attributed to the genus and subgeneus Premontreia (Oxyscyllium). However, a case for attributing this species to Pachyscyllium was made by Fialho et al. (2021), which is followed here.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF71040CFF6EF9BDEA4B41B5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Miocene to Lower Pliocene. Lower Miocene: North Sea (Capetta 1987); Lower-Middle Miocene: Atlantic frontage of France (Aquitaine Basin, Cappetta 1987) and Paratethys, (Austria, Schultz 2013); Upper Miocene: western Proto-Mediterranean, (France, Cappetta 1987). Lower Pliocene: Mediterranean (Italy, Cappetta 1970). Distribution in Portugal. Middle Miocene: (Langhian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954; Fialho et al. 2021). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin, Portugal (Serralheiro 1954), Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian) Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Balbino 1995; Antunes et al. 1999 a, Antunes & Balbino 2004).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF70040CFF6EFA20E9A047FC.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Chaenogaleus macrostoma Gill, 1862	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF70040CFF6EFCE4EAF846F1.taxon	description	Plate 2, Figs 20 – 25	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF70040CFF6EFCE4EAF846F1.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 24 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0022 (6 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF70040CFF6EFCE4EAF846F1.taxon	description	Description. The teeth of this species are significantly smaller than those of P. dachiardi. The principal cusp possesses a triangularly shaped principal cusp that is approximately twice to three times as high as its base width flanked by one or sometimes two mesial and distal cusplets. The lingual surface of the principal cusp (Pl. 2, figs 20 a, 21 a, 22 a, 23 a, 24 a, 25 a) is strongly convex with three or six vertical striae along the basal region. The labial surface (Pl. 4, figs 20 b, 21 b, 22 b, 23 b, 24 b, 25 b) is less convex with numerous vertical striae running from the crown base to halfway down the principal cusp’s height. The principal cusp of the lateral teeth becomes distally inclined. The root is divided into two root lobes by a central groove that has a flat base.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF70040CFF6EFCE4EAF846F1.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The generic taxonomic assignment of this species has been debated for a long time. However, it is now accepted that it should be assigned to Pachyscyllium. The teeth of this species (Pl. 4, figs 20 – 25) are significantly smaller in size than those of P. dachiardi, which probably represent sub-adult specimens. Since the introduction of Pachyscyllium by Reinecke et al. (2001) and Cappetta (2012), those authors considered P. dachiardi a synonym of P. distans. However, in our sample we could distinguish smaller and larger sized teeth that might reflect ontogenetic heterodonty.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF70040CFF6EFCE4EAF846F1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Upper Oligocene (Chattian), Mississippi, USA (Cicimurri et al. 2025). Lower Miocene: Germany. Middle-upper Miocene: eastern Atlantic (Portugal, Serralheiro 954; Antunes & Jonet 1970; Fialho 2015). Miocene (Undifferentiated): North Sea (Netherlands), eastern Atlantic (Portugal), Mediterranean (France, Switzerland, Capetta 1987). Distribution in Portugal. Middle Miocene: (Langhian-Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970; Fialho 2015). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954); Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6F0412FF6EFD8DE979433E.taxon	description	Plate 3, Figs 1 – 12	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6F0412FF6EFD8DE979433E.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 189 isolated teeth and tooth parts. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0009 (10 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6F0412FF6EFD8DE979433E.taxon	description	Description. The species is a strongly dignathic heterodont. Upper dentition (Pl. 3, figs 1 – 7) has a parasymphyseal tooth that is wide with a high and narrow principal cusp inclining 45 ° distally, a slightly sigmoidal mesial cutting edge and a convex distal one. There is a coarse jagged serration of four cusplets that diminish in size of which the straight upper cutting edge is horizontal. The following series of teeth are more or less similar but with the principal cusp further inclined and an increasing number of up to seven distal cusplets. The principal cusp of the more lateral to posterior teeth diminishes in size and possesses a curved principal cusp and less distal cusplets. The lower dentition (Pl. 3, figs 8 – 12) has a series of anterior teeth with an extremely high and narrow principal cusp that is approximately four to five times as high as its base width, and a relatively narrow root that is divided into two lobes by a shallow central groove and diverged at an angle of 90 °. The following teeth have a slightly lower principal cusp and the root lobes diverge at a wider angle. The principal cusp in the more lateral teeth lowers to a height of three times its base width and the root lobe become wider and diverge at an angle of 110 °.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6F0412FF6EFD8DE979433E.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The dentition of sharks belonging to the genera Chaenogaleus and Paragaleus (see below) is difficult to distinguish. However, the differences can be identified by referring to the work of Herman et al. (1991), which describe and depict their living representatives. The upper dentition of Chaenogaleus presents teeth with a rather narrow, strongly distally inclined principal cusp with a sigmoidal distal cutting edge followed by a coarsely jagged serration of up to five smaller distally directed cusplets with a horizontal straight mesial cutting edge, gradually diminishing in size, the last ones often merged into a blade. The symphyseal tooth of Paragaleus possesses an upright principal cusp flanked by one or two cusplets that are inclined approximately 30 °. The following teeth possess a rather broad, strongly distally inclined principal cusp, followed by a coarse, jagged serration of up to seven distally directed smaller cusplets gradually diminishing in size, the first anterior teeth with a mesial cusplet present near the base. The mesial cutting edge of the principal cusp of anterior teeth is straight and those of the lateral teeth slightly sigmoidal. The lower dentition of Chaenogaleus possesses anterior teeth that have an extremely high, narrow and upright principal cusp that is five to six times higher than its base width and a narrow root divided into two lobes by a rather deep central groove that diverge at an angle of approximately 45 °. The principal cusp gradually lowers and becomes slightly broader whereas the root lobes become wider and strongly diverged at an angle of up to 140 °. The principal cusp becomes strongly constricted resulting in largely extended smooth cutting edges. Cusplets are absent. On the other hand, the lower dentition of Paragaleus (see below) possesses a set of anterior teeth with an upright principal that is strongly restricted near the base, resulting in a large extension of both mesial and distal cutting edges. Their root is divided into two root lobes by a deep groove that diverges at an angle of 90 ° in the first two anteriors and up to 140 ° in the following teeth. Their principal cusp becomes slightly more inclined toward the commissure and a distal cusplet arises at the lower end of the cutting edge. The lateral teeth possess a much more inclined principal cusp followed by up to three smaller cusplets that diminish in size towards the commissure. The most significant difference between the teeth of Chaenogaleus and Paragaleus are: Upper teeth — Chaenogaleus, a narrow principal cusp and up to five distal cusplets versus a broader one and up to seven cusplets in Parageleus. Lower teeth — Chaenogaleus, extremely high, narrow and upright principal cusp becoming lower and slightly broader with the root changing from diverging from 45 ° to 140 ° versus a low principal cusp that changes from almost upright to inclined with distal cusplets in Paragaleus.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6F0412FF6EFD8DE979433E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Miocene. Lower Miocene: Paratethys (Germany, Pollerspöck & Baeury 2014). Lower-Middle Miocene: Paratethys (Schultz 2013). Middle-Upper Miocene: Mediterranean (France, Cappetta 1987). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950). Middle Miocene: (Langhian-Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Antunes & Jonet 1970; Fialho 2015; Fialho et al. 2021). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954); Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper). Genus Hemipristis Agassiz, 1835	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6F0412FF6EFD8DE979433E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Hemipristis serra Agassiz, 1835	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6E0411FF6EFE71E9B242E3.taxon	description	Plate 3, Figs 13 – 17	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6E0411FF6EFE71E9B242E3.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Four isolated teeth: three upper teeth (Pl. 3, Figs 13 a – 15 b), one anterior tooth and two lateral ones, and two lower teeth (Pl. 3, Figs 16 a – 17 b). NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0011 (5 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6E0411FF6EFE71E9B242E3.taxon	description	Description. The upper teeth possess a principal cusp that is curved distally with a coarse serration at the distal cutting edge and a significantly finer serration at the upper end of the mesial cutting edge. The root is divided into two curved root lobes by a central median groove diverging at an angle of 90 °. The lower anterior teeth have a relatively narrow, elongated, distally inclined principal cusp of which the mesial and distal cutting edges bare a serration at the lower end that is stronger at the distal cutting edge. The holaulacorhizid root is divided into two root lobes by relatively deep central groove and diverge at an angel of 90 °, the mesial one approximately twice as wide as the distal one.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6E0411FF6EFE71E9B242E3.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The species shows strongly dignathic heterodonty. The very characteristic upper and lower teeth normally are scarce in Eocene and Miocene outcrops. For a genus belonging to Hemigaleidae, the teeth of Hemipristis reach extreme sizes compared to Chaenogaleus and Paragaleus specimens that possess significantly smaller teeth.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6E0411FF6EFE71E9B242E3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lower-Middle Miocene: southern Germany (Pollerspöck & Baeury 2014); Paratethys (Schultz 2013), Atlantic, France (Schultz 2013), USA, Europe, Java, India, Australia, Cabinda, Zaire, western Africa, Japan (Capetta 1987), Morocco, Congo, Angola, Mozambique, Madagascar (Schultz 2013). Hemipristis serra is particularly abundant in neritic deposits containing a warm water fauna, whereas it is scarce in more northern deposits, like those of Holland and Belgium where it until the Pliocene (Cappetta 1987). Pliocene: Angola and Zanzibar, Pleistocene Celebes region (Capetta 1987: 120; Müller 1999: 54), Alabama, Florida, USA (Ebersole et al. 2017). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian), Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Esteves & Silva 2014). Middle Miocene: (Langhian-Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Antunes & Jonet 1970; Fialho et al. 2021); Algarve Basin, Lagos – Portimão Fm. (Antunes et al. 1981). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian), Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950); Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper). Genus Paragaleus Budker, 1938	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6E0411FF6EFE71E9B242E3.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Paragaleus pectoralis (Garman, 1906).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6D0410FF6EFE5CEE1D4409.taxon	description	Plate 3, Figs 18 – 34	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6D0410FF6EFE5CEE1D4409.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 127 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0010 (23 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6D0410FF6EFE5CEE1D4409.taxon	description	Description. The species is strongly dignathic heterodont. The upper anterior teeth (Pl. 3, fig. 18) possess a slightly distally inclined principal cusp that is twice as high as its base width and an almost straight mesial cutting edge, but a slightly convex distal one. The mesial cutting edge bares a serration of three cusplets at its basal end and the distal cutting edge has a coarser serration of up to six cusplets at its basal end. The root is divided into two root lobes by a deep central groove and diverge at an angle of 100 °. In the following teeth (Pl. 3, figs 19 – 26) the principal cusp gradually become more inclined, the mesial cutting edge becomes convex and loses its mesial serration, and the root lobes become more diverged. The lower dentition possesses a parasymphyseal tooth (Pl. 3, fig. 27) that has an upright principal cusp, slightly constricted at the base, the mesial cutting edge slightly more concave than the distal one. The mesial cutting edge has one cusplet at its basal end. The distal one carries a coarse serration of four small cusplets at its basal end that rapidly diminish in size. The root is divided into two root lobes by a deep central groove. The distal lobe is slightly larger than the mesial one. The following anterior teeth (Pl. 3, figs 28 – 30) present an inclined principal cusp at approximately 10 °, the straight mesial cutting edge with two small cusplets near its base and an also straight distal one with four small cusplets. The lateral teeth (Pl. 3, figs 31 – 34) possess a more inclined principal cusp with a smooth sigmoidal mesial cutting edge and up to eight cusplets. The more posterior teeth possess a strongly curved principal cusp with a strongly convex mesial cutting edge and about four distal cusplets. The mesial cusplets disappear whilst the root lobes gradually become more divergent, up to 110 °.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6D0410FF6EFE5CEE1D4409.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The genus Paragaleus comprises two extinct species: Paragaleus antunesi Balbino & Cappetta, 2000 and Paragaleus pulchellus (Jonet, 1966). Comparing their original descriptions and figures distinction is difficult. Jonet (1966) illustrated seven teeth that he considered to be three lower and four upper teeth of Paragaleus pulchellus. Balbino & Cappetta (2000) illustrated 22 teeth that they considered to be ten lower and 12 upper teeth of Paragaleus antunesi. Comparing the figures in both works, three figured specimens are very similar: Jonet (1966), pl. 3, fig. 20 upper = Balbino & Cappetta (2000) pl. 1, fig. 8 upper; Jonet (1966), pl. 3, fig. 12 lower = Balbino & Cappetta (2000) pl. 1, fig. 7 lower; Jonet (1966), pl. 3, fig. 16 lower = Balbino & Cappetta (2000), pl. 1, fig. 5, upper. Jonet (1966) figures significantly less specimens than Balbino & Cappetta (2000) and some teeth that he figured as lower teeth are very likely upper ones. Only a few teeth actually can be considered to be lower teeth and many are lacking. Therefore, based on the very small morphological differences between Paragaleus antunesi Balbino & Cappetta (2000) and Paragaleus pulchellus (Jonet, 1966), and possible intraspecific variations, we consider Paragaleus antunesi to be a junior synonym of P. pulchellus. Paragaleus pulchellus is one of the best represented species in the study assemblage. It is the fourth most abundant one in the bulk sample with 26 out of 319 specimens (Fig. 5) and the seventh most abundant in the search sample with 101 out of 2260 specimens (Fig. 4). According to García et al. (2011), the present-day Paragaleus sharks occour in tropical shallow waters in the eastern Atlantic and in the western Pacific, as well as in the Indian Ocean.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6D0410FF6EFE5CEE1D4409.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This extinct species is known from the entire Miocene fossil record (Cappetta 2012). Lower Miocene: Paratethys, Austria (Schultz 2013). Middle Miocene: western Proto-Mediterranean, southern France (Cappetta 1987). Upper Miocene: Germany (Villafaña et al. 2020), Portugal (e. g., Antunes et al. 1981). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian) Lower Tagus Basin, Portugal (Serralheiro 1954). Middle Miocene: (Langhian – Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970); Algarve Basin, Lagos – Portimão Fm. (Antunes et al. 1981). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin, Portugal (Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970), Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian) Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondoiro Fm. (Balbino & Cappetta 2000; Antunes & Balbino 2004).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6C0410FF6EF9B0E8664557.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Squalus cuvier Peron & Lesueur, 1822 (in Lesueur 1822)	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6C0417FF6EF8BBEE60454D.taxon	description	Plate 3, Figs 35 – 38	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6C0417FF6EF8BBEE60454D.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Ten isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0014 (4 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6C0417FF6EF8BBEE60454D.taxon	description	Description. The species is monognathic heterodont. There is a slight difference in the curving of the principal cusp that is more curved in lower teeth than in upper ones in the extant Galeocerdo cuvier (Perron & LeSueur, 1822). The upper teeth (Pl. 3, figs 35 a – 36 b). The remaining specimens (Pl. 3, figs 37 a – 38 b) are lower teeth. The first tooth (Pl. 3, figs 35 a – b) possesses a strongly curved principal cusp at an angle of 50 °. The slightly concave distal cutting edge is smooth and a distal blade, separated by a notch, bears a fine serration. The mesial cutting edge has a fine serration at its lower end. The root is divided into two root lobes by a shallow central groove that diverge at an angle of 90 °. The distal lobe is significantly wider than the mesial one. The second tooth (Pl. 3, figs 36 a – b) is severely damaged at the crown that lacks a large part of the mesial cutting edge. The principal cusp is curved distally at an angle of 50 °. The slightly convex distal cutting edge is smooth and a distal blade, separated by a notch, has a fine serration. The mesial cutting edge has a fine serration. The root is divided into two equally sized root lobes by a shallow central groove that diverge at an angle of 50 °. The third tooth (Pl. 3, figs 37 a – b) is from an almost lateral position with a principal cusp curved at 30 °. The slightly convex distal cutting edge is smooth and a distal blade, separated by a notch, has a fine serration. The convex mesial cutting edge bears a fine serration at its lower end. A series of up to six small distal cusplets are present that gradually diminish in size. The root is divided into two root lobes by a shallow central groove, the distal one slightly wider than the mesial one. The fourth tooth (Pl. 3, figs 38 a – b) is positioned further laterally with a stronger curved principal cusp at an angle of 45 ° and a convex mesial cutting edge bearing a fine serration at the lower end. The slightly convex distal cutting edge is smooth and a distal blade, separated by a notch, has a fine serration. The root is divided into two root lobes by a shallow central groove, the distal one slightly wider than the mesial one.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6C0417FF6EF8BBEE60454D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The fossilised teeth of Galeocerdo aduncus are found worldwide in Neogene neritic sediments. They show many similarities with the dentition of the extant Galeocerdo cuvier (Perron & LeSueur, 1822). However, C. aduncus still is used by all authors for Miocene fossil material and we follow those authors. After García et al. (2011), Galeocerdo, is a thermophilic taxon. Today, populations of the only extant species of Galeocerdo, G. cuvier, the Tiger Shark, is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6C0417FF6EF8BBEE60454D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Oligocene – Lower Miocene: North Sea Basin, nort-west Germany (Schultz 2013). Lower Miocene: Atlantic, France (Schultz 2013). Lower-Middle Miocene: Paratethys, Austria (Schultz 2013). Miocene: Proto-Mediterranean, Italy, Malta, southern France (Cappetta 1987; Schultz 2013). Miocene (indeterminate): Florida, USA (Perez 2022), Cuba, Argentina, Angola, Zaire, Ecuador, Japan, India (Cappetta 1987; Müller 1999; Schultz 2013). Pliocene: Florida USA (Perez 2022), North Sea Basin, Belgium; Mediterranean, Italy (Schultz 2013). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950). Middle Miocene: (Langhian-Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970; Fialho et al. 2021); Algarve Basin, Lagos – Portimão Fm. (Antunes et al. 1981). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954), Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian) Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Balbino 1995; Antunes & Balbino 2004).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6B0417FF6EF8F4E83D468B.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Carcharias (Scoliodon) crenidens Klunsinger, 1880	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6B0416FF6EFBFFEA574467.taxon	description	Plate 4, Figs 1 – 13	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6B0416FF6EFBFFEA574467.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 120 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0016 (15 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6B0416FF6EFBFFEA574467.taxon	description	Description. The dentition of an extant successor Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) was illustrated by Bass et al. (1975 a: 97, pl. 9) that is used to identify the fossil remains that were found. The species is a dignathic heterodont. Generally, the upper teeth (Pl. 4, figs 1 – 6) can be distinguished by their rather broad-based principal cups changing from slightly inclined in anterior teeth to strongly curved and a blade-like cusplet in lateral and posterior teeth. The mesial cutting edge is slightly sigmoidal. The teeth diminish in size towards the commissure. The lower teeth (Pl. 4, figs 7 – 13) possess an inclined principal cusp with a concave mesial cutting edge becoming mesiodistally wider with an upright principal cusp at further lateral positions. A distal irregularly shaped blade is present. The teeth diminish in size towards the commissure.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6B0416FF6EFBFFEA574467.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Rhizoprionodon ficheuri shares many similarities with the extant R. acutus (Rüppell, 1837). On this topic, see also Ebersole et al. (2023), were issues with R. ficheuri specimens from the French type locality are discussed in length. However, in this work, we follow Cappetta (2012). This species is one of the best represented species in the study assemblage. It is the fifth most abundant in the bulk sample with 24 out of 319 specimens (Fig. 5) and the eighth most abundant in the search sample with 96 out of 2260 specimens (Fig. 4).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6B0416FF6EFBFFEA574467.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lower – Middle Miocene: Paratethys, Austria (Schultz 2013). Miocene: North Sea Basin, Belgium (Cappetta 1987). Middle – Upper Miocene: Proto-Mediterranean, southern France, Italy (Cappetta 1987). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: Lower Tagus Basin (Antunes et al. 1999 b). Middle Miocene: (Langhian-Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Fialho 2015; Fialho et al. 2021). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian) Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Antunes et al. 1999 a; Antunes & Balbino 2004).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6A0416FF6EF9CBE82F456D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Carcharias melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6A0415FF6EF8DDEF9D44F1.taxon	description	Plate 4, Figs 14 – 29	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6A0415FF6EF8DDEF9D44F1.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 607 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0007 (17 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6A0415FF6EF8DDEF9D44F1.taxon	description	Description. The dentition comprises teeth with a narrow, high principal cusp with smooth mesially and distally extended cutting edges. The upper and lower teeth are distinguishable by a labiolingually flattened cusp and root in the upper teeth that are more strongly convex, and the principal cusp is often directed lingually in lower teeth. The upper teeth (Pl. 4, figs 14 – 20) possess a relatively high, narrow, upright principal cusp that is four times higher than its base width and are constricted near the base, resulting in mesial and distal extensions of the smooth cutting edges. The root is divided into two root lobes by a relatively deep central groove, of which the mesial one is narrower than the distal one. The principal cusp of more lateral teeth becomes lower with wider extensions of the cutting edges and the root lobes wider and diverge at an angle of approximately 120 °. The lower teeth (Pl. 4, figs 21 – 29) have a convex principal cusp with mesial and distal extensions of the smooth cutting edges. The root is lingually protruding in the center and divided into two root lobes that diverge at an angle of 90 ° in anterior teeth. The principal cusp of the lower teeth gradually lowers in more lateral teeth and mesial and distal cutting-edge extensions becomes wider, as well as the root lobes that diverge at an angle of up to 180 °.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6A0415FF6EF8DDEF9D44F1.taxon	discussion	Discussion. After assignment to several genera by various authors Carcharhinus acuarius is the latest generic assignment of this species after Höltke et al. (2023). Carcharhinus acuarius is one of the best represented species in the study assemblage. It is the second most abundant one in the bulk sample with 42 out of 319 specimens (Fig. 5) and the most abundant in the search sample with 565 out of 2260 specimens (Fig. 4). This extinct species was widly distributed in the Miocene northern Atlantic and the Mediterranean during the Miocene (e. g., Vialle et al. 2011). According to Höltke et al. (2023: 35), its closest living congener is Carcharhinus oxyrhynchus (Müller and Henle 1839). This present-day species was until recently the type species of the monotypic genus Isogomphodon Gill, 1862. However, based on molecular genetics, Rodrigues-Filho et al. (2023) reassigned I. oxyrhynchus (Müller and Henle 1839) to the genus Carcharhinus. The present-day daggernose sharks inhabit estuaries, mangroves and river mouths, as well as marine neritic environments, 4 to 40 m deep (Ebert et al. 2021). Therefore, the abundant presence of fossils of C. acuarius in the study assemblage strongly suggedsts a shallow marine neritic environment close to the coastal zone.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF6A0415FF6EF8DDEF9D44F1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Upper Oligocene (Chattian): Catahoula Fm. of Mississipi, USA (Cicimurri et al. 2025). LowerMiddle Miocene: Caribbean, Venezuela (Carrillo-Briceño et al. 2016) southern Germany. Middle – Upper Miocene Portugal, southern France, (Cappetta 1987: 121), North Carolina, USA (Müller 1999). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954). Middle Miocene: (Langhian – Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954); Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF690414FF6EF820EF2445AB.taxon	description	Plate 4, Figs 30 – 46	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF690414FF6EF820EF2445AB.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 257 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0001 (18 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF690414FF6EF820EF2445AB.taxon	description	Description. Generally, the upper dentition comprises teeth that have a less protruding central root whereas those of the lower teeth protrude significantly. Although the teeth are poorly preserved, lacking significantly important parts, Tab. 26 a, figs 35, 38, 40 – 43, 45 – 50 of Agassiz (1843) are considered upper teeth and figs 36, 37, 39, lower teeth. Comparing teeth with those figured by Agassiz (1843) results in a reconstruction of the dentition Carcharhinus priscus. The upper teeth (Pl. 4, figs 30 – 37) possess a principal cusp that is strongly constricted just above the base with extended mesial and distal cutting edges bearing a serration. The principal cusp is relatively high, twice as high as its base width and upright in anterior teeth becoming distally inclined towards the commissure. The root is divided into two root lobes by a shallow median groove that diverge at an angle of approximately 140 °. The lower teeth (Pl. 4, figs 38 – 46) are similar but possess a broader based principal cusp and a labiolingually slightly stronger protruded lingual central section of the root.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF690414FF6EF820EF2445AB.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Agassiz (1843) originally described the species as Sphyrna prisca, illustrating sixteen teeth and tooth fragments. Despite their smaller size, the teeth of this species show many similarities with the dentition of Carcharhinus ambionensis, as illustrated by Bass et al. (1973). However, the lower and upper teeth of C. priscus possess a principal cusp that is more constricted mesio-distally than that of C. ambionensis. Following various different assignments by different authors, Cappetta (1970) introduced the name Carcharhinus priscus for this species, which is now widely accepted. We follow this latter assignment.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF690414FF6EF820EF2445AB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Miocene – Pliocene. Lower Miocene – Pliocene: North Sea Basin, Germany (Pollerspöck & Baeury 2014), Belgium (Schultz 2013. Lower – Middle Miocene: Paratethys, Austria (Schultz 2013); Proto-Mediterranean, Italy, France, Malta (Schultz 2013) Virginia, North Carolina, USA (Müller 1999). Upper Miocene: Atlantic, France (Schultz 2013). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian), Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954; Esteves & Silva 2014). Middle Miocene: (Langhian-Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970; Fialho 2015; Fialho et al. 2021); Algarve basin, LagosPortimão Fm. (Antunes et al. 1981). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970); Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF68041BFF6EFB1EEFFE4159.taxon	description	Plate 4, Figs 47 – 59 cf. * Carcharias (Prionodon) ambionensis Müller & Henle 1839: 40, pl. 19.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF68041BFF6EFB1EEFFE4159.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 18 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0002 (13 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF68041BFF6EFB1EEFFE4159.taxon	description	Description. The dentition of the extant successor Carcharhinus ambionensis (Müller & Henle, 1838) was illustrated by Bass et al. (1973: 158, pl. 8) that is used to identify the fossil remains. The upper teeth (Pl. 4, figs 47 – 50) possess a principal cusp that is more or less triangularly shaped but curved distally. The mesial and distal cutting edges have a coarse serration. The root is divided into two root lobes by a shallow median groove diverging at an angle of 120 ° that widens in teeth closer towards the commissure. The lower teeth (Pl. 4, figs 51 – 59) possess a relatively broad-based principal cusp that is constricted just above the base with a mesial and distal extension of the cutting edges and mesial and distal serrations. The root is divided into two root lobes, that diverge at an angle of approximately 140 °.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF68041BFF6EFB1EEFFE4159.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The extant successor of this species lives in shallow epipelagic waters (0 – 60 m.) and occurs in the Indo-West Pacific, South Africa to Australia, and East Atlantic, Nigeria (Ebert et al. 2013).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF68041BFF6EFB1EEFFE4159.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indopacific, South Africa to Australia, and East Atlantic, Nigeria, continental and insular shelves (Ebert et al. 2016). Distribution in Portugal. Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041BFF6EFC88E8ED441E.taxon	description	Plate 4, Figs 60 – 71 cf. * Carcharhias brachyurus Günther 1870: 369. cf. Carcharhias brachyurus (Günther) — Esteves & Silva 2014: 4, pl. 1, fig. 5.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041BFF6EFC88E8ED441E.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 27 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0003 (9 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041BFF6EFC88E8ED441E.taxon	description	Description. The upper teeth (Pl. 4, figs. 60 – 67) have, besides their significantly larger size, similarity with those of C. priscus but with a coarser serration of both mesial and distal cutting edges. The lower teeth (Pl. 4, figs 68 – 71) possess a relatively low principal cusp, strongly constricted near the base with a mild serration on mesial and distal cutting edges. The root is divided into two equal sized wide root lobes and a straight base (diverging at 180 °).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041BFF6EFC88E8ED441E.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The dentition of extant specimens Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther 1870) was illustrated by Bass et al. (1973: 162, pl. 11), that is used to identify the fossil remains.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041BFF6EFC88E8ED441E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Today this species lives in shallow epipelagic waters to at least 100 m and occurs in the Indo Pacific, Atlantic and Mediterranean, after Ebert et al. (2016). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian), Lower Tagus Basin, Portugal (Esteves & Silva, 2014). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041BFF6EF94DEFFE46C9.taxon	description	Plate 4, Figs 72 – 87 cf. * Carcharhias (Aprion) brevipinna Müller & Henle, 1839: 31, pl. 7.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041BFF6EF94DEFFE46C9.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 169 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0005 (16 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041BFF6EF94DEFFE46C9.taxon	description	Description. The dentition of the extant successor Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller & Henle, 1839) was illustrated by Bass et al. (1973: 154, pl. 4) that is used to identify the fossil remains. Despite their larger size the upper teeth (Pl. 4, figs 72 – 78) also show similarity with those of C. priscus but are smaller sized than C. brachyurus and with milder serrations. The root is divided into two equally wide root lobes that diverge at an angle of 120 – 140 °. The lower teeth (Pl. 4, figs 79 – 87) possess a relatively high principal cusp, constricted near the base, that is slightly more inclines in teeth closer toward the commissure. The extended cutting edges possess a mild serration. The root is divided into equally sized root lobes that has a straight base (diverging at 160 – 180 °).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041BFF6EF94DEFFE46C9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In the present day, Carcharhinus brevipinna lives in shallow neritic waters to depths of at least 70 m. It occurs in the Indo Pacific, in the Mediterranean and in the subtropical and tropical Atlantic, along the west coast of Africa from Morocco southwards (Ebert et al. 2016). Distribution in Portugal. Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041AFF6EFA38E806429D.taxon	description	Plate 5, Figs 1 – 10 cf. * Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah Valenciennes, in Müller & Henle, 1939: 45, pl. 16.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041AFF6EFA38E806429D.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 49 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0004 (10 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041AFF6EFA38E806429D.taxon	description	Description. The upper teeth (Pl. 5, figs 1 – 4) possess a principal cusp that is inclined distally and constricted near the base at positions further advanced toward the commissure. The root is divided into two root lobes by a shallow median groove that has a horizontal base.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041AFF6EFA38E806429D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The lower teeth (Pl. 5, figs 5 – 10) show similarity with those of C. priscus but are significantly smaller and their principal cusp is higher and narrower. The dentition of the present-day specimens of Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes, 1839) was illustrated by Bass et al (1973) that is used to identify the fossil remains.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041AFF6EFA38E806429D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In the present day, Carcharhinus sorrah lives in shallow epipelagic waters to depths of at least 70 m. It occurs in the in the Indo West Pacific: South Africa to China and Solomon Islands (Ebert et al. 2016). Distribution in Portugal. Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper). Genus Negaprion Whitley, 1940	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF67041AFF6EFA38E806429D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Carcharias fronto Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF660419FF6EFFCDEBED40E1.taxon	description	Plate 5, Figs 11 – 31	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF660419FF6EFFCDEBED40E1.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 301 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0008 (24 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF660419FF6EFFCDEBED40E1.taxon	description	Description. The dentition of an extant successor Negaprion acutidens (Rüppell, 1837) was illustrated by Bass et al. (1975 a: 92, pl. 4) that is used to identify the fossil remains. The upper teeth (Pl. 5, figs 11 – 21) have a relatively high principal cusp, one third as high as its base width, that is constricted near its base and slightly more inclined in teeth closer toward the commissure. The mesial and distal cutting-edge extinctions often are blade like. The root is divided into two equally wide root lobes that diverge at an angle of approximately 160 °. The lower teeth (Pl. 5, figs 22 – 31) have a high, narrow principal cusp, four times as high as its base, constricted near its base, resulting in a mesial and distal extension that are often blade like. The principal cusp gradually inclines distally closer toward the commissure. The root is divided into equal wide root lobes that diverge at an angle of 160 to 170 °.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF660419FF6EFFCDEBED40E1.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Assignment of this species to Negaprion is now generally accepted. Negaprion eurybathrodon is one of the best represented species in the study assemblage. It is the third most abundant in the bulk sample with 33 out of 319 specimens (Fig. 5) and the second most abundant in the search sample with 268 out of 2260 specimens (Fig. 4). This extinct species was widly distributed in the western and eastern North Atlantic, the Caribbean and the Mediterranean, and has been reported at least from the Upper Eocene (e. g., Parmley et al. 2003; Maisch et al. 2015) to the Pliocene (Brée et al. 2022).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF660419FF6EFFCDEBED40E1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Miocene – Pliocene: Southern France, Portugal (Cappetta 1987), Georgia, USA (Weems & Edwards 2001), North Carolina and Florida, USA, Ecuador (Müller 1999). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954; Antunes et al. 1981). Middle Miocene: (Langhian-Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Zbyszewski & Almeida 1950; Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970); Algarve Basin, Lagos – Portimão Fm. (Antunes et al. 1981). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954); Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF650419FF6EFC27E81141FA.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Kruckowlamna costarricana Laurito Mora, 1999	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF650419FF6EF997E97D452A.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Squalus zygaena Linnaeus, 1758	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF650418FF6EF86CE8A7449C.taxon	description	Plate 5, Figs 33 – 42	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF650418FF6EF86CE8A7449C.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 67 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0017 (11 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF650418FF6EF86CE8A7449C.taxon	description	Description. The dentition of an extant successors Sphyrna lewini Cuvier, Griffith & Smith, 1834, Sphyrna mokkaran (Rüppell, 1837) and Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) were illustrated by Bass et al. (1975 a: 98, pl. 10, 99, pl. 11 and 100, pl. 12, resp.) that is used to identify the fossil remains. The latter is most closely similar to Sphyrna integra Probst 1878. The upper teeth (Pl. 5, figs 33 – 37) possess a principal cusp that is strongly inclined distally and have a distal blade separated by a notch. The mesial cutting edge is concave, the distal one convex. The root is divided into two equally wide root lobes by a median groove that diverges at an angle of 150 to 160 °. The lower teeth (Pl. 5, figs 38 – 42) possess a principal cusp that is strongly inclined distally with a distal blade. The root is also divided by a median groove into two equally wide root lobes that diverge at an angle of 160 to 180 °.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF650418FF6EF86CE8A7449C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The teeth are hardly distinguishable from those illustrated by Probst (1878) as Sphyrna integra and those illustrated by Cappetta (1970) as Sphyrna arambourgi. Both are similar sized and show the same tooth morphological characters. Both teeth illustrated by Probst (1878: pl. 1, figs 46 and 47), are the same as those in Cappetta (1970: pl. 19, figs 15 and 5, resp.). As S. integra is the senior name, we consider Sphyrna arambourgi a junior subjective synonym of S. integra.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF650418FF6EF86CE8A7449C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lower Miocene (Burdigalian): Atlantic, Portugal (Serralheiro 1954). Middle Miocene (Langhian), Mediterranean, southern France, Italy (Cappetta 1987). Upper Miocene (Tortonian): Lower Tagus Basin (e. g., Antunes & Jonet 1970); Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian) Lower Tagus Basin, Portugal (Serralheiro 1954). Middle Miocene: (Langhian – Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954; Fialho 2015); (Serravallian) Lagos – Portimão Fm., Portugal (Antunes et al. 1981). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970); Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF640418FF6EF804E98D45DB.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Scyllium plagiosum Bennett, 1830	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF64041EFF6EFB14EBED4105.taxon	description	Plate 5, Figs 43 – 45	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF64041EFF6EFB14EBED4105.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Three teeth. Type Material. Holotype NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0023, anterior tooth; paratype 1 NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0024; anterior tooth; paratype 2 NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0025, lateral tooth.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF64041EFF6EFB14EBED4105.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named after António Romão Serralheiro (1927 – 2021), Portuguese geologist at the Geology Department of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Portugal. He was the author of one of the very first extensive works on Portuguese Miocene sharks and rays (Serralheiro 1954). Locus typicus: Leixão dos Alhos site (Fig. 1), near de locality of Oura, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, southern Portugal. Stratum typicum: Cacela Fábrica Member of the Cacela Formation outcropping along the coast of Albufeira, western Algarve, basal fine micaceous sandstone, “ Bed 3 ” in Cachão et al. (2009: fig. 2). Upper Miocene, Tortonian.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF64041EFF6EFB14EBED4105.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gradient monognathic heterodont. High anterior tooth lacking any ornamentation, mesial and distal cusplet absent. Teeth up to 2.5 mm wide, anterior teeth higher than wide. Main cusp triangular, elongate and lingually directed. Principal cusp of lateral and posterior teeth inclined towards commissure. Basal edge of the apron convex and strongly overhanging the root. Root hemiaulacorhizid and heart-shaped with wide mediocentral foramen.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF64041EFF6EFB14EBED4105.taxon	description	Description. Holotype: The anterior tooth is up to 2.2 mm wide and 2.5 mm high. The tooth possesses a large crown which is strongly lingually directed at an angle of 35 ° (Pl. 5, fig. 43 a). The principal cusp is triangularly shaped with concave cutting edges and a broad apron at the base that overhangs the crown-root junction. (Pl. 5, figs 43 a – c). The labial surface is slightly convex. The lingual surface is strongly concave ending in a well-developed uvula (Pl. 5, fig. 43 d). Cusplets are absent. The incomplete hemiaulacorhizid root has a large medio-central foramen. Paratype 1: The lateral tooth (Pl. 5, figs 44 a, b) has a less labiolingually developed crown that is inclined distally. The crown base is mesiodistally rounded (convex) and overhangs the crown-root junction. Cusplets are absent. The root is hemiaulacorhizid with a central foramen. Paratype 2: This lateral tooth (Pl. 5, figs 45 a – c) is more or less similar to Paratype 1 but of a more lateral position. This results in a more inclined principal cusp.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF64041EFF6EFB14EBED4105.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The following species are known to belong to the genus Chiloscyllium: C. broennimanni Casier, 1958; C. gaemersi Müller, 1989; C. greeni (Cappetta, 1973); C. humboldtii Reuss, 1845; C. meraense Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997; C. meretiae Werner, 1989; C. minutum (Daimeries, 1888); C. missouriensis Case, 1979; C. salvani Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997; C. frequens Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta, & Ward, 2013, and C. vulloi Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta,. & Ward, 2013. Overall, the genus ranges from the lower Turonian (Cretaceous) to Ypresian (Eocene), unknown from Miocene deposits. The only described and illustrated species from the Miocene is C. fossilis Probst, 1879, however, it but was reassigned to Carcharhinus fossilis by Cappetta (2006). The teeth of Chiloscyllium serralheiroi sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of Chiloscyllium broennimanni Casier, 1958 by the more triangularly shaped principal cusp with convex mesial and distal cutting edges, that are concave in Chiloscyllium broennimanni.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF64041EFF6EFB14EBED4105.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Miocene Eastern Atlantic, southwestern Iberian coast; Algarve Basin (Portugal), Tortonian (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF62041EFF6EFE90E9BA4437.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Palaeorhincodon wardi Herman, 1974	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF62041DFF6EF99BEBED4345.taxon	description	Plate 5, Figs 47 – 48	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF62041DFF6EF99BEBED4345.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 2 teeth. Type Material. Holotype NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0027, anterior tooth; paratype 1 NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0028; 6 a. lateral tooth.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF62041DFF6EF99BEBED4345.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named after Pedro Fialho, Portuguese palaeontologist at the University of Évora, Portugal. Pedro represents the younger generation of Portuguese specialists working on Neogene chondrichthyan fishes. Locus typicus: Leixão dos Alhos site (Fig. 1), near de locality of Oura, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, southern Portugal. Stratum typicum: Cacela Fábrica Middle Member of the Cacela Formation outcropping along the coast of Albufeira, western Algarve, basal fine micaceous sandstone, “ Bed 3 ” in Cachão et al. (2009: fig. 2). Upper Miocene, Tortonian.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF62041DFF6EF99BEBED4345.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gradient monognathic heterodont. High anterior tooth lacking any ornamentation without mesial and distal cusplets, lateral teeth with small mesial and distal cusplets at the lower end of the cutting edges that are lost in posterior teeth. Teeth up to 2.5 mm wide, anterior teeth higher than wide. Main cusp triangular, elongate and lingually directed. Cusps of lateral and posterior teeth inclined towards commissure. Basal edge of the apron convex. Root holaulacorhizid and divided into two root lobes by a deep central groove with wide mediocentral foramen.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF62041DFF6EF99BEBED4345.taxon	description	Description. Although the apex is rounded by wear the principal cusp of the anterior tooth is high, approximately three times as high as its base width (Pl. 5, fig. 47 a) and a tiny mesial and distal cusplet is present at the mesial and basal end of the hardly distinguishable cutting edges that are convex, blunt and rounded (Pl. 5, figs 47 c, d). Principal cusp is strongly lingually directed at an angle of 35 °. The base of the principal cusp is concave. The smooth labial surface is slightly convex. The also smooth lingual surface is concave and ends in a small uvula. The holaulacorhizid root is divided into two equal sized root lobes by a deep central groove that run parallel to each other. A large central foramen is present in the median groove and one or two smaller ones are present near the crown-root junction at the mesial and distal part of the root lobes (Pl. 5, figs 47 b, c). The lateral tooth (Pl. 5, figs. 48 a – d) has similar features as the anterior one, but with a strongly distally inclined principal cusp and two mesial and one distal cusplet at the base of the also hardly distinguishable cutting edges.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF62041DFF6EF99BEBED4345.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The genus Palaeorhincodon comprises three species: P. wardi Herman, 1974 from the Lutetian of Belgium, P. daouii Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997 from the Thanetian of Morocco and P. dartevellei (Arambourg, 1952) from the Ypresian of Morocco. No occurrences had been reported from Miocene deposits so far. The teeth of Palaeorhincodon fialhoi sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of P. wardi Herman (1974) and P. daouii Noubhani & Cappetta (1997) by the presence of sharp cutting edges, which are blunt and rounded in the new species. Very minute mesial and distal cusplets are also present, which are better developed in P. wardi and P. daouii. Palaeorhincodon dartevellei can be distinguised by sharp mesial and distal cutting edges, blunt in P. fialhoi sp. nov. and well developed mesial and distal cusplets that are hardly developed in P. fialhoi sp. nov. Palaeoecology: Palaeorhincodon is an extinct genus of sharks originally reported from the Eocene of the North Sea Basin, from Belgium (Herman 1974). In the Tortonian of southwestern Iberia, Palaeorhincodon fialhoi sp. nov. could be found in subtropical to probably tropical neritic waters with an estimated depth of about 20 to 30 m over sandy bottoms. The only extant rhincodontid, Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828, the Whale Shark, is a neritic to pelagic circumglobal species that occurs in warm temperate to tropical seas, except in the Mediterranean. The whale shark is not found today off the Algarve (Ebert et al. 2021).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF62041DFF6EF99BEBED4345.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Miocene Eastern Atlantic, southwestern Iberian coast; Algarve Basin (Portugal), Tortonian (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF61041DFF6EFEECE9714483.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Squalus squatina Linnaeus, 1758	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 23 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0018 (9 specimens).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	description	Description. The dentition of an extant successor Squatina africana Regan, 1908 was illustrated by Bass et al (1975 b: 50, pl. 9) that is used to identify the fossil remains. Generally, there is a slight dignathic heterodonty present by upper teeth with a narrow principal cusp that is broader in lower teeth. The first tooth (Pl. 6, figs 1 a, b) is an anterior tooth characterised by a mesio-distally narrow width. The slightly inclined principal cusp is relatively high and restricted just above its base resulting in smooth mesial and distal extensions. The base of the principal cusp has a well-developed central uvula. The hemiaulacorhizid root has two root lobes that diverge at an angle of approximately 100 ° support the extensions of the principal cusp. A central lingual protrusion has the characteristic foramen of a hemiaulacorhizid root type. The lateral teeth (Pl. 6, figs 2 a – 3 b) become significantly wider, with wider root lobes, and have a straight base that diverge at an angle of 160 – 180 °. The posterior teeth have root lobes that diverge at an angle of 110 °. Although a broader principal cusp, the lower teeth (Pl. 6, figs 5 a – 8 b) are more or less similar to those of the upper teeth.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The extant species of this genus are bottom-dwelling and are epipelagic to mesopelagic (0 – 600 m deep, Ebert et al. (2016). We assume that the Miocene predecessors also probably shared the same habitats.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lower – Middle Miocene: Paratethys (Schultz 2013); Proto-Mediterranean, France (Cappetta 1970). Distribution in Portugal. Middle Miocene: (Langhian – Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970; Jonet et al. 1975; Fialho et al. 2021), Algarve Basin, Lagos – Portimão Fm. (Antunes et al. 1981). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954; Jonet 1978), Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian) Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Balbino 1995).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF60041CFF6EFEC8E98B446F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Squalus griseus Bonnaterre, 1788	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF600423FF6EF9D3EA144159.taxon	materials_examined	Material. One isolated tooth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0036 (1).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF600423FF6EF9D3EA144159.taxon	description	Description. The single upper parasymphyseal tooth (Pl. 6, figs 9 a, b) possesses a relative high principal cusp, that is approximately three times as high as its base width, slightly restricted near the base with a mesial cusplet and three poorly developed distal cusplets that gradually diminish in size. The anaulacorhizid root has no root lobes, characteristic for this type of root. The lingual surface is smooth, while the labial surface has a transverse ridge at one third from the base.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF600423FF6EF9D3EA144159.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The extant successor is known from epipelagic to bathypelagic zones, from 200 to - 1100 m (Ebert et al., 2016).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF600423FF6EF9D3EA144159.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Upper Miocene: Southern Italy. Miocene: Japan. Pliocene: North Carolina, Italy, southern Spain, Peru, South America. According to Capetta (1987), H. griseus, probably, had the same distribution as Hexanchus gigas. Distribution in Portugal. Middle Miocene: (Langhian) Lower Tagus Basin (Antunes & Jonet 1970). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970); Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5F0423FF6EFCC0E95D4267.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Pristis cirratus Latham, 1793	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5F0423FF6EFFCBEA1445EF.taxon	materials_examined	Material. One isolated rostral tooth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0019 (1 specimen).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5F0423FF6EFFCBEA1445EF.taxon	description	Description. The rostral tooth (Pl. 6, figs 10 a – c) is approximately five times longer than wide. It has a cutting edge at the front and is rounded at the rear. The shape and lacking a serration on the frontal cutting edge is similar to that illustrated by Jaekel (1890: pl. 3, fig. 1).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5F0423FF6EFFCBEA1445EF.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Although represented by a rostral tooth only, Pristiophorus suevicus Jaekel, 1890 is widely accepted. Oral teeth were not found.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5F0423FF6EFFCBEA1445EF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lower Miocene: North Sea Basin, Germany (Pollerspöck & Baeury 2014), Paratethys, Austria (Schultz 2013). Middle – Upper Miocene and mid-Pliocene: southern France (Cappetta 1987). Distribution in Portugal. Middle Miocene: (Langhian) Lower Tagus Basin (Antunes & Jonet 1970). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954; Antunes & Jonet 1970); Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5F0423FF6EFA3BE97B47DE.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Raja rhinobatos Linnaeus, 1758	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5E0422FF6EFEA2E93F4445.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Raja alba Lacépède, 1803	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5E0422FF6EFD8DE8ED437F.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Six isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0034 (4).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5E0422FF6EFD8DE8ED437F.taxon	description	Description. The teeth (Pl. 6, figs 11, 12) possess a principal cusp that has a rounded labial edge and a tri-lobed lingual part with a relatively long central uvula that is twice as long as its width in the anterior tooth (Pl. 6, fig. 11) and one and a halve times as long as its width in the more lateral tooth (Pl. 6, fig. 12). The root is divided into two root lobes by a deep median groove that are labiolingually broader at the labial margin and narrow halfway along its length. The other two teeth (Pl. 6, figs 13, 14) are represented by a crown only. The teeth are similar to the original illustration of Jonet (1968: pl. 1, figs 6 a – c).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5E0422FF6EFD8DE8ED437F.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Rhinobatos antunesi (Jonet, 1968) is widely accepted as a valid species.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5E0422FF6EFD8DE8ED437F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lower-Middle Miocene: Paratethys (Schultz 2013); Proto-Mediterranean, southern France (Cappetta 1987). Distribution in Portugal. Middle Miocene: (Langhian) Lower Tagus Basin, Portugal (Jonet 1968; Fialho et al. 2019). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5E0422FF6EF9B5E96447EC.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Three isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0033 (2).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5E0422FF6EF9B5E96447EC.taxon	description	Description. Two teeth (Pl. 6, figs 15 a – b, 16 a – b) possess a high principal cusp that arise from the center of a rounded base. The labial part overhangs the crown-root junction. The teeth correspond with the teeth illustrated by Jonet (1968, figs 7, 9 and 11).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5E0422FF6EF9B5E96447EC.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The generic placement of this species has been debated for decades. Here we follow the wellfounded opinion of Szabó et al. (2022).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5E0422FF6EF9B5E96447EC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Middle Miocene, Paratethys (Schultz 2013); Proto-Mediterranean, southern France (Cappetta 1987). Distribution in Portugal. Middle Miocene: (Langhian – Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Fialho 2015). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian) Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Balbino 1995; Antunes & Balbino 2003).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5D0421FF6EFC3DE98541D3.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Dasyatis pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5D0421FF6EFF04E9B146B9.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 27 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0030 (9).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5D0421FF6EFF04E9B146B9.taxon	description	Description. The teeth represent female and immature or non-breeding male individuals, having a low transverse crest with also well-developed ornamentation. The teeth are relatively small and show a quadrangular shape in occlusal view with rounded lingual and labial edges. The root is divided into two root lobes by a deep central groove.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5D0421FF6EFF04E9B146B9.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Recent molecular genetic and morphological analyses of the phylogenetic relationships of Dasyatidae stingrays suggest that this current family is a paraphyletic taxon and should be split into several families (Lim et al., 2015). Consequently, the specimens assigned to this taxon in this study will likely be assigned to a different taxon in the future. However, pending further research on fossil material, this study adopts a more conservative approach by retaining the provisional assignment to Dasyatis, which has been accepted by most authors to date.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5D0421FF6EFF04E9B146B9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lower Miocene: North Sea Basin (Germany, Pollerspöck & Baeury 2014). Middle Miocene: Paratethys (Poland, Hungary, Szabó & Kocsis 2016); Proto-Mediterranean, (France, Cappetta 1987). Distribution in Portugal. Middle Miocene: (Langhian – Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Fialho 2015). Middle Miocene: Algarve Basin, Lagos – Portimão Fm. (Antunes et al. 1981). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper); (Messinian) Alvalade Basin, Esbarrondadoiro Fm. (Balbino & Antunes 2006). Genus Taeniurops Garman, 1913	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5D0421FF6EFF04E9B146B9.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Taeniura meyeni Müller & Henle, 1841	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5D0420FF6EFBE9EAF84502.taxon	materials_examined	Material. 77 isolated teeth. NHMW 2025 / 0177 / 0029 (9).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5D0420FF6EFBE9EAF84502.taxon	description	Description. The teeth (Pl. 7, figs 1 – 5 b, 7 a, b, 10 a, b) represent teeth of male individuals by the high, pointed transverse crest with well-developed labial ornamentation of fine pitting. Ten teeth (Pl. 7, figs 6 a – c, 8 a, b, 9 a, b) represent female individuals, having a low transverse crest also with well-develop ornamentation. The teeth are relatively small and show a quadrangular shape in occlusal view with rounded lingual and labial edges. The root is divided into two root lobes by a deep central groove.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5D0420FF6EFBE9EAF84502.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Antunes et al. (1999) reported Taeniura cf. grabbata specimens from the Miocene Portuguese fossil record that could be assigned to this species. Reinecke et al (2011) assigned the species to the genus Taeniura based on comparison with teeth of the extant species Taeniura grabbata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1871). However, Taeniura grabbata was reassigned to the genus Taeniurops by Cappetta (2012). That later was confirmed by Last et al. (2016). Taeniurops cavernosa is one of the best represented species in the study assemblage. It is the most abundant in the bulk sample with 52 out of 319 specimens (Fig. 5) and the 13 th most abundant in the search sample with 25 out of 2260 specimens (Fig. 4). The present-day Taeniurops grabatus inhabits sandy, muddy, or rocky shallow marine coastal habitats in the eastern Atlantic, from France to Angola, and the Medtirranean Sea, probably also the Red Sea (Last et al. 2016). The present-day T. meyeni is found throughout the nearshore waters of the tropical Indo-West Pacific, as well as off islands in the eastern Pacific, north to China and Japan. It is a bottom-dwelling inhabitant of lagoons, estuaries, and reefs, generally inshore but reported from depths of, at least, 400 m (Last et al. 2016). According to Szabó et al. (2022), based on the ecology of present-day relatives, T. cavernosa was a tropical / subtropical species.	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5D0420FF6EFBE9EAF84502.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Upper Oligocene (Chattian): Catahoula Fm. of Mississipi, USA (Cicimurri et al. 2025). Lower Miocene: southwestern Germany (Cappetta 1987). Miocene: North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia (Müller 1999). Distribution in Portugal. Lower Miocene: (Burdigalian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954). Middle Miocene: (Langhian – Serravallian) Lower Tagus Basin (Fialho 2022); Algarve Basin, Lagos – Portimão Fm., Portugal (Antunes et al. 1981). Upper Miocene: (Tortonian) Lower Tagus Basin (Serralheiro 1954; Jonet 1978), Algarve Basin, Cacela Fm. (this paper).	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
03D687BBAF5C0420FF6EF8A9E96E4640.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Raja narinari Euphrasen, 1790	en	Hovestadt, Dirk C., Da Silva, Carlos M. (2025): A new chondrichthyan (Sharks and Rays) Fossil Assemblage from the Miocene Cacela Fm. at Albufeira (Algarve, Portugal) with two new species: Palaeoecology and Biogeography. Zootaxa 5724 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5724.1.1
