taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
03D687BBAF76040AFF6EFFB7E872473F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894467/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894467	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF76040AFF6EFFB7E872473F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894469/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894469	FIGURE 2. Sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal. X—Marks the spot shown in the Fig. 3.	FIGURE 2. Sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal. X—Marks the spot shown in the Fig. 3.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF750409FF6EFC97E81847C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894473	FIGURE 3. Fossil shark and ray teeth on the surface of the fine sand bed at the sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal (see Fig. 2). 1—Carcharhinus cf. brevipinna; 2—Myliobatiformes indet.; 3—Carcharias cuspidatus; Pb—Very rounded mainly quartz pebbles.	FIGURE 3. Fossil shark and ray teeth on the surface of the fine sand bed at the sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal (see Fig. 2). 1—Carcharhinus cf. brevipinna; 2—Myliobatiformes indet.; 3—Carcharias cuspidatus; Pb—Very rounded mainly quartz pebbles.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF750409FF6EFC97E81847C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894477	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF74040FFF6EFC97EAA04345.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894479	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894467/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894467	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894469/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894469	FIGURE 2. Sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal. X—Marks the spot shown in the Fig. 3.	FIGURE 2. Sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal. X—Marks the spot shown in the Fig. 3.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894473	FIGURE 3. Fossil shark and ray teeth on the surface of the fine sand bed at the sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal (see Fig. 2). 1—Carcharhinus cf. brevipinna; 2—Myliobatiformes indet.; 3—Carcharias cuspidatus; Pb—Very rounded mainly quartz pebbles.	FIGURE 3. Fossil shark and ray teeth on the surface of the fine sand bed at the sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal (see Fig. 2). 1—Carcharhinus cf. brevipinna; 2—Myliobatiformes indet.; 3—Carcharias cuspidatus; Pb—Very rounded mainly quartz pebbles.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894477	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894479	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF73040EFF6EF9BFE9A9454D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894481/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894481	FIGURE 6. Estimation of palaeobathymetry based on the most common species (shaded area). Taxa in bold italics, to the left, are those represented in the study assemblage, now extinct. Species in normal italics are present day equivalents. B—Ranking of the species in the bulk sample (Fig. 5). S—Ranking of the species in the search sample (Fig. 4). Together, these species represent approximately 65% (1689 out of 2579) of the specimens in the study assemblage. The depth range of living representatives, at specific or generic level, was gathered from Compagno (1984), Vialle et al. (2011), Ebert et al. (2021), and online data available at www.fishbase.org of Froese & Pauly (2019).	FIGURE 6. Estimation of palaeobathymetry based on the most common species (shaded area). Taxa in bold italics, to the left, are those represented in the study assemblage, now extinct. Species in normal italics are present day equivalents. B—Ranking of the species in the bulk sample (Fig. 5). S—Ranking of the species in the search sample (Fig. 4). Together, these species represent approximately 65% (1689 out of 2579) of the specimens in the study assemblage. The depth range of living representatives, at specific or generic level, was gathered from Compagno (1984), Vialle et al. (2011), Ebert et al. (2021), and online data available at www.fishbase.org of Froese & Pauly (2019).	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF72040DFF6EFA37EBEB4347.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894485	FIGURE 7. Estimation of palaeoclimatic range based on the most common species (shaded area). Taxa in bold italics, to the left, are those represented in the study assemblage, now extinct. Species in normal italics are present day equivalents. B—Ranking of the species in the bulk sample (Fig. 5). S—Ranking of the species in the search sample (Fig. 4). Together, these species represent approximately 65% (1689 out of 2579) of the specimens in the study assemblage.CT—Cold Temperate, WT—Warm Temperate, ST—Subtropical. The climatic range of living representatives, at specific or generic level, was gathered from Compagno (1984), Vialle et al. (2011), Ebert et al. (2021), and online data available at www.fishbase.org of Froese & Pauly (2019).	FIGURE 7. Estimation of palaeoclimatic range based on the most common species (shaded area). Taxa in bold italics, to the left, are those represented in the study assemblage, now extinct. Species in normal italics are present day equivalents. B—Ranking of the species in the bulk sample (Fig. 5). S—Ranking of the species in the search sample (Fig. 4). Together, these species represent approximately 65% (1689 out of 2579) of the specimens in the study assemblage.CT—Cold Temperate, WT—Warm Temperate, ST—Subtropical. The climatic range of living representatives, at specific or generic level, was gathered from Compagno (1984), Vialle et al. (2011), Ebert et al. (2021), and online data available at www.fishbase.org of Froese & Pauly (2019).	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF6F0412FF6EFD8DE979433E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894467/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894467	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF6D0410FF6EFE5CEE1D4409.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894479	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF6D0410FF6EFE5CEE1D4409.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894477	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF6B0416FF6EFBFFEA574467.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894467/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894467	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF6B0416FF6EFBFFEA574467.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894479	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF6B0416FF6EFBFFEA574467.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894477	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF6A0415FF6EF8DDEF9D44F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894479	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF6A0415FF6EF8DDEF9D44F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894477	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF67041AFF6EFA38E806429D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894467/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894467	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF660419FF6EFFCDEBED40E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894479	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF660419FF6EFFCDEBED40E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894477	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF64041EFF6EFB14EBED4105.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894467/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894467	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF62041DFF6EF99BEBED4345.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894467/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894467	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894467/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894467	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894469/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894469	FIGURE 2. Sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal. X—Marks the spot shown in the Fig. 3.	FIGURE 2. Sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal. X—Marks the spot shown in the Fig. 3.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894473/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894473	FIGURE 3. Fossil shark and ray teeth on the surface of the fine sand bed at the sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal (see Fig. 2). 1—Carcharhinus cf. brevipinna; 2—Myliobatiformes indet.; 3—Carcharias cuspidatus; Pb—Very rounded mainly quartz pebbles.	FIGURE 3. Fossil shark and ray teeth on the surface of the fine sand bed at the sampling site at Leixão dos Alhos, Oura region, Albufeira municipality, Algarve, Southern Portugal (see Fig. 2). 1—Carcharhinus cf. brevipinna; 2—Myliobatiformes indet.; 3—Carcharias cuspidatus; Pb—Very rounded mainly quartz pebbles.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894477	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894479	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894481/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894481	FIGURE 6. Estimation of palaeobathymetry based on the most common species (shaded area). Taxa in bold italics, to the left, are those represented in the study assemblage, now extinct. Species in normal italics are present day equivalents. B—Ranking of the species in the bulk sample (Fig. 5). S—Ranking of the species in the search sample (Fig. 4). Together, these species represent approximately 65% (1689 out of 2579) of the specimens in the study assemblage. The depth range of living representatives, at specific or generic level, was gathered from Compagno (1984), Vialle et al. (2011), Ebert et al. (2021), and online data available at www.fishbase.org of Froese & Pauly (2019).	FIGURE 6. Estimation of palaeobathymetry based on the most common species (shaded area). Taxa in bold italics, to the left, are those represented in the study assemblage, now extinct. Species in normal italics are present day equivalents. B—Ranking of the species in the bulk sample (Fig. 5). S—Ranking of the species in the search sample (Fig. 4). Together, these species represent approximately 65% (1689 out of 2579) of the specimens in the study assemblage. The depth range of living representatives, at specific or generic level, was gathered from Compagno (1984), Vialle et al. (2011), Ebert et al. (2021), and online data available at www.fishbase.org of Froese & Pauly (2019).	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894485/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894485	FIGURE 7. Estimation of palaeoclimatic range based on the most common species (shaded area). Taxa in bold italics, to the left, are those represented in the study assemblage, now extinct. Species in normal italics are present day equivalents. B—Ranking of the species in the bulk sample (Fig. 5). S—Ranking of the species in the search sample (Fig. 4). Together, these species represent approximately 65% (1689 out of 2579) of the specimens in the study assemblage.CT—Cold Temperate, WT—Warm Temperate, ST—Subtropical. The climatic range of living representatives, at specific or generic level, was gathered from Compagno (1984), Vialle et al. (2011), Ebert et al. (2021), and online data available at www.fishbase.org of Froese & Pauly (2019).	FIGURE 7. Estimation of palaeoclimatic range based on the most common species (shaded area). Taxa in bold italics, to the left, are those represented in the study assemblage, now extinct. Species in normal italics are present day equivalents. B—Ranking of the species in the bulk sample (Fig. 5). S—Ranking of the species in the search sample (Fig. 4). Together, these species represent approximately 65% (1689 out of 2579) of the specimens in the study assemblage.CT—Cold Temperate, WT—Warm Temperate, ST—Subtropical. The climatic range of living representatives, at specific or generic level, was gathered from Compagno (1984), Vialle et al. (2011), Ebert et al. (2021), and online data available at www.fishbase.org of Froese & Pauly (2019).	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF61041CFF6EF9F7EF1942E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894487/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894487	FIGURE 8. Atlantic latitudinal distribution of the modern analogues of the most common species in the study assemblage. Taxa in bold italics, to the left, are those represented in the study assemblage, now extinct. Species in normal italics are present day equivalents. B—Ranking of the species in the bulk sample (Fig. 5). S—Ranking of the species in the search sample (Fig. 4). Together, these species represent approximately 65% (1689 out of 2579) of the specimens in the study assemblage. Black lines—EasternAtlantic distribution. Gray lines—Distribution in the westernAtlantic. * The genus Chaenogaleus does not occur in the present-day Atlantic, only in the tropical Indo-Pacific. Dark blue color—Cold Temperate waters. Light blue color—Warm Temperate. Orange—Sutropical. Red—Tropical waters. The climatic range of living representatives, at specific or generic level, was gathered from Compagno (1984), Vialle et al. (2011), Ebert et al. (2021), and online data available at www.fishbase.org of Froese & Pauly (2019).	FIGURE 8. Atlantic latitudinal distribution of the modern analogues of the most common species in the study assemblage. Taxa in bold italics, to the left, are those represented in the study assemblage, now extinct. Species in normal italics are present day equivalents. B—Ranking of the species in the bulk sample (Fig. 5). S—Ranking of the species in the search sample (Fig. 4). Together, these species represent approximately 65% (1689 out of 2579) of the specimens in the study assemblage. Black lines—EasternAtlantic distribution. Gray lines—Distribution in the westernAtlantic. * The genus Chaenogaleus does not occur in the present-day Atlantic, only in the tropical Indo-Pacific. Dark blue color—Cold Temperate waters. Light blue color—Warm Temperate. Orange—Sutropical. Red—Tropical waters. The climatic range of living representatives, at specific or generic level, was gathered from Compagno (1984), Vialle et al. (2011), Ebert et al. (2021), and online data available at www.fishbase.org of Froese & Pauly (2019).	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF5D0420FF6EFBE9EAF84502.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894467/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894467	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	FIGURE 1. Location of thestudy site, Leixão dosAlhos,Oura region,Albufeira municipality,southern Portugal, thegeographical coordinates: 37° 4'58.60"N, 8°14'0.39"W. H—Location of the Auramar Beach Resort Hotel.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF5D0420FF6EFBE9EAF84502.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894479/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894479	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 5. Taxa identified in the bulk sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Out of a total of 431 chondrichthyan remains collected, 319 were identified.Taxa in bold, together, represent 55.5% of the assemblage. They are the most representative ones for palaeoecological interpretation as, presumably, they were the most abundant species in the chondrichthyan coastal fauna of this region of southwestern Iberia during the Late Miocene Tortonian. Specimens identified in the bulk sample: 319. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
03D687BBAF5D0420FF6EFBE9EAF84502.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17894477/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17894477	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	FIGURE 4. Taxa identified in the search sample assemblage with their absolute and relative abundances within the sample. Taxa in bold, together, represent 66.9% of the assemblage. Specimens in the search sample: 2260. Total number of specimens examined (search + bulk sample): 2579.	2025-11-28	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.		Zenodo	biologists	Hovestadt, Dirk C.;Da Silva, Carlos M.			
