taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CB9A08FFE3D1188CE7BC4FFCE7FEE3.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 – 29)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFE3D1188CE7BC4FFCE7FEE3.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Elaphidion spurcum LeConte 1864. Original designation.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFE3D1188CE7BC4FFCE7FEE3.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Gymnopsyra phoracanthoides Linsley, 1937 (= Elaphidion (Anoplium) magnipunctata Knull, 1934). Original designation.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFE3D1188CE7BC4FFCE7FEE3.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Anelaphus Linsley (1936) was originally characterized by “ feebly ” spinose antenna, at most only slightly longer than the body and “ unarmed ” femora and elytral apices. It included species originally placed in Elaphidion Audinet-Serville (1835) and Anoplium Haldeman (1847), with Anelaphus spurcus (LeConte, 1854) designated as the type species (Fig. 2 g). Gymnopsyra Linsley (1937) was originally characterized by the non-carinate antennae, “ rotundate ” rather than emarginate or spinose elytral apices, and rounded, coarsely sculptured pronotum. It was monotypic and included Gymnopsyra phoracanthoides Linsley (a synonym of Gymnopsyra magnipunctata (Knull, 1934), synonymized by Linsley 1963) (Fig. 5 c – d) which was originally described in Elaphidion, subgenus Anoplium. Linsley (1937), in his original description of Gymnopsyra (Fig. 5 a – b), briefly compared it only to Psyrassa Pascoe (1866) and Stenosphenus Haldeman (1847), two genera that are clearly distinctive. Although he had just described Anelaphus the year before (Linsley 1936), he made no comparison of Gymnopsyra to that genus or to species in Anoplium (whether used as a genus or subgenus of Elaphidion), most of which would be placed subsequently in Peranoplium Linsley, 1957. In that paper, Linsley compared those species transferred into Peranoplium only with Anopliomorpha, and again made no mention of, or comparison to, Gymnopsyra or Anelaphus. Linsley (1963), in his monograph of the Cerambycidae of North America, acknowledged the similarity and relatedness of Anelaphus and Gymnopsyra as they appeared in the same couplet in his key to genera of Elaphidiini. There, they were distinguished by the pronotum moderately coarsely to finely punctate and pubescence partially obscuring the surface in Anelaphus, while the pronotum is very deeply, coarsely, confluently punctate, with punctures much larger than those at base of elytra and integument shining and very sparsely pubescent in Gymnopsyra. Skiles (1985) broadened the definition of Anelaphus by synonymizing Elaphidionoides Linsley, 1957, which included species having bispinose elytral apices, in particular, E. parallelus (Newman) and E. villosus (Fabricius) (treated later herein). He provided a redescription of Anelaphus and a modified key couplet 19 of Linsley (1963). He highlighted the pubescent patch on the antennal tubercles, apices of the mesofemur not or scarcely attaining the posterior margin of the metacoxae, and the apex of the metafemur falling far short of elytral apices as diagnostic characters of Anelaphus. Lingafelter (1998) discussed the similarity of Anelaphus, Gymnopsyra, and Peranoplium, synonymizing the latter with Anelaphus since the characters used to distinguish it (alveolate pronotal punctures, antennae with reduced spines on antennomeres 3 and 4) were deemed as insufficient basis to maintain Peranoplium as a distinct genus. A matrix of 70 morphological characters was included in that work. It was shown that many diagnostic features such as tibial carinae, the shape and distribution of pronotal punctures and calli, and the shape of the prosternal intercoxal process were quite variable among species and genera, evolving numerous times in the Elaphidiini. The only synapomorphic character state for Anelaphus on the strict consensus tree of Lingafelter (1998) was the wide and deep posterior notch of the metepisternum. However, this character was shown to have independently evolved in other elaphidiine genera. Two other characters, the blunt shape of the apex of the metasternal notch that receives the anteromedial extension of the first abdominal ventrite and the presence or absence of a middle pronotal callus were likewise shown to be unsatisfactory for characterizing Anelaphus exclusive of other genera. Through further careful study of all the species of Anelaphus and Gymnopsyra, I have concluded that there is no basis to maintain Gymnopsyra as a distinct genus and it is synonymized with Anelaphus. Following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 31.2, species group names that are latinized adjectives in the nominative singular must agree in gender with the generic name with which it is combined (ICZN 1999: 38). Specific epithets that are nouns in apposition are exempted and original spelling is retained. Another exception is when the gender of the species group name was not indicated and cannot be conclusively determined from the evidence of usage, then that name is to be considered as a noun in apposition with the original spelling retained for new combinations. Gymnopsyra was proposed by Linsley (1937), without an etymology. It is formed from Gymnos latinized from Greek, Γυμνός, meaning naked, and psyra, which is probably latinized from Greek, ψείρα, meaning louse. The “ a ” ending suggests it is a nominative singular noun and therefore feminine in gender (Winston 1999: 149). The “ es ” ending of the type species epithet, phoracanthoides, indicates it is a fifth declension noun which is feminine in gender according to Latin grammar (Winston 1999: 152). Therefore, it must be concluded that Gymnopsyra is feminine. Anelaphus was proposed by Linsley (1936), also without an etymology. The name was apparently latinized elaphos from Proto-Greek, ἔ λ ᾰ φoς, meaning deer, in the nominative singular form. The ending “ us ” suggests that Anelaphus is a second declension masculine noun (Winston 1999: 152). Therefore, all new combinations of species from the feminine Gymnopsyra must have their specific epithets modified to conform to the masculine Anelaphus, unless exempted according to subarticles of Article 31.2 (ICZN 1999).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFE3D1188CE7BC4FFCE7FEE3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Species of Anelaphus are nocturnally active with coarsely faceted eyes, dense pubescent patches at the apex of each antennal tubercle (rarely absent), antennae lacking carinae, antennomeres three and four, at least, mesally spinose or dentiform (antennae very rarely lacking spines), prosternal process arcuately declivous and expanded apically (rarely unexpanded at apex), scutellum mostly densely pubescent, pronotum distinctly punctate, rounded or nearly straight at sides and lacking lateral tubercles, as wide as or wider than long (rarely longer than wide), antennomere three short, one-half to two-thirds the length of the pronotum (rarely over two-thirds), antennae of males extending beyond elytral apices by no more than two antennomeres and antennae of females not or barely attaining elytral apices, elytral apices rounded apicolaterally (rarely spinose or dentiform apicolaterally), pronotum with a medial impunctate callus (rarely absent), femora gradually expanded medially, femoral apices rounded, dorsal integument light to dark brown, and length of nearly all specimens 10 – 20 mm. Anelaphus is most similar to Aneflomorpha Casey, Aneflus LeConte, Anopliomorpha Linsley, Astromula Chemsak and Linsley, Elaphidion Audinet-Serville, Enaphalodes Haldeman, Eustromula Cockerell, Micranoplium Linsley, Micraneflus Linsley, Neaneflus Linsley, Orwellion Skiles, Parelaphidion Skiles, Pseudoperiboeum Linsley, Psyrassa Pascoe, and Stenelaphus Linsley. Characters distinguishing each of these genera are discussed below. Most species of Aneflomorpha are more elongate and narrow bodied than most species of Anelaphus and have the pronotum distinctly longer than wide (as wide or wider than long in almost all Anelaphus), have the third antennomere nearly two-thirds the length of pronotum (about half the length of the pronotum in most Anelaphus), have antennal tubercles lacking a patch of pubescence at apex (present in most Anelaphus), and usually have bidentate, bispinose, or truncate elytral apices (rounded apicolaterally in most Anelaphus). Aneflus have a more elongate form and are at least 20 mm in length with few exceptions (Anelaphus specimens are very rarely over 20 mm long), have apicolaterally expanded antennomeres (unexpanded or weakly so in Anelaphus), have pronounced mesal antennal spines present on at least antennomeres 3 – 5 and usually 3 – 7 and sometimes also apicolaterally, (mesal antennal spines, if present beyond antennomere five in Anelaphus, are usually very weak), have elytral apices that are almost always bispinose (typically apicolaterally rounded in Anelaphus, but if bispinose, then either smaller than 20 mm long or without the elongate form). The small genus Anopliomorpha is characterized by having a distinct carina on basal antennal segments (absent in Anelaphus), absence of dense pubescence on the antennal tubercles (present in most Anelaphus), presence of very long “ flying ” setae scattered over the body and appendages (present in only a few species of Anelaphus, but not as extreme), absence of a pronotal callus (present in most Anelaphus), and by its small, delicate size and proportions, with almost all specimens less than 10 mm (nearly all specimens of Anelaphus are longer than 10 mm). The monotypic genus Astromula lacks antennal spines (present in almost all specimens of Anelaphus) and has very short antennae barely attaining the middle of the elytra, with antennomeres 3 – 5 together about the length of the pronotum (antennae reaching nearly two-thirds of elytral apices and antennomeres 3 – 4 often about as long or longer than pronotum in most Anelaphus). The large and primarily Caribbean genus Elaphidion is distinguished by the abruptly declivous prosternal process between the procoxae (arcuately declivous in Anelaphus), the more pronounced mesal (and often apicolateral) spines on most antennomeres — usually very strong mesally on antennomere 3 (restricted to antennomeres 3 – 6 or fewer in most species of Anelaphus), the bispinose elytral apices in most specimens (rounded apicolaterally in most Anelaphus) and the spinose or dentiform metafemoral apices (rounded in Anelaphus). Enaphalodes has similar proportions to Anelaphus, but almost all specimens are longer than 20 mm (Anelaphus are very rarely over 20 mm long), the third antennomere is about two-thirds the length of the pronotum (shorter in most Anelaphus), the antennal tubercles lack a distinct pubescent patch (present in most Anelaphus), the meso- and metafemora are very slightly expanded (gradually enlarged to weakly clavate in most Anelaphus), and the elytral apices are often bispinose (rounded apicolaterally in most Anelaphus). Eustromula, like Astromula, has very short antennae that barely attain the middle of the elytra and has antennomeres 3 – 5 together about as long as the pronotum (the antennae typically attain the apical third or more of the elytra and antennomeres 3 – 4 are about as long or longer than the pronotum in Anelaphus), the antennal tubercles lack a pubescent patch (present in most Anelaphus), and the meso- and metafemora are linear (gradually enlarged to weakly clavate in most Anelaphus). The monotypic genus Micranoplium is smaller than 10 mm in length (almost all specimens of Anelaphus are larger), lacks pubescent patches on the antennal tubercles (present in Anelaphus), and lacks antennal spines (present on at least third antennomere in almost all specimens of Anelaphus). Micraneflus lacks pubescent patches on the antennal tubercles (present in Anelaphus), lacks antennal spines (present on at least third antennomere in almost all specimens of Anelaphus), and has the pronotum slightly longer than broad (usually as wide or wider than long in Anelaphus). Neaneflus has antennomeres expanded apicolaterally (generally unexpanded in most Anelaphus), has weak antennal carinae present (absent in Anelaphus), and lacks pubescent patches on the antennal tubercles (present in Anelaphus). Orwellion has antennomere three at least two-thirds the length of the pronotum (shorter in most Anelaphus), has the antennae extending beyond the elytral apices by at least three antennomeres in males and by one antennomere in females (antennae are relatively shorter in Anelaphus), lacks a distinct pubescent patch on the antennal tubercles (present in most Anelaphus), has distinct post-ocular pubescent patches (absent in most Anelaphus), and has the elytral apex apicolaterally spinose or dentiform (rounded in most Anelaphus). Parelaphidion lacks pubescent patches on the antennal tubercles (present in Anelaphus), has the antennae usually extending beyond the elytral apices by at least two antennomeres in males and one antennomere in females (antennae are relatively shorter in most Anelaphus), has moderately to strongly bispinose elytral apices in nearly all specimens (rounded apicolaterally in most Anelaphus), and has the third antennomere at least twothirds the length of the pronotum (usually shorter in Anelaphus). The small genus Pseudoperiboeum has a lateral pronotal tubercle on each side (absent in Anelaphus), has long “ flying ” setae scattered over integument (absent from most Anelaphus), lacks pubescent patches on the antennal tubercles (present in most Anelaphus), has the antennae extending beyond the elytral apices by at least three antennomeres in males and by nearly one antennomere in females (antennae are relatively shorter in Anelaphus), and has the apicolateral elytral apex either spinose, dentate or truncate (rounded in most Anelaphus). Psyrassa has the pronotum mostly smooth and nearly impunctate (heavily punctate in Anelaphus) and much longer than wide (as wide or wider than long in Anelaphus), lacks pubescent patches on the antennal tubercles (present in most Anelaphus), and has the elytra apex apicolaterally spinose in many species (rounded in most Anelaphus). Stenelaphus is recognized by the scattered, long, “ flying ” setae over the dorsum (absent from most Anelaphus), lacks pubescent patches on the antennal tubercles (present in most Anelaphus), and has the antennae extending beyond the elytral apices by at least three antennomeres in males and by nearly one antennomere in females (antennae are relatively shorter in Anelaphus).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFE8D11A8CE7B90CFA70F877.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 e, 3 a – d, 4 a – b)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFE8D11A8CE7B90CFA70F877.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Anelaphus brummermannae is most easily confused with A. piceus (Chemsak) and A. simile (Schaeffer) due to the similarly small size, uniform coloration, weakly spined antennomeres, coarsely alveolate-punctured pronotum, and posteriorly closed procoxal cavities. It is most easily distinguished by the denser pubescence on the elytra that is mostly semi-translucent golden, suberect and not recurved back toward the elytra. In A. piceus, which it superficially resembles the most due to the usual very dark brown coloration of most specimens of both species, the elytra have pubescence that is mostly short, non-translucent white, recurved, and sparser. The elytra of A. brummermannae lack the longitudinal, glabrous strips that are characteristic of A. piceus. The pronotum of A. piceus has a glabrous, impunctate collar anteriorly, thickest at middle, which is narrow in A. brummermannae. The head of A. piceus lacks long, erect setae unlike in A. brummermannae which has conspicuous long, erect setae on the frons, antennal tubercles, and usually vertex. Anelaphus simile is most similar to A. brummermannae structurally, but most specimens are lighter reddish-brown in color compared to the very dark brown color of all known specimens of A. brummermannae. The elytral pubescence of A. simile ranges from off-white to pale yellow ochre and is mostly short and recurved. The metasternum of A. simile, especially at the sides and anterior margin, is densely, shallowly punctate and usually has pubescence dense enough to hide much of the integument. In A. brummermannae, the metasternum is sparsely, separately punctate, with punctures relatively deep and well-defined and the metasternal pubescence is sparse and does not conceal the integument. The pronotum of A. brummermannae is more quadrate, not rounded at sides and not widest at middle or anterior of middle as in most specimens of A. simile and A. piceus. Additionally, there are aedeagal features of A. brummermannae that differ subtly from A. piceus and A. simile as described below.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFE8D11A8CE7B90CFA70F877.taxon	description	Description. Small to moderate sized, 9.5 – 11.5 mm long; 2.5 – 3.1 mm broad; integument uniformly dark brown (rarely light brown). Head with combination of mostly appressed, short, semitranslucent golden setae mixed with longer erect setae on the frons, antennal tubercles, and vertex. Interantennal impression weak; antennal tubercles rounded and not strongly elevated. Antennae of male extending beyond elytral apices by one antennomere; shorter than elytra in female (Fig. 3 a – b). Last antennomere 1.4 times length of penultimate in male with pronounced constriction at apical third; less than 1.3 times length of penultimate in female and with weak constriction apically. Antennomere four of both sexes slightly shorter than three and five. Antennae with short mesal spine on antennomere 3, very weakly spined to dentiform mesally on antennomere 4. Antennomeres 3 – 10 moderately produced apicolaterally. Antennae with combination of suberect and appressed semitranslucent, golden setae becoming more dense, shorter, and appressed on antennomeres 6 – 11. Pronotum nearly quadrate (Fig. 3 c), width subequal to length, not rounded at sides, distinctly narrower than base of elytra and slightly narrower than head at widest point; base and apex in most specimens approximately equal width. Pronotum with conspicuous semitranslucent golden pubescence that is sparse, short, recurved, and not concealing punctures. Pronotum covered with contiguous, mostly uniformly sized circular alveolate punctures except on narrow anterior collar and lacking smooth calli. Prosternum with sparse, separate punctures of uniform size and distribution in females; with a patch of denser, smaller punctures anterior to procoxae in males. Prosternal intercoxal process arcuately recessed between procoxae, strongly expanded at apex closing procoxal cavities posteriorly. Elytron with moderately dense, uniformly distributed, semitranslucent golden, suberect pubescence combined with a few scattered erect and subappressed setae (Fig. 3 d). Elytral apices rounded to suture, lacking spines or acute angle at suture (Fig. 3 a). Elytron with large punctures, dense but mostly non-contiguous at basal half, becoming shallower and ultimately indistinct at apex. Scutellum rounded posteriorly, with very dense, bright white pubescence throughout except for small glabrous basal region. Legs short with pro-, meso-, and metafemora progressively longer; metafemora extending to about apex of third ventrite. Femoral pubescence mostly short, sparse, semitranslucent golden, subappressed but not recurved. Femoral apices rounded mesad and laterad, without spines. Tibiae cylindrical; only slightly enlarged apically. Venter with pubescence consisting of semitranslucent golden, short, sparse setae that do not conceal the mostly separate, small, sparse punctures that are most conspicuous on the metasternum and metepisternum. Last ventrite of both sexes broadly rounded apically, without modification. Apex of eighth tergite (Fig. 4 a) moderately impressed at middle; subapical setose ridge and pigmented patch relatively broad and quadrate shaped with long, widely spaced setae; apex of median lobe evenly narrowed; setae on apices of paramere long; parameres with rounded internal openings (Fig. 4 b).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFE8D11A8CE7B90CFA70F877.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species of Anelaphus is named for naturalist and artist, Margarethe Brummermann, who collected most of the known specimens on her property in Picture Rocks, Arizona.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFE8D11A8CE7B90CFA70F877.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Like Anelaphus piceus (Chemsak), this is an early species with adults flying mostly from early April to late June, before the monsoon rains arrive. All specimens have been collected at lights in Sonoran Desert habitat below 5000 ′. Host plants are unknown.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFE8D11A8CE7B90CFA70F877.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, male: USA: Arizona: Pima Co., Picture Rocks, 665 m, 32 ° 21.402 ′ N, 111 ° 12.289 ′ W, 6 June 2019, at light, Margarethe Brummermann (USNM). Paratypes (all USA: Arizona): Maricopa Co., Lake Pleasant Park, 18 May 1992, Blacklight, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (1 male, FWSC); Pima Co., same data as holotype except, 1 – 10 June 2017 (1 female, SWLC), 1 May 2019 (1 female, UAIC), 4 May 2019 (1 female, SWLC); Pima Co., Tucson Mountains, 32 ° 16.4 ′ N, 111 ° 08.8 ′ W, at light, 2 May 2019, M. Brummermann (1 female, ASUC); Santa Cruz Co., Puerto Canyon, 1000 m, 31 ° 37.8 ′ N, 111 ° 03.8 ′ W, 8 July 2018, at light, M. Brummermann (1 male, SWLC); Pinal Co., 14 km E. Florence, 650 m, 32.9832 ° N, 111.2384 ° W, 31 May 2018, M. A. Johnston (ASUC).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEBD11B8CE7B8E2FB59FBDA.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 a)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEBD11B8CE7B8E2FB59FBDA.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This distinctive species was described from Los Angeles, California and its synonym, Anoplium linelli Casey, was described from Tucson, Arizona (Linsley 1963; Lingafelter et al. 2014, 2020). The biology and description of larvae, pupae, and genitalia was made by Raske (1972). Specimens are rarely collected, perhaps because they are most active in the spring and early summer before the monsoon rains that bring out the majority of species in the region. Specimens have been attracted to lights and found on cacti of the genera Echinocactus Link and Otto, Opuntia Miller, and Cylindropuntia Engelmann (Cactaceae) at night (Linsley 1963; Swift 2008). Additional localities for Arizona and Texas (new state record) are recorded. Note that Tanner (1934) recorded this species from Utah and Bezark (2018) recorded it from Nevada (also noted in Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2020) but these states are not reflected in Monné and Nearns (2020).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEBD11B8CE7B8E2FB59FBDA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. USA: Arizona: La Paz Co., Bouse Dunes, 17 May 1992 & 10 May 2013, blacklight, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (3, FWSC); Maricopa Co., Lake Pleasant Park, 18 May 1992, blacklight, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (1, FWSC); Pima Co., Tucson, 1230 E. Placita del Cervato, 27 April 1990, UV light, R. Wielgus (1, ASUC); Pima Co., Molino Canyon Vista, 32 ° 19.604 ′ N, 110 ° 41.995 ′ W, 1260 m, 2 May 2020, S. W. Lingafelter (3, SWLC); Pima Co., Redington Road just NE of Tanque, Verde Falls trailhead 980 m, 32 ° 15.363 ′ N, 110 ° 39.746 ′ W, 29 April 2020, S. W. Lingafelter, MV / UV lights (1, SWLC); Pinal Co., Tom Mix Memorial, Highway 79, 27.5 km SE of Florence 720 m, 32 ° 49.294 ′ N, 111 ° 12.274 ′ W, 25 April 2020, MV / UV lights, S. W. Lingafelter (23, SWLC); Pinal Co., Tom Mix Memorial, Highway 79, 27.5 km SE of Florence 720 m, 32 ° 49.294 ′ N, 111 ° 12.274 ′ W, 25 April 2020, Cylindropuntia versicolor at night, S. W. Lingafelter (1, SWLC); Pinal Co., Tom Mix Memorial, Highway 79, 27.5 km SE of Florence 720 m, 32 ° 49.294 ′ N, 111 ° 12.274 ′ W, 25 April 2020, MV / UV lights, J. Botz & S. Vitanza (2, SWLC); Pinal Co., Roadside off Route 60 [actually Highway 79] near Florence, UV / MV light, 32.9019 ° N, 111.2805 ° W, 25 April 2015, S. S. Anzaldo (1, ASUC); Texas: Presidio Co., ZH Canyon, 11.7 miles W. Valentine, 19 – 23 May 2005, 30.5438 ° N, 104.6856 ° W (2, FWSC).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEBD11B8CE7BC63FDDEFA98.taxon	description	(Fig. 5 e – f)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEBD11B8CE7BC63FDDEFA98.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Linsley (1963) and Monné and Nearns (2020) included Arizona and Bezark (2019) added New Mexico in the range of this species that was described from Big Bend in southwestern Texas (Knull 1962). However, no specimens outside of western Texas (Big Bend region) have been examined, and its occurrence west of Texas is doubtful. Because Anelaphus is masculine and the original genus, Gymnopsyra is feminine, the epithet is changed from aspera to asperus.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEBD11B8CE7BDA6FBDEF97D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species is known only from Jalisco, Mexico, and is not included in the illustrated key. Because Anelaphus is masculine and the original genus, Gymnopsyra is feminine, the epithet is changed from bupalpa to bupalpus.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEBD11B8CE7BDA6FBDEF97D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Mexico: Jalisco: 7 km north Autlán de Navarro, road to Microondas de San Francisco, 19.83506 ° N, 104.34757 ° W, 3 July 2018, F. Skillman and J. F. Limon (1, FWSC).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEBD11C8CE7BE82FEA7F978.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 h)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEBD11C8CE7BE82FEA7F978.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species was known from only two specimens from the Dragoon Mountains, Arizona when it was originally described (Chemsak 1962). Additional Arizona material has been examined and documented from the Patagonia, Santa Rita, San Cayetano, and Huachuca Mountains.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEBD11C8CE7BE82FEA7F978.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., Lower Ida Canyon, 31 ° 22.77 ′ N, W 110 ° 19.82 ′ W, 1815 m, 12 June 2018, MV / UV lights, S. W. Lingafelter (2, SWLC); Santa Cruz Co., Patagonia Mtns., near Duquesne, 5700 ′, 12 August 2003, UV light, S. McCleve & D. Cabarga (1, FWSC); Santa Cruz Co., Santa Rita Mountains, 4880 ′, 17 June 1963, J. D. Marshall (1, SWLC); Santa Cruz Co., SR 19 & Peck Canyon Road, 23 June 2001, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (1, FWSC).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFECD11D8CE7BE85FB08FC69.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 k, 5 a – d)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFECD11D8CE7BE85FB08FC69.taxon	discussion	Discussion. In his monograph on North American Cerambycidae, Linsley (1963) described Gymnopsyra chemsaki and distinguished it from G. magnipunctata (Knull 1934) by “ the dense, subcontiguous punctures of the elytral base, much denser punctures of the head, and more abundant pubescence of the elytra ”. He further wrote, “ The more widely separated eyes and impunctate band at the apex of the pronotum appear to separate aspera [Fig. 5 e, f] from chemsaki. ” Examination of the holotype of G. chemsaki (Fig. 5 a – b), specimens identified as G. magnipunctata by Knull in the Southwestern Research Station collection (Fig. 5 c – d), along with material collected from the Baboquivari and Dragoon Mountains in Arizona and the Big Bend region in Texas show that these are the same species. Gymnopsyra chemsaki is therefore a new synonym of G. magnipunctata. Because Anelaphus is masculine and the original genus, Gymnopsyra is feminine, the epithet is changed from magnipunctata to magnipunctatus for this new combination.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFECD11D8CE7BE85FB08FC69.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., Cochise Stronghold, 31 ° 56.746 ′ N, 109 ° 57.555 ′ W, 1456 m, 9 July 2016 (2, SWLC); Cochise Co., Cochise Stronghold, 2 – 11 July 2012, sweet bait, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (3, FWSC); Cochise Co., Cochise Stronghold, 2 August 2010, MV & Blacklight, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (1, FWSC); Cochise Co., west slope of Dragoon Mountains, Middlemarch Road 20.5 km NE of highway 80, 1695 m, 31 ° 51.483 ′ N, 109 ° 57.750 ′ W, 3 July 2018, MV / UV lights, S. W. Lingafelter (3, SWLC); Cochise Co., 5 mi. W. Portal, S. W. R. S., 5400 ′, 25 June 1957, M. Statham (2, SWRS); Cochise Co., 28 mi. E. Douglas, Guadalupe Canyon, 24 June 1970 (1, SWRS); Mohave Co., Hualapai Mtns., 6 August 2010, MV & blacklight, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (2, FWSC); Pima Co., Molino Basin, July 1, 1973 (1, SWLC); Pima Co., Baboquivari Mountains, Brown Canyon, Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge, W Brown Bear Canyon Road, 1257 m, 31 ° 46 ′ 20.1 ″ N, 111 ° 33 ′ 17.3 ″ W, 21 – 22 June 2018, MV / UV lights, S. W. Lingafelter (2, SWLC); Pima Co., Madera Canyon, 2 August 1975, 24 July 1988, 26 July 1990, D. Ahart (3, FWSC); Texas: Presidio Co., Big Bend Ranch State Park, 7 June 1994, D. W. Sundberg (2, FWSC); New Mexico: Grant Co., FR 153, 5 mi. W. Tyrone, 4 July 2003, light, F. W. Skillman (5, FWSC); Grant Co., Harden Cienega Road, 5 mi. N. SR 78, 2.5 mi. E. AZ / NM line, 22 July 2015, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (1, FWSC).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEDD11D8CE7BBF6FAF1F921.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 a)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEDD11D8CE7BBF6FAF1F921.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species was reported from Arizona in Linsley (1963), but no specific locality records were published until this study was undertaken. The following records of material examined further document its distribution in the southwestern United States. Anoplium pinorum Casey, 1914, treated as a subspecies of Anelaphus moestus by Linsley (1963), is here considered a synonym of Anelaphus moestus since the size, color, and punctation characters identified by Casey are concluded to be individual variation. Also, the wide distribution of the nominotypical form which encompasses the type locality of Anoplium pinorum (Southern Pines, North Carolina) contradicts the expectation of allopatry for subspecies.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEDD11D8CE7BBF6FAF1F921.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., 7 mi. W. Sunsites, 10 July 2007, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (1, FWSC); Gila Co., Mt. Ord Road, FS 620, 2 mi. E. Jct. Rt. 87, 20 July 2017, J. Huether (1, JHC); Graham Co., Aravaipa Canyon, Turkey Creek, 11 August 1998, UV & MV light, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (1, FWSC); Graham Co., Aravaipa Canyon, Turkey Creek, 11 August 2001, on dead hackberry, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (1, FWSC); Maricopa Co., Sunflower, brown sugar trap, 29 July – 5 August 1995, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (3, FWSC); Oklahoma: Comanche Co., Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Lake Rush, 1671 ′, 34 ° 44 ′ 21 ″ N, 98 ° 36 ′ 20 ″ W, 7 July 2000, red wine trap, S. W. Lingafelter & N. E. Woodley (1, SWLC); Texas: Comal Co., Bulverde, 15 – 16 June 1996, UVBL, B. Warner, J. Wappes (1, FWSC); Jeff Davis Co., Davis Mountains Resort, 5800 ′, 17 June 1991, D. G. Marqua (1, SWLC); Jeff Davis Co., Davis Mountains, Boy Scout Road (FM 1832), 1270 m, 30 ° 48.433 ′ N, 103 ° 54.650 ′ W, 13 August 2015, MV / UV lights, S. W. Lingafelter (1, SWLC); Jeff Davis Co., FM 1832, 1 mi. W. SR 17, 24 June 2014, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (11, FWSC); Presidio Co., Plata, 14 July 2009, MV & Blacklight, Skillman & Ribardo (2, FWSC).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEDD11E8CE7BECFFC61F9BF.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 d, 3 e – h, 4 c – d)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEDD11E8CE7BECFFC61F9BF.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species was originally recorded from southeastern Arizona by Chemsak (1962). Rice, et al. (1985) documented it from Texas and New Mexico and confirmed the larval host of Acacia. Bezark (2019) records this species from California and Jalisco, Mexico. Monné and Nearns (2020) record it from Morelos and Sonora, Mexico. Additional localities from Arizona, Texas, Utah (new state record) and Sonora, Mexico are recorded.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEDD11E8CE7BECFFC61F9BF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Mexico: Sonora: Granados, 29.857222 ° N, 109.311667 ° W, 570 m, March 30, 2012, T. R. Van Devender (7, ASUC); Sonora, vicinity of Cajon Bonito, 22 – 25 May 2017, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (2, FWSC); Sonora, vicinity of Moctezuma, 21 April 2017, MV / UV lights, S. Lee (1, ASUC, 10, FWSC); USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., San Bernardino Wildlife Refuge, Minckley Ponds, 1141 m, 31 ° 20.602 ′ N, 109 ° 15.852 ′ W; 13 June 2018, MV / UV lights, S. W. Lingafelter (3, SWLC); Cochise Co., Bisbee, 1429 Franklin St., 31 ° 24 ′ 23.8 ″ N, 109 ° 55 ′ 57.6 ″ W, 5200 ′, 4 – 17 April 2013, Malaise trap, Arnold S. Menke (1, SWLC); Cochise Co., East Charleston Road on east side of San Pedro River bridge, 31 ° 37.557 ′ N, 110 ° 10.422 ′ W, 1215 m, 23 May 2020, S. W. Lingafelter (1, SWLC); Cochise Co., Cochise Stronghold, 20 May 2015, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (1 FWSC); Cochise Co., 7 mi. W. Sunsites, 12 – 20 June 1997, 25 June 2015, 15 – 18 May 1998, at light, F. W. Skillmann, Jr. (7, FWSC); Cochise Co., Hereford, 8920 S. Bryerly Court, N 31 ° 24 ′ 14 ″, W 110 ° 13 ′ 52 ″, 1500 m, 11 June 2019, MV / UV lights, 6 May 2020, S. W. Lingafelter (1, SWLC); Maricopa Co., Phoenix, South Mountain Park, 20 August 1971, J. E. Wappes (1, JEWC); Pima Co., Picture Rocks, 665 m, 32 ° 21.402 ′ N, 111 ° 12.289 ′ W, 21 March 2013 & 15 April 2010, at lights, Margarethe Brummermann (2, SWLC); Pima Co., Madera Canyon, 7 – 11 July 1973, J. E. Wappes (1, JEWC); Pima Co., 17 mi. E. Sells, 13 May 1964, at light, G. H. Nelson (1, JEWC); Pima Co., Box Canyon, 4395 ′, 31 ° 47.881 ′ N, 110 ° 47.996 ′ W, 4 April 2007 (3, ASUC); Pima Co., Tucson Mountain Park, at light, 11 April 1989, F. W. Skillman, Jr. (2, FWSC); Pima Co., Tucson Mountains, Gates Pass, extracted from pupal cells of Encella farinosa, 24 February 1980, Cicero (1 FWSC); Pima Co., Madera Canyon, 26 July 1990, D. Ahart (1, FWSC); Pima Co., Redington Road just NE of Tanque, Verde Falls trailhead 980 m, 32 ° 15.363 ′ N, 110 ° 39.746 ′ W, 29 April 2020, S. W. Lingafelter, beating Prosopis at night (2, SWLC); Pima Co., Redington Road just NE of Tanque, Verde Falls trailhead 980 m, 32 ° 15.363 ′ N, 110 ° 39.746 ′ W, 29 April 2020, S. W. Lingafelter, MV / UV lights (2, SWLC); Pima Co., Redington Road just NE of Tanque Verde Falls trailhead, 980 m, 32 ° 15.363 ′ N, 110 ° 39.746 ′ W, 28 April 2018, on Prosopis sp., N. E. Woodley (1, SWLC); Pinal Co., Tom Mix Memorial, Highway 79, 27.5 km SE of Florence 720 m, 32 ° 49.294 ′ N, 111 ° 12.274 ′ W, 25 April 2020, MV / UV lights, S. W. Lingafelter (3, SWLC); Santa Cruz Co., Nogales, Lindgren Trap, April – May 2012 (4, Nogales Mariposa Port Insect Collection); Santa Cruz Co., Mt. Hopkins Road Km 1 past, Whipple Observatory, 1320 m, 31 ° 40.327 ′ N, 110 ° 56.466 ′ W, 26 May 2020, S. W. Lingafelter (2, SWLC); Santa Cruz Co., Rio Rico, 1053 m, 31.468040, - 110.974227, MV / UV lights, 8 March 2017 & 14 April 2017, S. Vitanza (2, SWLC); Santa Cruz Co., Rio Rico, 1216 Juan Legarra, 1085 m, 31 ° 28 ′ 51 ″ N, 110 ° 57 ′ 58 ″ W, UV lights, 6 – 14 April 2016 & 10 May 2016, S. W. Lingafelter (3, SWLC); Santa Cruz Co., Peña Blanca Canyon, 31 ° 23.22 ′ N, 111 ° 05.58 ′ W, 1195 m, 13 June 2019, MV / UV lights, S. W. Lingafelter (1, SWLC); Santa Cruz Co., Puerto Canyon, 1000 m, 31 ° 37.8 ′ N, 111 ° 03.8 ′ W, at light, 8 July 2018, Margarethe Brummermann (1, SWLC); Texas: Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, Oak Spring, 4000 ′, 8 May 1959, light, Howden and Becker (1, SWLC); Brewster Co., Black Gap Wildlife Management Area, Road 2827 18 miles SE US 385, 2330 ′, 29 ° 34 ′ N, 103 ° 57 ′ W, 9 May 2015, Wappes & Skillman (3, JEWC); Brewster Co., Black Gap Wildlife Management Area, Rd. 2827 18 miles SE US 385, 2330 ′, 29 ° 34 ′ N, 103 ° 57 ′ W, 9 May 2015, Skillman & Wappes (25, FWSC); Brewster Co., Terlingua Ranch, Ament Lake, 3480 ′, 29 ° 27 ′ N, 103 ° 29 ′ W, 17 – 18 April 2015, MV / UV light, Wappes & Skillman (6, JEWC); Brewster Co., Terlingua Ranch, Ament Lake, 3480 ′, 29 ° 27 ′ N, 103 ° 29 ′ W, 16 – 18 April 2015, 8 May 2015, MV / UV light, Skillman & Wappes (33, FWSC); Utah: Kane Co., Coral Pink Sands State Park, 11 July 2016, F. W. & S. A. Skillman (1, FWSC).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEED1008CE7BE40FD67F877.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 f, 4 e – f, 6 a – f, 7 a – f)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEED1008CE7BE40FD67F877.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The species formerly placed in Peranoplium Linsley, 1957 (which was synonymized with Anelaphus by Lingafelter (1998 )) have resulted in an abundance of confusion due to their non-descript appearance and the vague descriptions of alleged differences in setation and punctation. Further, the species in this complex were described without reference or comparison to one another. For example, Casey (1924) in his description of Anoplium tuckeri, did not contrast it with Anelaphus simile (Schaeffer) (at the time, Elaphidion simile), or any other species. Knull (1934) compared his newly described Elaphidion (Anoplium) hoferi to E. cinerescens LeConte (this was misspelled and referred to “ Elaphidion cinerascens ”, a synonym of Micranoplium unicolor (Haldeman )). That species lacks antennal spines, has truncate elytral apices, has fine (not alveolate) pronotal punctation, and occurs only in the eastern United States. Knull made no comparison of A. hoferi to A. simile, A. tuckeri or any other species. I examined a specimen in the Southwestern Research Station in Portal, Arizona, that was identified as Anelaphus hoferi by Knull in 1959 (Fig. 6 c – d, Fig. 7 b, e). This specimen has no characters that would distinguish it from the holotype of A. simile (Fig. 6 a – b, 7 a, d) and the lectotype of A. tuckeri (Fig. 6 e – f, Fig. 7 c, f), both of which I have also examined. The pronotal punctation is identical and other characters of pubescence, color, proportions, etc., are very minor and within what is expected by intraspecific variation. Therefore, I consider A. hoferi and A. tuckeri as new synonyms of A. simile.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFEED1008CE7BE40FD67F877.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Mexico: Sonora: La Aduana, 22 May 1962, F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange (1, SWLC); Sonora, Guayamas, May 1973, Dr. Lenczy (1, ASUC); USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., 5 mi. W. Portal, S. W. R. S., 5400 ′, 13 June 1957, 16 June 1957 & 2 July 1957, M. Statham (3, SWRS); Cochise Co., 1 mile S. Portal, 4800 ′, July 3, 1965, at light, J. H. Davidson, J. M. Davidson, M. A. Cazier (4, ASUC); Cochise Co., Ash Canyon, UV light, 29 April 2011, C. W. O ′ Brien (2, FWSC); Cochise Co., Huachuca Mountains, Ramsey Canyon, 3 June 2012 & 19 – 23 May 2013, lights, P. H. Sullivan (SWLC, 2); Cochise Co., Hereford, 8920 S. Bryerly Court, N 31 ° 24 ′ 14 ″, W 110 ° 13 ′ 52 ″, 1500 m, 12 June 2016, 11 June 2019, 6 June 2019, 16 - 17 May 2020, S. W. Lingafelter (8, SWLC); Cochise Co., Hereford, 8920 S. Bryerly Court, N 31 ° 24 ′ 14 ″, W 110 ° 13 ′ 52 ″, 1500 m, 27 May 2020, N. E. Woodley (1, SWLC); Cochise Co., Huachuca Mountains, Carr Canyon Road, 6.6 km from Highway 92, 31 ° 25.922 ′ N, 110 ° 16.674 ′ W, 11 June 2019, MV / UV light, S. W. Lingafelter (2, SWLC); Cochise Co., Cochise Stronghold, 4 July 1973, Jim Cope (1 FWSC); Cochise Co., Huachuca Mountains, Miller Canyon (Palmerlee Ruin), 13 July 1991, UV light, W. B. Warner (1, SWLC); Cochise Co., lower Lutz Canyon, 3.1 km SW of Highway 92, 1750 m, 31 ° 22.703 ′ N, 110 ° 15.657 ′ W, 27 May 2020, S. W. Lingafelter (5, SWLC); Pima Co., Santa Rita Ranch, June 1977, Dr. Lenczy (2, SWLC); Pima Co., Sabino Canyon, 14 May 1919, at light, G. Hofer (1, SWLC); Pinal Co., Tom Mix Memorial, Highway 79, 27.5 km SE of Florence 720 m, 32 ° 49.294 ′ N, 111 ° 12.274 ′ W, 25 April 2020, MV / UV lights, S. W. Lingafelter (3, SWLC); Santa Cruz Co., Mt. Hopkins Road Km 1 past, Whipple Observatory, 1320 m, 31 ° 40.327 ′ N, 110 ° 56.466 ′ W, 26 May 2020, S. W. Lingafelter (5, SWLC); Santa Cruz Co., Nogales, 31.335339 °, – 110.938107 °, May 13, 2019, 3,932 ft, MV / UV lights, S. Vitanza (1, SWLC); Santa Cruz Co., Madera Canyon, 31.712894 °, – 110.875016 °, UV / MV lights, 25 May 2018, S. Vitanza (1, SWLC).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFF1D1018CE7B8E2FB56FDAD.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 j)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFF1D1018CE7B8E2FB56FDAD.taxon	discussion	Discussion. One record of this rarely collected species was reared from Sapindus marginatus [= S. saponaria var. drummondi] from the Santa Rita Mountains in Arizona (Linsley 1963). New records are listed below for Arizona and Sonora, Mexico (new state record). Note that this species is missing from Monné and Nearns (2020).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFF1D1018CE7B8E2FB56FDAD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Mexico: Sonora: MX 16 at km 155, 5 July 2008, at light, Skillman, O ′ Brien, Ribardo (9, FWSC); USA: Arizona: Maricopa Co., Ft. McDowell, Verde River, 2 July 1986, D. Ahart (1, FWSC); Maricopa Co., vicinity of Mesa, 6 June 1964, light trap, Jim Haddock (1, SWLC); Maricopa Co., Gila Road at Airport Road, N 33 ° 21 ′, W 112 ° 30 ′, 26 July 1997, W. B. Warner (2, FWSC); Pima Co., Picture Rocks, 665 m, 32 ° 21.402 ′ N, 111 ° 12.289 ′ W, 15 July 2017 & 7 July 2016, at light, Margarethe Brummermann (2, SWLC).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFF1D1048CE7BAB2FE64FA4D.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 k, 8 a-c, 9 a-c)	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFF1D1048CE7BAB2FE64FA4D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The complex of elongate, parallel-sided hardwood twig borers including, originally, Anelaphus villosus (Fabricius) and A. parallelus (Newman), and later, A. davisi Skiles, has been a constant source of confusion because there are no morphological features that consistently allow for discrimation among these taxa. Fabricius’s (1792) original description of villosus (based on a single specimen from “ Carolina ”) (Fig. 8 a) defined the species as follows: “ thorace mutico, obscurus cinereo villosus elytris bidentatis. ” Of note is that he described the elytral apices as bidentate. Newman (1840: 28) redescribed villosus in Elaphidion, based on a specimen from St. John’s Bluff, Florida (note that this is also the type locality of another synonym of A. parallelus, A. arctum Newman, which was synonymized by Horn (1885 )), and described the elytral apices as “ truncata, utroque angulo spina ”, meaning truncate with both angles spinose. Immediately following the E. villosus account, Newman described Elaphidion parallelum (Fig. 8 b), noting the elongate form, parallel elytra, and truncate elytral apices. He had specimens from east Florida, Georgia, and Delaware. Skiles (1985) was the most recent worker who attempted to discriminate among the adults of this complex. He stated that A. parallelus “ is often confused with A. villosus, but is readily separated by its more slender form (elytra over three times as long as broad in parallelus, no more than three times as long as broad in villosus) and the third antennal segment, which is subequal to the fourth in parallelus but distinctly longer than the fourth in villosus. ” This was a slight expansion of the characters used by Linsley (1963) and Gosling (1978). Skiles (1985) added to the complex two additional species, A. davisi (Fig. 8 c) and A. belkini (Fig. 1 c), both from the Davis Mountains in Texas. Skiles described A. davisi as having the third and fourth antennomeres subequal and said, “ from A. parallelus, which it most closely resembles, A. davisi can be distinguished by the more robust form and antennae, the more coarsely punctate metasternum, abdomen, and legs, the reduced antennal spines, and by the emarginate, rather than bispinose elytral apices. ” He later conceded that “ some of the central Texas specimens [of A. parallelus] exhibit reduced elytral spines and a rather coarsely punctate abdomen. It is thus possible that A. davisi represents an isolated population which is only subspecifically distinct from A. parallelus. ” Lingafelter and Horner (1993) found intergradation in north Texas for specimens identified as parallelus and villosus and treated these under the same species account in their faunal study. In particular, measurements were made of the elytral width to length ratio and it was found that distinctions made by Skiles were not clear. They stated, “ There is either intergradation in NCT [north central Texas] between the two species or the given distinction is not valid, perhaps only representing individual variation. ” Gosling’s (1978, 1981) works (also summarized in Solomon 1995) showed biological differences among what he called A. villosus (larvae of which bore into recently dead oaks and other hardwoods, and do not girdle them) and A. parallelus (larvae of which girdle living twigs of oaks, preferentially, but will also use other hardwoods). While Gosling did show two distinct biologies in Michigan, he did not assess whether these biological distinctions are maintained throughout the range of these taxa that occur throughout the eastern half of the United States into west Texas. On this point, some of the type specimens of A. davisi were reared from dead Quercus emoryi Torrey, and this apparent difference in larval biology from A. parallelus was used to justify his description of that species. Gosling’s contention that biological differences imply species differences is strongly challenged in the ecological and population genetics literature. Generalist species populations often display intraspecific niche diversity through variations in behavior, morphology, and habitat use (Costa-Pereira and Pruitt 2019), and this intraspecific niche variation has been further discussed in Bolnick et al. (2011) and Roughgarden (1972). Significant intraspecific variation in feeding, host-use, and larval behavior has been documented in Drosophila Fallén flies (Sokolowski 1985) and Manduca caterpillars (Smith 2019), among many other animals. I have examined photographs of the dorsal views of the holotype of Stenocorus villosus Fabricius, a syntype of Elaphidion parallelum Newman, and the holotype of Anelaphus davisi Skiles and determined that any morphological features used by Gosling, Skiles, Chemsak, and others to differentiate these taxa (e. g., proportions of elytra, pronotum, and relative lengths of third and fourth antennomeres) do not show discrete differences. The holotype of Stenocorus villosus Fabricius has elytra 3.24 times longer than wide, antennomere 3 is 98.3 % as long as antennomere 4, and the pronotum is equal in length and width. A syntype of Elaphidion parallelum has the elytra 3.26 times longer than wide and the pronotum 1.1 times longer than wide (the ratio of the antennomeres cannot be determined due to their orientation in the photograph, but do not appear significantly distinctive). These proportions demonstrate that they are meaningless to distinguish among the forms. I have examined specimen collected at the same location and time that vary in having truncate or dentiform elytral apices (Pecos Co., Texas) and elytral proportions at both extremes (Gilmer Co., Georgia). While there are populations that apparently exhibit different larval biologies regarding larval girdling and adult oviposition on recently dead versus living hardwoods, I contend that there is widespread support for an alternative conclusion that this is another example of intraspecific variation as has been documented widely and cited above. It is therefore my opinion that the above-mentioned forms represent a single widespread species. The other oak Anelaphus species described by Skiles (1985), A. belkini, is not included in this complex since the structure of the elytral apex (rounded to a spinose suture), antenna (scape and third antennomere weakly sulcate), and pronotum (punctation as coarse as elytral base in both sexes) allow for its morphological distinction. Another taxon in the complex, Elaphidion rusticum LeConte, has been considered incertae sedis in recent catalogues (Bezark 2019; Monné 2019). Fitch (1859) says, “ ... our latest authorities place it as a synonym of the Stenocorus villosus of this author [Fabricius 1792] ” in his long discussion of putator which was described by Peck (1819), and is itself is now a synonym of Anelaphus villosus in the aforementioned catalogues. Linsley (1963: 96) stated, “ Judging from the above description, this species [rusticum] is an Elaphidionoides, probably synonymous with E. villosus (Fabricius) or E. parallelus (Newman). ” I therefore remove Elaphidion rusticum LeConte from incertae sedis and place it as a new synonym of Anelaphus villosus (Fabricius). This species is widespread throughout the eastern United States and Texas. Bezark (2018) recorded one specimen identified as A. davisi from New Mexico. Although Linsley et al. (1961) records one specimen from the Southwestern Research Station, Portal, Arizona, 6 June 1958, extensive collecting has yielded no additional material from Arizona. Many hundreds of specimens have been examined over the past 20 years, but the following records below represent more recent material from throughout the range.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFF1D1048CE7BAB2FE64FA4D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Illinois: Cook Co., Palos Park, 10 June 1968 (1, DJHC); Maryland: Montgomery Co., North Potomac, 20 April 1999, S. W. Lingafelter (1, SWLC); New York: Westchester Co., Briarcliff Manor, 20 – 21 April 1988, J. D. Ryan (1, DJHC); Georgia: Gilmer Co., 269 Creekside Road, Ellijay, 24 May – 1 June 2019, UV / MV lights, R. Morris (4, RFMC); Ohio: Ashland Co., Mohican State Park, 14 July 1979, R. A. Androw (1, DJHC); South Carolina: Pickens Co., Clemson, 27 May 1989, J. K. Moulton (1, DJHC); Texas: Bexar Co., San Antonio, 8734 Paisano Pass, 397 m, 29 ° 41.361 ′ N, 98 ° 39.669 ′ W, 6 April 2018, MV / UV lights, J. E. Wappes & S. W. Lingafelter (2, SWLC); Edwards Co., Choya Ranch W. of Camp Wood, 29 ° 40.665 ′ N, 100 ° 01.330 ′ W, 440 m, 13 April 2018, MV / UV lights, S. W. Lingafelter (1, SWLC); Jeff Davis Co., Davis Mtns. Resort, 5800 ′, 14 June 1991, D. G. Marqua (1, SWLC); Pecos Co., 28 miles S. Ft. Stockton on 385, 1 – 2 January 1998, reared Quercus mohriana, Morris and Wappes (2, RFMC).	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
03CB9A08FFF4D10D8CE7BDD2FA65FCFD.taxon	discussion	Linsley (1963) provided the most recent key to Anelaphus north of Mexico. In that work, 14 species were included, but those formerly in the genus Peranoplium (synonymized by Lingafelter 1998), Elaphidionoides (some of which were synonymized by Skiles 1985), and Gymnopsyra (synonymized herein) were not. Lingafelter (2007) provided a key to the 7 species of Anelaphus east of the Rocky Mountains but excluding western Texas. Martins (2005) and Nascimento (2018) provided the only other keys to Anelaphus, but those works were restricted to South American species. As a result of this study, there are now 22 species of Anelaphus known for America north of Mexico: A. albofasciatus (Linell), A. aspera (Knull), A. belkini Skiles, A. brevidens (Schaeffer), A. brummermannae Lingafelter, A. cinereus (Olivier), A. debilis (LeConte), A. dentatus Chemsak, A. inermis (Newman), A. inflaticollis Chemsak, A. magnipunctatus (Knull), A. moestus (LeConte), A. mutatum (Gahan), A. niveivestitus (Schaeffer), A. piceus (Chemsak), A. pumilus (Newman), A. simile (Schaeffer), A. spurcus (LeConte), A. subdepressum (Schaeffer), A. subinermis Linsley, A. submoestus Linsley, and A. villosus (Fabricius). Size ranges and distributions are included to aid in identification, but this information should be used with caution since aberrant individuals exist in any population and known distributions change with time. For more detail on distribution and host plants, it is recommended to consult Monné and Nearns (2020), Tavakilian and Chevillotte (2020), or other primary references cited herein.	en	Lingafelter, Steven W. (2020): Review of species of Anelaphus Linsley and its new synonym Gymnopsyra Linsley from the United States and Canada with description of a new species, synonymies, distributional notes and an illustrated identification key (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini). Insecta Mundi 2020 (798): 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4565200
