taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CB9722FFB33C79FF6B6612E8AFF923.taxon	description	Head subquadrate; chaetotaxy of the cephalic region as shown in Fig. 3; FR 2 and FR 4 setae in normal position. Frontal sutures are well visible and sinuous. Metopical suture absent, as always in this genus (Thompson 1979). Eye area not very prominent, provided with six stemmata and three setae (PA 7, PA 9, PA 13). Frontoclypeolabrum markedly longer than wide: l / w ratio: 1.22 – 1.37. In the lateral view the proximal area shows a marked convexity, which is the thickest point of the frontoclypeolabrum. It gently slopes down towards the distal area forming a fold, approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the frontoclypeolabrum, in the proximal area of the median lobe and in the points where the lateral lobes fit. In the lateral view the three lobes almost lie on the same level and almost form a single plane, obliquely oriented towards the proximal area of the frontoclypeolabrum. The anterior margin of the frontoclypeolabrum is trilobate (Fig. 3). The median lobe is flattened and just sketched, almost at the same level of the lateral lobes. The frontoclypeolabrum has five pairs of dorsal setae in the normal position: a long one (FR 7), two medium long ones (FR 5, FR 6), a short one (FR 4) and a very short and thin one (FR 2). In the first instar larvae, in the proximal part of the frontoclypeolabrum on each side, there is the ruptor ovi, formed by a variable number (from two to four) of short pointed spinulae, vertically placed, one anteriorly the other, slightly externally and anteriorly oriented (Fig. 4). These spinulae are often asymmetrical and can appear in a variable number along the two sides of the same individual. Antennae (Figs. 3, 5 – 7) very pubescent, about twice as long as the mandibles (a / M ratio: 2.14 – 2.19). First segment subcylindrical with three dorsal setae, second similar, about twice as long as the first one and with many setae; third segment again subcylindrical, two thirds as long as the second one and with a diameter slightly shorter than the first two, provided with several setae (longer than the ones on the previous segments) and with a domed sensilla (“ accessory item ” of the authors: cfr. Casale et al. 1982) lateral to the insertion point of the fourth cylindroconical article. The diameter of the latter is half that of the others and has a group of setae, three of which are clearly longer (AN 4, AN 5, AN 7) and located in the apical part where three small sensilla were also observed. The setae that cover the second, third, and fourth segments, from the base to two thirds along the length, are typical of Cychrus larvae, as far as is known. Mandibles (Fig. 8) falciform, narrow and elongate, with the retinacle sharpened and curved, with small pointed teeth in the internal margin, at the base of which there is a tuft of setae (penicillium). The internal margin is smooth; the external margin has a single seta (MN 1) at mid-length. Maxillae (Figs. 9, 10) longer than the mandibles, m / M ratio = 1.51 – 1.53. The stipe is nearly twice as long as wide, slightly dilated apically, and provided with several setae on the internal edge of the dorsal side. On the maxillary palps the first two articles are subquadrate with rounded edges, the third is subcylindrical and clearly more elongated and the fourth is cylindroconic, about twice as long as the second one and a little longer than the third. The first article has medium-length setae on the ventral side (MX 10) and with one seta of the same length on the dorsal side (indicated by Makarov 1993 but not numbered). Also, the second article has a short seta on the ventral side and another one, almost four times longer, on the dorsal side, both supernumerary. The third article has five-six setae on the dorsal side (MX 11, MX 12, plus three-four supernumerary ones). The galea has two articles, the first one wider and a little longer than the second and with a seta on the ventral side (MX 7), and two setae on the dorsal side (not indicated by Bousquet and Goulet 1984, or Makarov 1993). The lacinia is cylindroconical with an apical seta (MX 6). Labium (Figs. 11, 12) with two pairs of ventral setae (LA 1, LA 2), with several dorsal setae (LA 3, LA 4, LA 5, gLA 3). The ligula has a pair of long setae (LA 6). The labial palps are articulated with the sides of the prementum, formed by two subcylindrical articles: the first one is slightly enlarged distally and is half as long as the second, dorsally supplied with three to four setae on the distal third (gLA b); the second one is ovoid, flattened and not truncated apically. Thorax (Fig. 13) with a markedly hairy appearance. The external margin of the tergites has four to five long setae. The pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum are subtrapezoidal. The width of the segments increases progressively from pronotum to the metanotum. The pronotum is slightly longer than the other two thoracic segments. Urotergites (Fig. 14) clearly covering the pleurae, with large and depressed lateral margins; they enlarge progressively from the first to the fourth, then they narrow significantly from the fifth to the last. Also, these tergites have a significantly hairy appearance, and are laterally provided with four to five long setae each. The setae of the abdominal tergites and the ones of the thoracic tergites give the larva a very hairy look. The setae of the abdominal sclerites are abundant and very long (Fig. 2). Sternal area of segments II – VI made up of eight sclerites (two epipleurites and six sternites). The median sternite, which is narrow and long and much larger than the others, is horizontally placed on the inner sternite (originating from the fusion of the inner sternites), almost of the same size. Often in C. schmidti the inner sternites, from abdominal segments I to IV, do not merge together, forming a unique sternite. In segment VII the median and the inner sternites merge together to form a single central sclerite that also includes the outer sternites, showing the median fusion line. In the eighth urite, the hypopleurites are merged with the central sclerite and the total number of abdominal sclerites is reduced to three. In segment IX, all of the abdominal sclerites completely merge. The latero-posterior lobes of urite IX (Fig. 15) are prominent, sharp-pointed and with a hairy appearance. Urogomphi conical, narrow and weak, not articulated, slightly divergent, lacking the lateral spine and bearing just two short setae each apically (UR 7, UR 8). Seta UR 5 is absent. Legs (Fig. 16) very long; the trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus have spines in longitudinal rows. The chaetotaxy is in agreement with the model proposed by Makarov (1993) for the genus Carabus Linnaeus, 1758, but with the addition of a series of four to six supranumerary spines on the ventral side of the tarsus. Moreover, along the dorsal profile of each segment there are many extremely thin setae, forming a tender down. Table 1 shows the ratios of one left metathoracic leg, as an example, in different instars.	en	Busato, Enrico (2012): semigranosus Palliardi, 1825, with a key to the larvae of the European Cychrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 3361: 1-17
03CB9722FFB73C74FF6B66E4E8C3FE28.taxon	description	Head subquadrate; chaetotaxy of the cephalic region as shown in Fig. 17. The frontoclypeolabrum is nearly as wide as long: l / w ratio: 1.06 – 1.08. The frontoclypeolabrum has very prominent lateral lobes outside and forwards that are markedly distinct from the median lobe; in the lateral view it is flattened in the proximal area, and markedly thickened in the distal area. Approximately along the middle of its length it forms a convexity that gently slopes down distally and laterally, finally forming two distinct slanted folds in the insertion areas of the lateral lobes, at the sides of the median lobe. The latter, in the lateral view, is prominent and almost of the same thickness as the median convexity. Eye area not very prominent and has six stemmata and three setae (PA 7, PA 9, PA 13). The frontoclypeolabrum margins and the chaetotaxy are similar to those of C. schmidti. In the first instar larvae, the ruptor ovi is formed by a single pointed spinula on the two sides that are anteriorly oriented (Fig. 17). Antennae (Figs. 17, 18) very pubescent, almost twice as long as the mandibles (a / M ratio: 1.95 – 2.02). The shape, ratios and chaetotaxy are all as for C. schmidti. Mandibles (Fig. 19) falciform, narrow and elongated, with the retinacle sharpened and curved, with small pointed teeth in the internal margin, at the base of which there is a tuft of setae (penicillium). The internal margin of the mandibles has several small pointed teeth, arranged in the distal third of the mandible. Only one seta (MN 1) is present on the external margin. Maxillae (Figs. 20, 21) longer than the mandibles, m / M ratio = 1.34 – 1.46. The stipe is nearly twice as long as wide, is not apically dilated, and has several setae on the internal edge of the dorsal side (gMX). The articles of the maxillary palps have the same shape and ratios as found in C. schmidti, while the chaetotaxy is different, in particular in the first two articles of the maxillary palps, due to a group of supernumerary setae. Labium (Figs. 22, 23) with two pairs of ventral setae (LA 1, LA 2), with several dorsal setae (LA 3, LA 4, LA 5, gLA 3). The ligula has a pair of long setae (LA 6). The first article of the labial palps is subcylindrical, slightly or not enlarged distally, shorter than half the second, and dorsally provided with 5 – 6 setae on the distal third (gLA b); the second article is subcylindrical, ovoid, flattened and truncated apically. Thorax (Fig. 24) completely glabrous. The pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum are subtrapezoidal. The width of the segments increases progressively from the pronotum to metanotum. The pronotum is slightly longer than the other two thoracic segments. Urotergites (Fig. 25) completely glabrous, with a shape and ratio similar to C. schmidti. The abdominal sclerites (number and location) are similar to the ones described for the previous species. Urite IX (Fig. 26) with prominentand glabrous latero-posterior lobes with rounded tips. Urogomphi short, conical, straight and almost parallel, lacking a lateral spine and bearing just two to three short setae each apically (UR 7, UR 8, UR 9). Seta UR 5 is absent. Legs (Fig. 27) long, decisively more hirsute than in C. schmidti, with the addition of several indefinite setae compared with the model proposed by Makarov (1993) for the genus Carabus. Moreover, there are many very thin setae along the dorsal profile of each segment, forming a tender down. One left metathoracic leg of a first instar larva was taken as an example and showed the following ratios: (C: coxa, T: trochanter, F: femur, t: tibia, ta: tarsus): T / C = 0.55; F / C = 0.70; t / C = 0.41; ta / C = 0.68.	en	Busato, Enrico (2012): semigranosus Palliardi, 1825, with a key to the larvae of the European Cychrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 3361: 1-17
03CB9722FFBD3C71FF6B65F2EED9F802.taxon	description	C. cylindricollis Pini, 1871 Cychrus angustatus is a species with an undoubted and close affinity to C. cylindricollis, but it is much more widely spread and its morphological characteristics are much less specialized. The affinity between these two species is so high that in the past Arnold (1939) assigned the taxon diversithorax Pic, 1916, of Tirol, to C. cylindricollis, which, according to the original description, is actually a simple local form of C. angustatus, without a subspecies value. The area of the distribution of C. angustatus overlaps with that of C. cylindricollis, but a syntopic occurrence of these two species was never verified.	en	Busato, Enrico (2012): semigranosus Palliardi, 1825, with a key to the larvae of the European Cychrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 3361: 1-17
03CB9722FFBD3C71FF6B60CAEF7EFAF8.taxon	description	C. semigranosus Palliardi, 1825	en	Busato, Enrico (2012): semigranosus Palliardi, 1825, with a key to the larvae of the European Cychrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 3361: 1-17
03CB9722FFBD3C71FF6B6101E8FFFC58.taxon	description	C. italicus Bonelli, 1810 In this group, compared with C. italicus, C. caraboides is much more morphologically primitive and very variable, with a greater distribution and four well-defined subspecies: caraboides caraboides, caraboides costae Emery, 1872, caraboides laticollis Jeanne, 1972 and caraboides zariquieyi Born, 1924. In the following key, the morphological characters of the larva of ssp. caraboides are considered valid for the whole species.	en	Busato, Enrico (2012): semigranosus Palliardi, 1825, with a key to the larvae of the European Cychrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 3361: 1-17
03CB9722FFBD3C71FF6B6629E992F980.taxon	description	C. angulicollis Sella, 1874 C. grajus K. Daniel and J. Daniel, 1898 C. cordicollis Chaudoir, 1835 forms a homogeneous group of high-mountain elements endemic to the Western Alps with C. angulicollis Sella, 1874, and C. grajus K. Daniel and J. Daniel, 1898. They each have a very similar structure of the aedeagus. The greatest affinities appear between C. cordicollis and its southern vicariant, C. grajus.	en	Busato, Enrico (2012): semigranosus Palliardi, 1825, with a key to the larvae of the European Cychrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 3361: 1-17
03CB9722FFBD3C71FF6B6239EE36FD90.taxon	description	C. spinicollis L. Dufour, 1857 C. dufouri Chaudoir, 1869 Within the genus Cychrus, the spinicollis species group, including two Iberian-Pyrenean species, seems to be markedly isolated and homogeneous.	en	Busato, Enrico (2012): semigranosus Palliardi, 1825, with a key to the larvae of the European Cychrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 3361: 1-17
03CB9722FFBC3C70FF6B63EBEE22FE1A.taxon	description	C. hampei Gestro, 1874 C. rugicollis K. Daniel and J. Daniel, 1898 This homogeneous and well-defined group is probably related to the angustatus group. The larval affinities discussed in the present work, including the very close relationship between C. schmidti and C. cylindricollis, confirm this theory. Indeed C. hampei and the enigmatic C. rugicollis from Bosnia can be considered the Dinaric-Balkan vicariant species of C. schmidti.	en	Busato, Enrico (2012): semigranosus Palliardi, 1825, with a key to the larvae of the European Cychrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 3361: 1-17
