identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CB8810FFB9841B738706002E0BCF89.text	03CB8810FFB9841B738706002E0BCF89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grammapsychops Martynova 1954	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Grammapsychops Martynova, 1954</p>
            <p> Grammapsychops Martynova, 1954: 1167, 1169 [  Psychopsididae (sic)]; Carpenter 1992: 351 [  Psychopsidae ]; Oswald 1993b: 48 [  Psychopsidae ]; Andersen 2001: 435 [  Psychopsidae s.l.: Group IV]; Makarkin &amp; Archibald 2003: 177 [  Psychopsidae ?]; Jepson et al. 2009: 1330 [  Osmylopsychopidae ]; Peng et al. 2011: 218, 221, 225 [  Psychopsidae ]; Makarkin et al. 2012: 59 [  Psychopsidae ]; Makarkin &amp; Khramov 2015: 411 [  Osmylopsychopidae ?]; Peng et al. 2016: 262 [  Osmylopsychopidae ?]. </p>
            <p> Grammopsychops [sic, misspelled]: Martynova 1962: 278 [  Psychopidae (sic)]; Martins-Neto 1997: 70, 71 [  Psychopsidae ]; Martins-Neto &amp; Rodrigues 2010: 6 [  Psychopsidae ]. </p>
            <p> Type species.  Grammapsychops lebedevi Martynova, 1954 , by original designation. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. In hind wing, costal space extremely broad, with numerous crossveins arranged mainly in several gradate series; ScP and RA connected distally by relatively long crossvein; R then basal part of RP very stout; posterior trace of RA with three long distal anteriorly-directed branches; RA space very narrow; branches of RP deeply dichotomously branched; RP1–RP6 stout proximally; RP1 shallowly forked; M forked basally, only slightly distad origin of RP1; CuA strongly pectinately branched, with very oblique branches; CuP with three long, very oblique branches; many crossveins in radial to cubital spaces arranged mainly in irregular gradate series.</p>
            <p>Species included. Type species only.</p>
            <p> Comments. The venation of the hind wing of  Grammapsychops is most similar to those of two Cretaceous genera, i.e.,  Pulchroptilonia Martins-Neto, 1997 and  Embaneura Zalessky, 1953 . Zalessky (1953) interpreted the only known wing of  E. vachrameevi as a forewing, but judging from its venation this is most probably a hind wing. Unfortunately, this cannot be verified due to the current depository of the holotype of  E. vachrameevi Zalessky, 1953 being unknown.  Grammapsychops easily differs from these genera by the presence of numerous crossveins in the costal space of the hind wing (no crossveins are present in  Pulchroptilonia and  Embaneura ). </p>
            <p> The hind wing of  Grammapsychops is also similar to that of  Alloepipsychopsis Makarkin et al., 2012 from the Early Cretaceous (late Barremian) Yixian Formation, but the latter has its RP1 deeply forked. </p>
            <p> The hind wing venation of other genera of  Psychopsidae (and  Osmylopsychopidae ) is dissimilar to that of  Grammapsychops . Unfortunately, however, the hind wings are not known in all fossil genera of these families. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB8810FFB9841B738706002E0BCF89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2018): Re-description of Grammapsychops lebedevi Martynova, 1954 (Neuroptera: Psychopsidae) with notes on the Late Cretaceous psychopsoids. Zootaxa 4524 (5): 581-594, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.5.5
03CB8810FFBA841E73870285295FCB78.text	03CB8810FFBA841E73870285295FCB78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grammapsychops lebedevi Martynova 1954	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Grammapsychops lebedevi Martynova, 1954</p>
            <p>Figs 1–3</p>
            <p> Grammapsychops lebedevi Martynova 1954: 1167 –1169, Fig. 1; Rohdendorf 1957: 40, 88, Fig. 18 [  Psychopidae (sic)]; Carpenter 1992: 351, Fig. 195,1; Engel &amp; Grimaldi 2008: 13 (Tab. 6) [  Psychopsidae s. str.]; Peng et al. 2011: 120 (Tabl. 1). </p>
            <p> Grammopsychops  [sic] lebedevi: Martynova 1962 : Fig. 864; Kolosnitsyna 1964: 149 [Psychopsydidae (sic)]; Zherikhin 1978: 80 [  Psychopsidae ]. </p>
            <p> Re-description of the  holotype . Hind wing ca. 41 mm long; maximum width (measured perpendicular to RA) 18.5 mm as preserved. Distal nygma absent; basal nygma not detected. Costal space strongly dilated along entire preserved length, slightly narrowed towards apex. Subcostal veinlets closely spaces, nearly all once to twice forked, becoming more oblique towards apex. Costal crossveins numerous, mainly arranged in gradate series orientated obliquely to anterior wing margin. Subcostal space narrow along entire length (its width in Fig. 3 is seen slightly narrower than in the reality as RA is convex and the space is at the angle); crossveins not preserved. ScP apically not fused with RA, entering margin well before wing apex. R broad; RA strongly convex, entering margin just before wing apex, with three long veinlets. RA (between RA and RP) space very narrow, slightly broadened distad; few distal crossveins detected. RP originates close to wing base, with 13 pectinate branches; broad proximally (up to origin of RP6). RP1 – RP6 broad proximally; RP1 – RP4 probably shallowly branched (their distal parts not preserved); RP5 – RP11 deeply dichotomously branched; RP12, RP13 dichotomously branched, but more distally. Proximal branches of RP basally with setal sockets arranged mainly in two rows (Fig. 2B); distal parts of RP branches appear thin as located in deep depressions, and setal sockets not detected. M forked slightly distad origin of RP1. MA, MP parallel, not branched for preserved proximal half (not preserved distally). Cu divided into CuA and CuP close to base of wing. CuA strongly concave, pectinately branched with nine preserved, very oblique branches (two of these deeply forked), their terminal parts not preserved. CuP with two anteriorly directed, parallel branches; their terminal parts not preserved. Anterior trace of AA1 fragmentarily preserved, close and parallel to posterior trace of CuP. Crossveins in radial to cubital spaces numerous, arranged mainly in many gradate series; distinct outer gradate series not detected; basal crossveins between R/RP and M/MA irregularly spaced. Distinct long convex fold between each vein and veinlet in their distal parts. Trichosors along costal and apical margins indistinct. Wing pattern not preserved, there are only small patches of dark pigmentation. </p>
            <p> Holotype. Specimen PIN 846 /1-2 (part only), collected by Ivan V. Lebedev in 1951. An incomplete hind wing.</p>
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                 Type locality and horizon.   Russia: Krasnoyarsk Region: District of Pirovskoe: right bank of the  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.230034/lat 57.97137)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.230034&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.97137">Kem’ River</a>
                 (left tributary of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.230034/lat 57.97137)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.230034&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.97137">Yenisey River</a>
                 ), ca. 5 km upstream from the mouth of the  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.230034/lat 57.97137)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.230034&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.97137">Belaya River</a>
                 [57.971372°N 92.230036°E]; exposure 0 92, horizon 3. Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian (Simonovo Formation)  . 
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            <p>Remarks. Martynova (1954) interpreted this wing as the left forewing, and she believed that its posterior margin is preserved (actually, it is not preserved, possibly inwardly folded). Based on this assumption, she designated veins accordingly and incorrectly, i.e., her M is actually five proximal branches of RP; Cu (CuA and CuP) is M (MA and MP); A1 is Cu (CuA and CuP); and A2 is AA1. The venation of the holotype shows that this is a hind wing because its CuA is clearly concave. Also, M is forked very proximally and the anterior trace of AA1 is proximally parallel to the posterior trace of CuP, which are more characteristic of the hind wing than of the forewing.</p>
            <p>Martynova believed that the margins of the broad basal part of the vein R, then RP, are two parallel thin veins, i.e., R, then RP, and M in her interpretation (see Martynova 1954: Fig. 1). So, she considered ‘M’ running to the wing base as a separate vein and deeply forked into five branches (my RP1 to RP5). However, it is clearly visible that the basal parts of R and RP are broad and no break of RP between the origins of RP1 and RP6 exists (Fig. 2B).</p>
            <p> The costal space of this wing is very broad assuming that it might be a forewing. However, the costal space of the hind wing of  Cretapsychops decipiens Peng et al., 2010 is similarly configured to that of  Grammapsychops lebedevi : it is very broad, wider than that of the forewing, and proximally more dilated than distally (see Peng et al. 2010: Fig. 3). Also, the costal spaces of the hind wing of  Pulchroptilonia espatifata are configured rather similarly (see Martins-Neto 1997: Figs 8A, B). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB8810FFBA841E73870285295FCB78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2018): Re-description of Grammapsychops lebedevi Martynova, 1954 (Neuroptera: Psychopsidae) with notes on the Late Cretaceous psychopsoids. Zootaxa 4524 (5): 581-594, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.5.5
