identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CA87F9A25EFFA0FEE4F941C18EFE23.text	03CA87F9A25EFFA0FEE4F941C18EFE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Karos sensu Goodnight & Goodnight 1953	<div><p>KAROS GENUS- GROUP</p> <p>Diagnosis: Small- to medium-sized stygnopsids, scutum length 1.8 to 4.7. Presence of lateral clear areas at level of mesotergal area I; generally these areas are projected in rounded, triangular or filiform tubercles (Figs 54A, 61A–G). In some cases the clear areas are present on the apex of mesotergal area V and corners of free tergites (Figs 48B, 54D, 62A, B). Ocularium displaced from the frontal margin except in Mictlana inops. Males with cheliceral dentition homogeneous, without remarkable teeth, all of the same size, except for Mictlana inops, which has the basal-most tooth on movable finger bigger than the others. Without sexual dimorphism in cheliceral size, males and females with the same size of cheliceral hand, chelicera relatively small with respect to body size (scutum/cheliceral hand ratio of 4.0 or more). Pedipalp femur with one mesoapical setiferous tubercle (Figs 54C, 64A, B). Armature of the pedipalps not sexually dimorphic, socket and apical setae contiguous. Ornamentation of legs scattered, not forming longitudinal rows (Fig. 63H– K). Femur IV not longer than the scutum length, except in the highly troglomorphic Mictlana inops. Ventral plate slender, contiguous with the pars distalis in lateral view. Penis with lateral setae forming two longitudinal rows, one on each side. Base of follis completely exposed, width of the follis equal or similar to the total width of pars distalis (Figs 5, 26, 28, 31, 37, 42, 47, 55).</p> <p>Included genera: Karos Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1944, Monterella Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1944 stat. rev., Montabunus Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1945 stat. rev., Chapulobunus Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1946 stat. rev., Potosa Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1947 stat. rev., Crettaros gen. nov., Huasteca gen. nov., and Mictlana gen. nov.</p> <p>KAROS GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1944</p> <p>Karos Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1944: 3; 1953: 20; 1971: 33; 1973: 83; Šilhavý, 1974: 185; Rambla &amp; Juberthie, 1994: 218; Kury &amp; Cokendolpher, 2000: 155; Kury, 2003: 238.</p> <p>Distribution: Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas to northern Hidalgo and Querétaro.</p> <p>Type species: Karos barbarikos Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1944, by original designation.</p> <p>Included species: Karos barbarikos, Karos parvus, Karos projectus, Karos hexasetosus sp. nov. Karos monjarazi sp. nov., Karos singularis sp. nov., and Karos tersum sp. nov.</p> <p>Revised diagnosis: Scutum Ming vase-shaped in males, subrectangular in females (Figs 3B, 6B). Ocularium in the middle of prosoma (Fig. 3C), low, triangular in lateral view, with one spiniform tubercle on each eye (Figs 4C, 19C). Dorsal tubercles spiniform, present only in a medial row on all mesotergal areas, increasing in size posteriorly (Fig. 62C). Males with legs II and IV longer than females (Figs 3A, 12A). Coxa IV in males constraining the middle portion of stigmatic area (Fig. 4B). Male genitalia: pars distalis width uniform (Fig. 5B). Apical margin convex, with five pairs of lateral setae, about the same length as follis, two or three pairs of parastylar setae flanking the follis base (Fig. 8A), two pairs of ventral microsetae in the middle of ventral plate (Figs 5B, 60D–F); follis noticeably longer than wide.</p> <p>KAROS BARBARIKOS GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1944</p> <p>(FIGS 3–5, 59, 60D, 63E, 64B, D, J)</p> <p>Karos barbarikos Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1944: 3, figs 13–15 (description female); Kury &amp; Cokendolpher, 2000: 155; Kury, 2003: 238.</p> <p>Type locality: MEXICO: Hidalgo: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.90361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.15555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.90361/lat 21.15555)">Chapulhuacán</a> (21°09′19.98″N, 98°54′12.99″W).</p> <p>Material examined: MEXICO: Hidalgo: 3 ♂, 7 ♀ [CNAN (6.xi.2010; O. Francke, A. Valdez, E. Miranda and J. Cruz)], (21°09′48.34″N, 98°56′33.86″W). Municipio Chapulhuacán, 1.5 km of intersection to Pisaflores. 1 ♂, 2 ♀ [CNAN (24.iii.2011; O. Francke, J. Cruz, G. Contreras, D. Barrales and R. Monjaraz)]. Same as previous locality. San Luís Potosí: 2 ♀ [AMNH (19.iv.1963; W. Gertsch and W. Ivie)], (21°20′28.5″N, 98°52′13.08″W). Municipio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.8703&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.341251" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.8703/lat 21.341251)">Tamazunchale</a>, 12.8 km NE of Tamazunchale.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A25EFFA0FEE4F941C18EFE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A246FFB9FCE2FC32C2A4F999.text	03CA87F9A246FFB9FCE2FC32C2A4F999.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Karos hexasetosus Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>KAROS HEXASETOSUS SP. NOV. (FIGS 12–14, 58)</p> <p>Type material: MEXICO: San Luís Potosí: ♂ holotype, and 1 ♂, 1 ♀ and 1 juvenile paratypes [CNAN- T0726 and CNAN-T0727 (13.ii.2011; O. Francke, A. Valdez, C. Santibáñez, J. Cruz and G. Contreras)], (21°37′48″N, 99°03′38.73″W). Municipio Aquismón, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.06076&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.630001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.06076/lat 21.630001)">Afueras de la Cueva de El Sol</a>, Mantetzulel.</p> <p>Etymology: Derived from the Latin hexa (six) and saeta (setae), referring to the presence of six parastylar setae.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Sexual dimorphism in scutum shape unremarkable. Transversal rows of tubercles on mesotergal areas II – IV complete, central tubercles slightly increasing in size distally (Fig. 12B). Spines of the ocularium small. Sexual length of femur ratio II: 1.34 and IV: 1.50 (Fig. 12A). Metatarsus II with seven clear annuli in males, five in females. Femur IV slightly curved in females. Dorsoectal apophyses of coxa IV present, small and similar in size in both sexes. Male genitalia: apical margin slightly convex. Lateral setae basally cylindrical, flattened distally, basal pair shorter than the rest, ventrally displaced. Three pairs of parastylar setae. Spiniform projections exposed, relatively large (Fig. 14).</p> <p>Description: Male holotype: Measurements: scutum length 2.8, maximum scutum width 2.2. Legs. I 1.75/ 0.65/1.15/2.00, II 4.15/1.85/3.45/4.15, III 2.10/0.60/1.70/ 2.20, IV 4.40/1.35/3.85/4.15. Dorsum. Transversal row of tubercles on mesotergal areas complete, increasing in size posteriorly. Median tubercles of area II slightly longer (Fig. 12C). Spines of the ocularium small. Lateral clear areas projected in triangular shape, lateral clear areas on apices from area V and free tergites I– III present, spiniform, inconspicuous in free tergite III. Venter. Covered by small spiniform tubercles, with apical setae present. Coxa IV only with dorsoectal apophyses, long. Pedipalps. Patella with a single mesodistal spiniform tubercle. Legs. All legs similar in thickness and ornamentation, covered by small spiniform tubercles. Femora II and IV noticeably elongated (Figs 12A, 13A). Patella II elongated. Metatarsus II with seven clear annuli, femur III straight. Tarsal count 4(2):9(3):6:6. Male genitalia. Apical margin convex. Lateral setae cylindrical at the base, distally slightly flattened, basal pair displaced to ventral side. Three pairs of parastylar setae flanking follis, basal pair not protruding beyond follis base. Spiniform projections exposed, conspicuous. Lateral margins of ventral plate slightly concave (Fig. 14). Female paratype: Measurements: scutum length 2.2, maximum scutum width 1.7. With the following differences from the male: scutum slightly rectangular, sexual proportion of femora to metatarsi: II 1.34/1.79/1.54/1.54 and IV 1.50/1.70/1.68/ 1.50 (Fig. 12A). Five clear annuli in metatarsus II. Tarsal count 4(2):7–8(3):6:6.</p> <p>Natural history: The specimens were collected under rocks that were strongly adhered to the soil, inhabiting small hollows in the rocks. Initially they showed thanatosis behaviour, then after a short time they ran away.</p> <p>Comparisons: This is the only species of Karos with three pairs of parastylar setae, the highest count of clear annuli on metatarsus II, and proportionally long legs.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A246FFB9FCE2FC32C2A4F999	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A240FFBBFE8FF961C39DFA12.text	03CA87F9A240FFBBFE8FF961C39DFA12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Karos monjarazi Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>KAROS MONJARAZI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 15–17, 58)</p> <p>Type material: MEXICO: San Luís Potosí: ♂ holotype and 1 ♀ paratype [CNAN-T0721 and CNAN-T0722 (3.iv.2011; F. Álvarez, D. Candia and R. Monjaraz)], (21°23′30.87″N, 99°0′0.9″W). Municipio Xilitla, Jardín surrealista de Edward James.</p> <p>Etymology: The specific name is a patronym dedicat- ed to Rodrigo Monjaraz-Ruedas, colleague and friend, collector of the types.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Sexual dimorphism in scutum shape remarkable (Fig. 15B). Mesotergal areas only with central tubercles present. Central tubercle of areas II and III slightly larger (Fig. 15C). Spines of the ocularium long, very close to each other, fused at their bases (Fig. 16C). Sexual length of femur ratio II: 1.46 and IV: 1.49. Tibia IV slightly swollen in the middle, curved, ventral ornamentation slightly developed (Fig. 16A). Dorsoectal apophyses of coxa IV present, small and not sexually dimorphic. Male genitalia: apical margin slightly convex. Lateral setae cylindrical at the base, flattened distally, basal pair shorter. Ventral microsetae between the distal pair of lateral setae. Two pairs of parastylar setae, basal pair slightly displaced from follis base. Spiniform projections exposed (Fig. 17).</p> <p>Description: Male holotype: Measurements: scutum length 2.3, maximum scutum width 2.0. Legs. I 1.27/ 0.50/0.85/1.27, II 2.12/0.82/1.90/2.30, III 1.45/0.60/1.25/ 1.47, IV 2.25/0.80/2.10/2.32. Dorsum. Tubercles of dorsal rows present only on areas II–IV, slightly increasing in size backwards, second and third rows with few tubercles, central tubercles slightly larger. Spines of the ocularium larger than ocularium, fused at the bases, and very close to each other (Fig. 16C). Lateral clear areas on scutum projected in triangular shape, lateral clear areas of area V apices and free tergites I and II present, spiniform. Venter. Densely covered with small spiniform tubercles. Coxa IV only with small dorsoectal apophyses. Pedipalps. Patella with two mesodistal spiniform tubercles. Legs. Legs I and II thinner and less ornate than legs III and IV. Legs III and IV covered with numerous spiniform tubercles. Femur III curved. Trochanter III globular, a little bigger than the others. Ventral armature of femur IV noticeably larger, with five to six spiniform tubercles, three basal ones closer between them. Tibia IV curved and swollen in the middle, with two ventral irregular rows of spiniform tubercles (Fig. 16A). Tarsal count 4(2):7(3):6:6. Male genitalia. Apical margin slightly convex. Lateral setae cylindrical, flattened distally, basal pair shorter than the rest and level to the other setae. Two pairs of parastylar setae, basal pair at level of follis base. Spiniform pro- jections exposed, increasing in size apically. Lateral margins of ventral plate slightly concave (Fig. 17). Female paratype: Measurements: scutum length 2.0, maximum scutum width 1.6. Similar to male, with the following differences: scutum slightly subrectangular, sexual proportion of femora to metatarsi: II 1.46/1.49/ 1.80/1.76 and IV 1.55/1.60/1.75/1.49 (Figs 15A, 16A), reduced ventral ornamentation, tibia IV straight and without ventral armature, dorsoectal apophyses of coxa IV reduced, femur IV curved. Tarsal count 4(2):6(3):5– 6:6.</p> <p>Comparisons: Karos monjarazi sp. nov. and Karos singularis sp. nov. are the only known species with tibia IV in males curved, and with the spines of the ocularium long, close between them and fused at the base. Karos monjarazi sp. nov. differs from Karos singularis sp. nov.</p> <p>in the scutum shape and the absence of dorsal spiniform apophysis on trochanter II.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A240FFBBFE8FF961C39DFA12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A242FFB5FE88F9E7C7DEFF36.text	03CA87F9A242FFB5FE88F9E7C7DEFF36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Karos singularis Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>KAROS SINGULARIS SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 18–20, 59, 65F, 61B, H, 62C, 64C)</p> <p>Type material: MEXICO: Querétaro: ♂ holotype [CNAN- T0723 (6.v.2011; O. Francke, A. Valdez, C. Santibáñez, J. Cruz, G. Contreras and R. Monjaraz)], (21°11′57.19″N, 99°13′06.78″W) Municipio Landa de Matamoros, Km 7.5 of the road to La Lagunita – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.21855&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.199219" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.21855/lat 21.199219)">Tilaco</a>. Hidalgo: 1 ♂ paratype [CNAN-T0724 (6.xi.2010; O. Francke, A. Valdez, E. Miranda and J. Cruz)], (21°09′48.34″N, 98°56′33.86″W). Municipio Chapulhuacán, 1.5 km of insertion to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.94274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.163427" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.94274/lat 21.163427)">Pisaflores</a>. 1 ♀ paratype [AMNH (28.vii.1966; J. and W. Ivie)], (20°33′N, 99°07′12″W). Municipio Zimapán, 8 km N from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.12&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.12/lat 20.55)">Encarnación</a>. San Luís Potosí: 1 ♀ paratype [AMNH (25.vii.1966; no collector)], (21°14′40.52″N, 98°46′21.28″W). Municipio Tamazunchale, 1.6 km SW from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.77258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.244589" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.77258/lat 21.244589)">Tamazunchale</a>.</p> <p>Etymology: From the Latin singularis (unique), in reference to the unique shape of the scutum.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Sexual dimorphism in the shape of scutum remarkable, males with scutum broadly rounded, females subrectangular (Fig. 18B). Ornamentation only present on midsection of mesotergal areas III and IV. Spines of the ocularium long, fused at their bases, par- allel, and close to each other (Fig. 19C). Sexual length of femur ratio II: 1.38 and IV: 1.37. Dorsoectal apophyses of coxa IV present, sexually dimorphic. Trochanter II with dorsal apophysis in males (Fig. 61H). Tibia IV in males curved and slightly swollen in the middle, with conspicuous ventral armature (Fig. 19A). Male genitalia: apical margin slightly convex, dentate. Lateral setae cylindrical basally, flattened distally, basal pair shorter than the rest and ventrally displaced. Parastylar setae lateral to follis, basal pair slightly displaced towards follis base. Spiniform projections exposed, noticeably larger than in the other species (Fig. 20).</p> <p>Description: Male holotype: Measurements: scutum length 3.0, maximum scutum wide 2.9. Legs. I 1.35/ 0.50/1.07/1.40, II 2.50/0.85/2.07/2.05, III: 1.65/0.60/ 1.45/1.75, IV: 2.75/0.85/2.50/2.77. Dorsum. Scutum Ming vase-shaped, but noticeably broad in the middle (Fig. 18B). Tubercles of the transversal rows present only in mesotergal areas II–IV, increasing in size posteriorly, area II with few central tubercles; tubercles of area III small. Spines of the ocularium long, fused at the bases, parallel and close to each other (Fig. 19C). Lateral clear areas on sides of scutum projected with triangular shape, blunt apically. Lateral clear areas of area V apices and free tergites I and II present, blunt in area V, spiniform in free tergites. Venter. Densely covered by spiniform tubercles, these are larger on coxa IV. Coxa IV only with dorsoectal apophysis, increasing in size distally. Pedipalps. Patella with two mesodistal tubercles. Legs. Legs I and II thinner and less ornate than posterior legs. Femur III curved. Trochanter III globular. Trochanter II with dorsal apophysis (Fig. 61H). Ventral armature of femur IV formed by scattered spiniform tubercles. Distal portion of femur IV with noticeable spiniform tubercles. Tibia IV mesally curved, swollen, and with ventral armature (Fig. 19A). Tarsal count 4(2):6–7(3):6:6. Male genitalia. Apical margin slightly convex, dentate. Lateral setae with bases cylindrical, flattened apically. Basal pair small and displaced ventrally. Ventral microsetae level with distal pair of lateral setae. Two pairs of parastylar setae lateral to follis, basal pair slightly displaced towards base of follis. Spiniform projections exposed. Lateral margins of ventral plate concave (Fig. 20). Female paratype: Measurements: scutum length 2.7, maximum scutum width 2.2. Similar to male, with the following differences: scutum subrectangular, very different in shape from male; sexual proportion of femora to metatarsi: II 1.38/1.41/1.59/1.32 and IV 1.37/1.29/1.47/ 1.27 (Figs 18A, 19A). Femur IV thinner, ventral tubercles of leg IV smaller, tibia IV not curved, dorsoectal apophyses of coxa IV reduced. Tarsal count 4(2):6(3): 6:5/6.</p> <p>Comparisons: Karos singularis sp. nov. is unique among the genus in having noticeable sexual dimorphism in scutum shape, and it is the only species of Karos with dorsal apophysis on trochanter II in males (Fig. 61H).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A242FFB5FE88F9E7C7DEFF36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A24CFFB7FC65FECBC061FBA0.text	03CA87F9A24CFFB7FC65FECBC061FBA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Karos tersum Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>KAROS TERSUM SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 21–23, 59, 61C, 62A, 63G)</p> <p>Karos parvus: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1971: 35 (in part).</p> <p>Type material: MEXICO: San Luís Potosí: ♂ holotype (CNAN-T0725) and 2 ♀ paratypes (TMM 37.129) (39. vii.1970; D. McKenzie), (lat 22.11639°, lon −99.16917°). Municipio Ciudad Valles, La Cueva de la Llanura, 4.8 km W Micos (previously designated as paratypes of Karos parvus by Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1971).</p> <p>Material examined: MEXICO: San Luís Potosí: 1 ♀ [CNAN (13.ii.2011; O. Francke, A. Valdez, C. Santibáñez, J. Cruz and G. Contreras)], (21°37′48″N, 99°03′ 38.73″W). Municipio Aquismón, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.06076&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.630001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.06076/lat 21.630001)">Cueva de El Sol</a>, Mantetzulel.</p> <p>Etymology: From the Latin tersum (smooth), referring to the reduction in dorsal ornamentation of the scutum.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Troglomorphic species. Sexual dimorphism of scutum unremarkable (Fig. 21B). Tubercles of transversal rows III and IV very small, mesotergal area II with only a few central tubercles (Figs 21C, 63G). Spines of the ocularium small, close to each other but not fused at their bases (Fig. 22C). Sexual length of femur ratio II: 1.42 and IV: 1.47. Metatarsus II with three clear annuli in males, two in females. Dorsoectal apophyses of coxa IV present, increasing in size distally, similar in both sexes. Male genitalia: apical margin convex. Lateral setae with cylindrical bases, flattened distally. Two pairs of parastylar setae, lateral to follis, basal pair slightly separated from follis base. Spiniform projections barely visible (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Description: Male holotype: Measurements: scutum length 3.3, maximum scutum width 2.7. Legs. I 2.00/ 0.75/1.55/2.10/, II 3.55/1.35/3.20/3.50, III 2.45/0.80/ 2.00/2.55, IV 3.90/1.25/3.45/3.80. Dorsum. Eyes slightly pigmented (Fig. 21B). Dorsum almost smooth, area II with only a few, small central tubercles, complete rows only on areas III and IV, tubercles small, except the central, which is spiniform (Fig. 63G). Spines of ocularium short, close to each other (Fig. 22C). Lateral clear areas on scutum triangular-shaped, clear areas on mesotergal area V apices and free tergites I and II, small, spiniform. Venter. Densely covered with spiniform tubercles. Row of tubercles on coxa I longer than those of the other coxae. Coxa IV most densely covered by tubercles. Dorsoectal apophyses of coxa increasing in size distally. Pedipalps. Patella with two mesodistal tubercles. Legs. Ornamentation similar on all legs, covered by small spiniform tubercles (Fig. 22A). Posterior legs slightly thicker than anterior ones. Metatarsus II with three inconspicuous clear annuli. Femur III curved. Tarsal count 4(2):8(3):6:6. Male genitalia. Apical margin convex. Lateral setae basally cylindrical, distally flattened, basal pair small and ventrally displaced. Parastylar setae lateral to follis. Spiniform projections not exposed, but visible (Fig. 23). Female paratype: Measurements: scutum length 3.2, maximum scutum width 2.5. Similar to male, with the following differences: mid-bulge shorter, giving scutum appearance of being slightly rectangular, sexual proportion of femora to metatarsi: II 1.42/1.42/1.56/1.52 and IV 1.47/1.78/1.56/1.40 (Figs 21A, 22A). Metatarsus II with two inconspicuous clear annuli. Tarsal count 4(2):7(3):5– 6:6.</p> <p>Natural history: The female collected in ‘Cueva de El Sol, Mantetzulel’ did not exhibit thanatosis behaviour, unlike other stygnopsids (Cruz-López &amp; Francke, 2013a, b).</p> <p>Taxonomic accounts: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight (1971) designated some specimens as paratypes of Karos parvus from localities other than the type locality, which proved to be incorrect. Karos tersum sp. nov. is one of these incorrectly ‘paratyped’ samples, and it is clearly different from Karos parvus. The new species is troglomorphic and quite pale in colour, has an almost smooth dorsum, and has the spines of the ocularium close to each other at the bases.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A24CFFB7FC65FECBC061FBA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A24EFFB1FF73FB57C3AFFAE6.text	03CA87F9A24EFFB1FF73FB57C3AFFAE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monterella Goodnight & Goodnight 1944	<div><p>MONTERELLA GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1944</p> <p>STAT. REV.</p> <p>Monterella Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1944: 5.</p> <p>Karos: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1953: 20 (in part. generic synonymy transfer by implication).</p> <p>Distribution: Central part of the state of Nuevo León, Mexico.</p> <p>Type species: Monterella tuberculata Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1944, by original designation.</p> <p>Included species: Monotypic.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Scutum subrectangular (Fig. 24B). Ocularium in the middle of prosoma, very low, unarmed (Figs 24C, 25C). Femur IV in males slightly thicker than in females (Fig. 25A). Stigmatic area longer in males (Fig. 25B). Male genitalia: pars distalis not swollen in the middle portion, apical margin with a median notch. With more than ten pairs of lateral setae, small, more than seven pairs of ventral microsetae along lateral margins of pars distalis. Two pairs of parastylar setae. Follis barely longer than wide. Spiniform projections small, not clearly visible (Fig. 26).</p> <p>Comparisons: The male genitalia are and quite different from those of the Karos genus-group. The pars distalis is the most ornate, with high number of lateral and ventral microsetae. Also, the general morphological aspect in addition to the male genitalia make it easily recognizable.</p> <p>MONTERELLA TUBERCULATA GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1944 COMB. REST.</p> <p>(FIGS 24–26, 57, 61F)</p> <p>Monterella tuberculata Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1944: 5, figs 1–3 (description of male).</p> <p>CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF KAROS 855</p> <p>Karos tuberculatus: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1953: 20 (by implication); Kury &amp; Cokendolpher, 2000: 155; Kury, 2003: 239.</p> <p>Type locality: MEXICO: Nuevo León: Municipio Garza García, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-100.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -100.3/lat 25.55)">Chipinque</a> (25°33′N, 100°18′W).</p> <p>Material examined: MEXICO: Nuevo León: 1 ♂ [TMM (26.v.1980; W. Elliot)] (25°15′45″N, 100°09′38.98″W). Municipio Santiago, Cave without name, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-100.16083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.2625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -100.16083/lat 25.2625)">Potrero Redondo</a>. 2 ♀ [TMM (17.ii.1973; R. Mitchell and S. Wiley)] (25°26′48.98″N, 100°05′56.97″W). Municipio Santiago, Cueva de La Boca, 6 km SE from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-100.09916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.446938" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -100.09916/lat 25.446938)">Villa Santiago</a>. 2 ♀ and 4 juveniles [TMM (2.vii.2000; P. Sprouse)] (25°33′N, 100°18′W). Municipio Garza García, Cueva de San Francisco de Asis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-100.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -100.3/lat 25.55)">Chipinque</a>. 1 ♂ [TTU (??. ix.1971; D. Honca)] (25°15′45″N, 100°09′38.98″W). Municipio Santiago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-100.16083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.2625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -100.16083/lat 25.2625)">Redondo Pit Cave</a>, 40 km S of Monterrey.</p> <p>Other material: MEXICO: Nuevo León: ♂ holotype [AMNH (15.vii.1942; D. Peláez, C. Bolívar, F. Bonet and B. Osorio)], Chipinque, Monterrey, not examined.</p> <p>Diagnosis: See generic diagnosis.</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Measurements: scutum length 4.0, maximum scutum width 3.4. Legs. I 2.45/0.45/1.75/ 2.30, II 3.80/1.35/2.70/3.10, III 3.25/1.10/2.35/3.20, IV 4.05/1.50/3.30/4.10. Dorsum. Scutum subrectangular, prosoma slightly narrower than opisthosoma (Fig. 24B). Dorsum covered densely by rounded tubercles, without armature on all mesotergal areas (Fig. 24A, B). Ocularium in the middle of prosoma, low (Figs 24C, 25C). Anterior portion of prosoma slightly elevated. Lateral clear areas projected in teardrop-shape (Fig. 61F), lateral clear areas of apices of area V displaced from vertices, small. Clear areas present on free tergites I and II, small, teardrop-shaped. Venter. Covered by rounded tubercles, similar in size. Stigmatic area elongated, with the lateral margins straight. Coxa IV with small dorsoectal spine. Pedipalps. Patella with three mesal spiniform tubercles. Legs. All legs similar in size, thickness, and ornamentation, covered by rounded tubercles, similar to those on dorsum. Tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi with numerous small setae. Trochanter III globular. Femur IV slightly curved (Fig. 25A). Metatarsus II without clear annuli. Tarsal count 4(2):6(3):6:6. Male genitalia. Pars distalis not differentiated of the pars basalis, ventral plate not dorsoventrally compressed. Apical margin with a median notch. Eleven to 12 pairs of lateral setae, cylindrical, very small. Three pairs of parastylar setae, laterobasal to follis (Fig. 26C). Spiniform projections visible. Nine to ten pairs of ventral microsetae, along lateral margins of pars distalis. Lateral projection of follis inconspicuous (Fig. 26). Female: Measurements: scutum length 4.0, maximum scutum width 3.4. Very similar to male, with the following differences: sternum shorter, legs IV thinner (Fig. 25B), tarsal count 4(2):6(3):6:6.</p> <p>Taxonomic accounts: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight (1944) mentioned that dorsal area IV in the middle portion is divided into two parts. In the material examined, some specimens have no median ornamentation in this area, others have an inconspicuous sulcus, and finally, others have complete ornamentation, but never area IV divided into two parts.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A24EFFB1FF73FB57C3AFFAE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A248FFB3FF7CFA98C170FBF4.text	03CA87F9A248FFB3FF7CFA98C170FBF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Montabunus Goodnight & Goodnight 1945	<div><p>MONTABUNUS GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1945</p> <p>STAT. REV.</p> <p>Montabunus Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1945: 2.</p> <p>Karos: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1953: 20 (in part. generic synonymy transfer by implication).</p> <p>Distribution: Central part of the state of Nuevo León, Mexico.</p> <p>Type species: Montabunus foliorum Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1945, by original designation.</p> <p>Included species: Monotypic.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Scutum quadrangular, with posterior margin rounded and wider than mid-bulge area (Fig. 27B). Ocularium slightly displaced towards anterior margin of prosoma, low, blunt, slightly elevated above the eyes, and unarmed (Fig. 27D, E). Opisthosoma noticeably convex in lateral view (Fig. 27D). Posterior margin of mesotergal area III invading and dividing area IV into two parts (Figs 27B, 61I). Stigmatic area longer in males than females (Fig. 27C). Male genitalia: pars distalis swollen in the middle in dorsal/ventral view. Apical margin reduced, slightly convex. Ten or more pairs of lateral setae in a discontinuous row, small. Six to eight ventral microsetae along lateral margins of pars distalis, basal pairs slightly longer. Three pairs of laterobasal parastylar setae. Follis slightly longer than wide. Spiniform projections visible, small. Lateral projections of follis spiniform, very long, almost as long as follis (Fig. 28).</p> <p>Comparisons: The male genitalia in this genus are similar to those in Chapulobunus, but with the lateral projections of the follis noticeably longer in Montabunus (Fig. 60G). In addition, the basal-most ventral microsetae are longer than the rest, unlike in Chapulobunus where they are the same size. These two genera are easily recognizable externally: Chapulobunus are robust stygnopsids, with the scutum wider, almost rounded, and have remarkable armature on mesotergal areas II and III, instead of unarmed dorsum in Montabunus.</p> <p>MONTABUNUS FOLIORUM GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1945 COMB. REST.</p> <p>(FIGS 27, 28, 58, 60G, 61E, I, 62D)</p> <p>Montabunus foliorum Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1945: 2, figs 4–6 (description of male and female).</p> <p>Karos foliorum: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1953: 20 (by implication); Kury &amp; Cokendolpher, 2000: 155; Kury, 2003: 238.</p> <p>Type locality: MEXICO: Nuevo León: Municipio Garza García, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-100.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -100.3/lat 25.55)">Chipinque</a> (25°33′N, 100°18′W).</p> <p>Material examined: MEXICO: Nuevo León: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ [paratypes CNAN (25.ix.1943; F. Bonet)] (25°33′N, 100°18′W). Municipio Garza García, Chipinque. 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ [paratypes AMNH (25.ix.1943; F. Bonet)]. Same locality. 1 ♀ [AMNH (5.vi.1969; without col.)]. Same locality. 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ [AMNH (24.vi.1969; S. Peck and J. Peck)]. Same locality.</p> <p>Other material: MEXICO: Nuevo León: ♂ holotype [AMNH (15.vii.1942; C. Bolívar, F. Bonet, D. Peláez and B. Osorio)], pine and oak woods, Chipinque, Monterrey, not examined.</p> <p>Diagnosis: See generic diagnosis. Redescription: Male: Measurements: scutum length 2.3, maximum scutum width 1.8. Legs. I 1.10/0.50/0.80/ 0.90, II 1.60/0.60/1.45/1.17, III 1.30/0.47/1.15/1.22, IV 1.65/0.65/1.05/1.65. Dorsum. Scutum quadrangular, width of the prosoma similar to width of mid-bulge in scutum. Opisthosoma noticeably convex in lateral view. Dorsum uniformly and densely covered by small rounded tubercles, without armature. Mesotergal area III with posterior margin invading and dividing area IV into two parts; areas III and IV slightly fused. Ocularium a little displaced from frontal margin of prosoma, small, slightly elevated above the eyes (Fig. 27). Lateral clear areas projected as teardrop shapes, lateral clear areas on apices of area V displaced from the vertices, in free tergites lacking lateral projections. Venter. Densely covered by rounded tubercles, similar to the dorsum. Stigmatic area shaped like an inverted ‘T’, elongated (Fig. 27C). Coxa IV with one small dorsomesal tooth. Pedipalps. Patella with two mesal spiniform tubercles. Legs. Similar in size and ornamentation, covered by numerous rounded tubercles, femur IV slightly curved. Tarsal count 4(2):4(2):6:6. Male genitalia. Pars distalis swollen in the middle, apical margin slightly convex in the middle, short. Twelve to 13 pairs of cylindrical lateral setae, short, forming an irregular row. Three pairs of parastylar setae on the laterobasal sides of follis. Spiniform projections visible, but hidden in the follis. Six to eight pairs of ventral microsetae along lateral margins of pars distalis, basal three to four pairs longer than the rest. Lateral projections of follis spiniform, very long (Fig. 28). Female: Measurements: scutum length 2.3, maximum scutum width 1.8. Very similar to male, with the following differences: stigmatic area shorter in females (Fig. 27C). Tarsal count 4(2):4(2):6:6.</p> <p>Taxonomic accounts: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight deposit- ed some paratypes of Mexican harvestmen in the Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM), under the care of Dr A. Hoffmann, a notable acarologist. These paratypes were originally housed in the Acarology Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Subsequently, the Instituto de Biología, UNAM (IBUNAM) was created, and one of its main objectives is to safeguard different biological collections. Therefore, Dr Hoffmann donated all arachnid types to the Colección Nacional de Ácaros (CNAN) (Hoffmann, 1993). For that reason, the original repository was considered only as UNAM (Kury, 2003). However, the CNAN now safeguards the types donated originally by Goodnight &amp; Goodnight and has a new database of type material codes, which are different to those cited in Kury (2003).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A248FFB3FF7CFA98C170FBF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A24AFFB3FF00FB96C7DEF90D.text	03CA87F9A24AFFB3FF00FB96C7DEF90D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chapulobunus Goodnight & Goodnight 1946	<div><p>CHAPULOBUNUS GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1946</p> <p>STAT. REV.</p> <p>Chapulobunus Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1946: 1.</p> <p>Karos: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1953: 20 (in part. Generic synonymy transfer, by implication).</p> <p>Distribution: Southern Nuevo León to northern Oaxaca, Mexico; along the Sierra Madre Oriental.</p> <p>Type species: Chapulobunus unispinosus Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1946, by original designation.</p> <p>Included species: Chapulobunus unispinosus and Chapulobunus poblano sp. nov.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Scutum globular, mid-bulge noticeably convex and long, scutum length similar to width (Figs 29B, 32B). Ornamentation composed of small rounded tubercles, densely covering all dorsum. Ocularium slight- ly displaced towards anterior margin of prosoma, medium-sized, more than 2.5 times of diameter of eyes (Figs 29C, 32C). Scutum with extra pegs on the midbulge (Fig. 61G). Posterior margin of mesotergal area III projected in the middle, invading and dividing area IV into two portions (Fig. 61J). Area II with blunt spine, low. Area III with big central spine (Figs 30C, 33C). Stigmatic area constrained in the middle by coxa IV. All femora with apicoectal spine (Fig. 63K). Males with femur and tibia IV considerably thicker than females (Figs 30A, 33A). Male genitalia: pars distalis swollen in the middle, apical margin reduced, slightly convex, teardrop-shaped. With more than seven pairs of short, lateral setae. Four to five pairs of ventral microsetae. Two to three pairs of parastylar setae. Follis slightly longer than wide. Lateral projection of follis lobular, pointed distally (Figs 31, 34).</p> <p>Comparisons: See comparisons under Montabunus.</p> <p>CHAPULOBUNUS UNISPINOSUS GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1946 COMB. REST.</p> <p>(FIGS 29–31, 57, 60I, 61J, 64H)</p> <p>Chapulobunus unispinosus Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1946: 1, figs 6–9 (description of female).</p> <p>Karos unispinosus: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1953: 20 (by implication), 1973: 84, fig. 3 (in part) Kury &amp; Cokendolpher, 2000: 155; Kury, 2003: 239.</p> <p>Type locality: MEXICO: Hidalgo: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.90361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.155558" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.90361/lat 21.155558)">Chapulhuacán</a> (21°09′20.01″N, 98°54′12.99″W).</p> <p>Material examined: MEXICO: Hidalgo: 1 ♀ and 1 juvenile paratypes [CNAN (19.v.1944; C. Bolívar)] (21°09′20.01″N, 98°54′12.99″W). Municipio Chapulhuacán, Chapulhuacán. 1 juvenile paratype [CNAN (19.v.1944; Bolívar)]. Same locality. 1 ♀ paratype [AMNH (19.v.1944; F. Bonet)]. Same locality. 2 ♂ [CNAN (18.v.1977; G. Ibarra)] (20°39′51.01″N, 98°41′12.98″W). Municipio Zacualtipán de Ángeles, Cumbre de Alumbres. 5 ♂ and 3 ♀ [CNAN (23.ix.2006; O. Francke, A. Valdez, and H. Montaño)]. (20°40′24.78″N, 98°40′13.51″W). Municipio Tianguistengo. Carretera federal, 2 km from intersection Zacuiltipán-Santiago Tianguistengo, direction to Tianguistengo. 3 ♂ and 2 ♀ [CNAN (6.xi.2010; O. Francke, A. Valdez, C. Santibáñez, E. Miranda, and J. Cruz)] (20°40′29.24″N, 98°40′07.93W).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A24AFFB3FF00FB96C7DEF90D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A274FF8FFC1AFB0EC177F960.text	03CA87F9A274FF8FFC1AFB0EC177F960.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chapulobunus poblano Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>CHAPULOBUNUS POBLANO SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 32–34, 58, 60H, 61G, 63A, J, K, 64K)</p> <p>Type material: MEXICO: Puebla: ♂ holotype, and 1 ♂ and 3 ♀ paratypes [CNAN-T0795 and CNAN- T0796 (1.ix.2009; O. Francke and A. Valdez)] (19°51′56.80″N, 97°33′05.58″W). Municipio Zacapoaxtla, Estación de microondas Tomaquillo.</p> <p>Material examined: MEXICO: Puebla: 1 ♀ [CNAN (30.ix.2006; O. Francke, A. Valdez, and H. Montaño)] (19°48′46.80″N, 97°25′0.37″W). Municipio Atempan, 1 km SE of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.41676&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.813" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.41676/lat 19.813)">Tacopan.</a> Hidalgo: 6 ♂ and 6 ♀ [CNAN (23.ix.2006; O. Francke, A. Valdez, and H. Montaño)], (20°8′30.01″N, 98°10′44.4″W). Municipio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.179&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.14167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.179/lat 20.14167)">Acaxochitlán</a>, 2 km E of Acaxochitlán.</p> <p>Etymology: The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, derived from the Spanish word poblano, which means originating from the state of Puebla, Mexico. Diagnosis: Dark brown species. Ocularium spiniform, with long median spine (Fig. 32). Ventral ornamentation of leg IV in males consists of big spiniform tubercles, two mesal on femur and five to six along tibia (Fig. 33A). Males with bulge on anal plate (Fig. 63A). Male genitalia: with six to nine pairs of lateral setae, three laterobasal pairs of parastylar setae. Lateral projection of follis thin, pointed distally (Fig. 34).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Male holotype: Measurements: scutum length 4.4, maximum scutum width 4.2. Legs. I 1.90/0.65/1.40/ 1.65, II 2.90 /1.00/2.20/2.35, III 2.70 /1.00/2.00/2.25, IV 3.45 /1.25/3.25/3.45. Dorsum. Scutum covered by nu- merous rounded tubercles (Fig. 32). Ocularium with a acute median spine (Fig. 32C). Extra row of pegs composed of six to seven pegs, sometimes bifid (Fig. 32B). Spine on area II lower than the ocularium, spine on area III with similar height to ocularium, noticeably bent backwards (Fig. 33C). Sulcus between areas III and IV almost absent, vestigial. Lateral clear areas on scutum projected in semi-teardrop shape, project- ed in apices of area V and free tergites I and II, teardrop-shaped, absent in free tergite III. Free tergites with median row of tubercles. Venter. Finely covered by small, rounded tubercles. Stigmatic area inverse ‘Y’ shaped (Fig. 33B). Coxa IV with one dorsoectal spiniform tooth. Ornamentation of the anal plate heterogeneous,</p> <p>862 J. A. CRUZ-LÓPEZ AND O. F. FRANCKE</p> <p>with median bulge rounded (Fig. 63A). Pedipalps. Patella with two mesal spiniform tubercles. Legs. I and II noticeably thinner and less ornate than the posterior legs. Femora III and IV curved, with ventral ornamentation increasing in size distally. Femur with two spiniform tubercles on ventromesal side, tibia with six or seven spiniform tubercles along the ventral side. Femur and tibia IV swollen (Fig. 33A). Tarsal count 4(2):5(2):6:6. Male genitalia. Pars distalis swollen in the middle, apical margin convex, rounded. Six to nine pairs of lateral setae. Three pairs of parastylar setae laterobasal to follis. Spiniform projections noticeably exposed. Four to five pairs of ventral microsetae, forming an irregular row along ventrolateral margin of pars distalis. Lateral projection of follis lobular, pointed distally (Fig. 34). Female: Measurements: scutum length 4.3, maximum scutum width 4.1. Similar to male, with the following differences: ventral armature and thickness of femur and tibia IV reduced (Fig. 33A). Tarsal count 4(2):5/6(3):5/6:6.</p> <p>Natural history: Similar to Chapulobunus unispinosus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A274FF8FFC1AFB0EC177F960	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A276FF8FFF10F90FC7DDF8A3.text	03CA87F9A276FF8FFF10F90FC7DDF8A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Potosa Goodnight & Goodnight 1947	<div><p>POTOSA GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1947 STAT. REV.</p> <p>Potosa Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1947: 7.</p> <p>Karos: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1953: 20 (in part. Generic synonymy transfer by implication).</p> <p>Distribution: Central region of the Sierra Madre Oriental in eastern Mexico, specifically in southern San Luís Potosí and northern Hidalgo.</p> <p>Type species: Potosa dybasi Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1947, by original designation.</p> <p>Included species: Potosa dybasi and Potosa reddelli sp. nov.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Scutum Ming vase-shaped (Figs 35B, 38B). Ocularium in the middle of prosoma, low, with or without median armature. (Figs 35C, 36C, 38C, 39C). Metatarsus I in males swollen and with ventral glandular openings (Figs 36B, 39B, 60A, B). Male genitalia: pars distalis slightly constrained at the base, near to basal-most pair of lateral setae. Apical margin nearly straight. Three to five pairs of lateral setae, short, basal pair or basal two pairs separated from the rest. Three to four pairs of ventral microsetae, noticeably separated into two groups, basal (one or two pairs) and distal (two pairs). Two pairs of parastylar setae completely basal (below) to follis. Follis slightly longer than wide. Spiniform projections not exposed, but visible. Lateral projection of follis robust, pointed (Figs 37, 40).</p> <p>Comparisons: The presence of a ventral glandular opening on metatarsus I in males is a remarkable synapomorphy of this genus. Inside the family, this is</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A276FF8FFF10F90FC7DDF8A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A273FF8BFE99FC5EC11FF8A3.text	03CA87F9A273FF8BFE99FC5EC11FF8A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Potosa reddelli Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>POTOSA REDDELLI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 38–40, 58, 60B)</p> <p>Type material: MEXICO: Hidalgo: ♂ holotype, and 1 ♂ and 5 ♀ paratypes [CNAN-T0797 and CNAN-</p> <p>T0798 (18.iii.1981; J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, T. Archey, and F. Endres)], (21°5′55.96″N, 98°22′58.98″W). Municipio Huejutla, Cueva de San José, San José Ahuantempa.</p> <p>Etymology: Patronym in honour of Mr James Reddell for his contributions to the knowledge of arachnids from Mexico, and as collector of the type specimens.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Troglobitic species. Ocularium without armature (Fig. 38C). Dorsum roguse, only with few and very small tubercles (Fig. 39C). Glandular opening basal in metatarsus I (Figs 39B, 60B). Pars distalis with three to four lateral setae on each side, basal-most separat- ed from the others. Four pairs of ventral microsetae (Fig. 40).</p> <p>Description: Male holotype: Measurements: scutum length 3.1, maximum scutum width 2.5. Legs. I 1.35/ 0.50/0.95/1.27, II 2.05/0.72/1.75/1.80, III 1.65/0.45/1.45/ 1.62, IV 2.30/0.97/2.37/2.40. Dorsum. Rugose, ornamentation almost absent, only a few small tubercles present on central portion of areas II–IV. Sulcus between mesotergal areas not clearly visible (Fig. 38B). Free tergites with median row of rounded tubercles. Ocularium in the middle of prosoma, semitriangular in lateral view, rounded apically, unarmed, only covered by small tubercles (Figs 38C, 39C). Lateral clear areas projected in rounded, inconspicuous tubercles. Clear areas present on apices of area V and free tergites I and II, very low and inconspicuous. Venter. Covered uniformly by small, rounded tubercles. Stigmatic area long and constrained in the middle by median portion of coxa IV. Coxa IV with small dorsoectal dentiform tooth. Pedipalps. Patella with two mesal spiniform tubercles. Legs. Similar in ornamentation, densely covered by small rounded tubercles. Metatarsus I slightly swollen near base, glandular opening basal (Figs 39B, 60B). Legs IV wider than the rest, curved. Metatarsus II without clear annuli. Tarsal count 4(2):6(3):5/6:6. Male genitalia. Three or four lateral setae, basal pair noticeably separated from the rest. Four pairs of ventral microsetae, the two distal pairs separated from the rest (Fig. 40). Female: Measurements: scutum length 3.1, maximum scutum width 2.5. Similar to male, with the following differences: metatarsus I without glandular opening (Fig. 39B) and tarsal count 4(2):6(3): 6:6.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A273FF8BFE99FC5EC11FF8A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A27DFF84FEFAFF3FC0ADFAA3.text	03CA87F9A27DFF84FEFAFF3FC0ADFAA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crettaros Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>CRETTAROS GEN. NOV.</p> <p>Distribution: Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico, from northern Querétaro and central San Luís Potosí, to central Veracruz.</p> <p>Type species: Crettaros santibanezi sp. nov.</p> <p>Included species: Crettaros santibanezi sp. nov. and Crettaros valdezi sp. nov.</p> <p>Etymology: Derived from the word crettaro, which in the Purepecha language means ‘boulder or mountainous region’, in allusion to the habitat of the specimens of the type species. It is important to note that this word is one of the possible original names of Querétaro, the state where the type species occurs. It is masculine in gender.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Small stygnopsids, not longer than 3 mm. Scutum quadrangular, with the mid-bulge slightly convex at level of dorsal area I (Figs 41E, 43E). Ocularium slightly removed from anterior margin of prosoma, very low, barely elevated from the eyes, blunt, and unarmed (Figs 41C, F, 43C, F). Mesotergal areas II and III with median humps (Fig. 63C, D). Femur IV in males slightly thicker than in females (Figs 41B, 43B). Stigmatic area in males slightly longer than in females (Figs 41D, 43D). Male genitalia: pars distalis undifferentiated, ventral plate spatular, very flattened in lateral view. Five to six pairs of lateral setae, long and thin. Two central pairs of ventral microsetae. Two pairs of parastylar setae, lateral to follis. Follis noticeably long, width similar to width of pars distalis (Figs 42, 44).</p> <p>Comparisons: The male genitalia in this genus are similar to those in Karos, but these similarities, depending upon the optimization criterion used (ACCTRAN or DELTRAN), may be a synapomorphy for the clade (Karos + Potosa) + Crettaros) or may represent parallelisms between Crettaros and Karos.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A27DFF84FEFAFF3FC0ADFAA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A27DFF84FEBDFA6FC7F2F9E3.text	03CA87F9A27DFF84FEBDFA6FC7F2F9E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crettaros santibanezi Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>CRETTAROS SANTIBANEZI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 41, 42, 57, 61A, 63D)</p> <p>Type material: MEXICO: Querétaro: ♂ holotype, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ paratypes [CNAN-T0089 and CNAN-T0090 (15.xi.2009; O. Francke, A. Valdez, C. Santibáñez, and</p> <p>J. Cruz)] (21°7′32.7″N, 99°38′21.04″W). Municipio Pinal de Amoles, 200 m from intersection Pinal de Amoles-Bucarelli.</p> <p>Material examined: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ [CNAN (17.vi.2007; L. Pastrana)] (21°8′0.88″N, 99°27′29.05″W). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.45807&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.133577" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.45807/lat 21.133577)">Municipio Jalpan de Serra</a>, La Yerbabuena. 2 ♀ [CNAN (17.vi.2007; L. Pastrana)] (21°17′15″N, 99°8′16″W). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.13778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.2875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.13778/lat 21.2875)">Municipio Landa de Matamoros</a>, El Madroño.</p> <p>Etymology: Patronym, dedicated to Carlos Santibáñez- López, friend and colleague, who has contributed to the knowledge of scorpions in Mexico.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Epigean species. Dorsum covered by small, rounded tubercles. On the male penis the two basalmost pairs of lateral setae are separated (Fig. 42B).</p> <p>Description: Male holotype: Measurements: scutum length 2.5, maximum scutum width 2.1. Legs. I 1.25/ 0.50/0.85/2.20, II 1.25/0.55/0.85/1.10, III 1.35/0.60/1.15/ 1.30, IV 1.80/0.65/1.70/1.90. Dorsum. Covered almost completely by small, rounded tubercles, mesotergal area I generally with two central pairs of tubercles. Opisthosoma slightly convex in lateral view. Mesotergal areas II and III with a median hump, without armature (Fig. 63D). Ocularium slightly separated from anterior margin of prosoma, low, slightly elevated above the eyes, blunt, covered by small tubercles (Fig. 41F). Lateral clear areas projected in small, teardropshaped projections, inconspicuous. Lateral clear areas on the apices of area V and free tergites I–III, rounded, not protruding significantly. Free tergites with median row of small tubercles. Venter. Coxae I and II with a median row of rounded tubercles, coxa III covered completely by small tubercles, coxa IV covered by tubercles and numerous setae, with a small dorsoectal spiniform tooth. Stigmatic area shaped like an invert- ed ‘Y’, with lateral margins straight, parallel (Fig. 41D). Pedipalps. Patella with one mesal spiniform tubercle. Legs. Very similar in ornamentation and size, covered by numerous small tubercles and setae. Trochanter IV with numerous tubercles, ventral ornamentation of femur IV slightly bigger. Femur IV curved, constrained basally, slightly expanded in the middle.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A27DFF84FEBDFA6FC7F2F9E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A27FFF87FEA2FC8EC1BFFB9E.text	03CA87F9A27FFF87FEA2FC8EC1BFFB9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crettaros valdezi Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>CRETTAROS VALDEZI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 43, 44, 57, 63C, 64G)</p> <p>Type material: MEXICO: San Luís Potosí: ♂ holotype, 1 ♂ and 4 ♀ paratypes [CNAN-T0799 and CNAN-</p> <p>T0800 (13.v.2012; J. Cruz, G. Contreras, J. Mendoza, and R. Monjaraz)] (22°0′55.51″N, 100°36′22.21″W). Municipio Villa de Zaragoza, Km 58 Cave.</p> <p>Material examined: MEXICO: San Luís Potosí: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ [CNAN (13.v.2010; O. Francke, A. Valdez, C. Santibáñez, and J. Cruz], same locality data as the types. 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ [CNAN (13.v.2012; J. Cruz, G. Contreras, J. Mendoza, and R. Monjaraz)] (22°1′0.37″N, 100°35′29.97″W). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-100.59166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.01677" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -100.59166/lat 22.01677)">Municipio Villa de Zaragoza</a>, small cave from Km 58. 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ [CNAN (14.v.2012; J. Cruz, G. Contreras, J. Mendoza, and R. Monjaraz)] (22°4′16.68″N, 100°37′29.96″W). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-100.62499&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.0713" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -100.62499/lat 22.0713)">Municipio Villa de Zaragoza</a>, Cueva de la Laguna, Valle de los Fantasmas.</p> <p>Etymology: Patronym, dedicated to Alejandro Valdez- Mondragón, friend and colleague, who has contribut- ed to the knowledge of spiders and ricinuleids in Mexico.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Troglomorphic species. Dorsal tubercles only present in the central portion of mesotergal areas. On male penis the two basal-most pairs of lateral setae very close to each other (Fig. 44B).</p> <p>Description: Male holotype: Measurements: scutum length 2.6, maximum scutum width 2.2. Legs. I 1.20/ 0.50/0.85/1.10, II 1.50/0.75/1.30/1.35, III 1.30/0.57/1.15/ 1.27, IV 1.80/0.75/1.55/1.97. Dorsum. Rugose, with only small spiniform tubercles on the central portion of mesotergal areas I–IV. Areas II and III with median humps slightly elevated (Fig. 63C). Opisthosoma convex in lateral view. Ocularium in the middle of prosoma, low, slightly projected beyond the eyes, blunt, covered by small tubercles. Lateral clear areas projected from the scutum in triangular shape, apex rounded. Lateral clear areas on apices of area V and free tergites I–II rounded, slightly protruding. Free tergites with one median row of small tubercles. Venter. Entire venter covered by small rounded tubercles, with a few small setae. Stigmatic area an inverted ‘Y’ shape, with lateral margins straight, short (Fig. 43D). Coxa IV with a small dorso-ectal spiniform tooth. Pedipalps. Patella with one mesal spiniform tubercle. Legs. Very similar in ornamentation and size, covered by numerous small rounded tubercles and setae. Ventral ornamentation of femur IV slightly larger. Femora III and IV curved. Metatarsus II without clear annuli. Tarsal count 4(2):6(3):6:6. Male genitalia. Pars distalis elongated, spatular shape; apical margin almost straight. Lateral setae slender and slightly compressed distally, the two basal-most pairs very close to each other. Two pairs of parastylar setae flanking the follis. Spiniform projections not exposed and inconspicuous (Fig. 44). Female paratype: Measurements: scutum length 2.6, maximum scutum width 2.2. Very similar to male, with the following differences: stigmatic area shorter and narrower than on males. Legs IV slightly thinner (Fig. 43B, D). Tarsal count 4(2):6(3):6:6.</p> <p>Natural history: All specimens were collected under rocks in the dark zone, never found outside the cave. Generally, one specimen was found under one rock, rarely two or three. When uncovered they showed thanatosis behaviour similar to that of Crettaros santibanezi.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A27FFF87FEA2FC8EC1BFFB9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A27EFF80FC4AFB73C1B3FC85.text	03CA87F9A27EFF80FC4AFB73C1B3FC85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Huasteca Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>HUASTECA GEN. NOV.</p> <p>Karos: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight 1971: 34, 36, figs 6, 7, 10–13 (in part); Šilhavý, 1974: 185, figs 22–26, 30–33 (in part).</p> <p>Distribution: Caves in the Sierra Madre Oriental, eastern Mexico, from central Tamaulipas through to San Luís Potosí, Veracruz, and Hidalgo, and extending south to northern Oaxaca.</p> <p>Type species: Huasteca gratiosa (Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1971) comb. nov.</p> <p>Included species: Huasteca gratiosa (Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1971) comb. nov., Huasteca rugosa (Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1971) comb. nov., and Huasteca silhavyi sp. nov.</p> <p>Etymology: Noun in apposition in reference to a cultural area of central Mexico and an ancient Mayan ethnic group who inhabited the states of Hidalgo, Queretaro, San Luís Potosí, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz. The term comes from the nahuatl word huaxi, which means guaje in Spanish (Crescentia spp.), and the combination ‘huax-tecos(as)’ refers to the people that inhabit that region, which is where the genus is distributed. Feminine in gender.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Troglobitic and troglomorphic stygnopsids. Scutum quadrangular, with lateral clear areas remarkably protruding, rounded (Figs 46B, 49B, 52B, 61D). Lateral channel area of scutum very high, almost opisthosoma height (Figs 45B, 48B, 51B, 63B). Ocularium inconspicuous, almost absent (Figs 46D, 49D, 52D), in the middle of prosoma (Fig. 45B). Dorsal ornamentation ranges from almost absent to completely covered with small, rounded tubercles. Apical portion of femur II in males slightly swollen (Figs 46C, 49C, 52C, 60C). Stigmatic area short, but slightly longer in males than females (Figs 45C, 48C, 51C). Male genitalia: pars distalis slightly swollen in the middle, sometimes irregular and asymmetrical. Ventral plate slender and short, apical margin convex. Four pairs of lateral setae, length almost equal to width of pars distalis. Three pairs of ventral microsetae, basal pair separat- ed from the rest. Two pairs of parastylar setae, laterobasal to follis, length of follis similar to width (Figs 47, 50, 53).</p> <p>Comparisons: The unusual scutum shape, plus the projections of lateral clear areas, confer to this genus a peculiar appearance. In addition, the sexually dimorphic characters on the legs in males, plus the male genitalia, make this genus easy to recognize within the Karos genus-group and the entire family.</p> <p>HUASTECA GRATIOSA (GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1971) COMB. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 45–47, 59, 60C)</p> <p>Karos gratiosus Goodnight &amp; Goodnight 1971: 34 (description of male and female); Karos graciosus [sic] Rambla &amp; Juberthie 1994: 218; Kury &amp; Cokendolpher 2000: 155; Kury, 2003: 238.</p> <p>Type locality: MEXICO: San Luís Potosí: Municipio Xilitla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.983696&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.387327" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.983696/lat 21.387327)">Cueva de Poca Ventana</a> (21°23′14.38″N, 98°59′1.32″W).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A27EFF80FC4AFB73C1B3FC85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A264FF9FFE94FD69C37BFDC1.text	03CA87F9A264FF9FFE94FD69C37BFDC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Huasteca silhavyi Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>HUASTECA SILHAVYI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 51–53, 59, 61D, 62B, 63B, 64A)</p> <p>Karos rugosus: Šilhavý, 1974: 186, figs 22–26 (in part, misidentification); Mendes &amp; Kury, 2007: 233, fig. 4.40C.</p> <p>Type material: MEXICO: Veracruz: ♂ holotype, and 3 ♂ and 2 ♀ paratypes [CNAN-T0801 and CNAN- T0802 (4.i.1974; J. Reddell, D. McKenzie, R. Jameson, and W. Elliott)] (18°55′35.47″N, 96°52′33.38″W). Municipio Amatlán de los Reyes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.87594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.92652" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.87594/lat 18.92652)">Cueva del Ojo de Agua Grande</a>.</p> <p>Other material: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ [CNAN (13.iii.2007; P. Sprouse)], same data as types, not examined. 1 ♂ and two ♀, misidentified as Karos rugosus [MCZR (5– 6.xi.1969; V. Sbordoni)], Córdoba, Paraje Nuevo, Cueva Ojo de Agua Grande, 550 m, not examined.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Dorsum covered by small, rounded tubercles throughout (Figs 51B, 52B). Lateral clear areas projected in big, rounded, finger-shaped tubercles (Fig. 52B). Trochanter III larger than the others (Fig. 51A). Femur II noticeably swollen from middle to tip, patella and basal portion of tibia II swollen (Fig. 52C). Male penis with ventral plate of pars distalis asymmetrical (Fig. 53).</p> <p>Description: Male holotype: Measurements: scutum length 2.5, maximum scutum width 2.3. Legs. I 1.50/ 0.60/1.22/1.25, II 2.05/0.85/1.75/1.50, III 1.50/0.70/1.60/ 1.60, IV 2.27/0.75/1.80/2.10. Dorsum. Almost entire surface of dorsal areas covered by small, rounded tubercles, more densely in mesotergal areas III and IV, without prominent tubercles (Fig. 52B). Sulcus between mesotergal areas inconspicuous. Lateral clear areas projected as very long tubercles, finger-shaped (Fig. 52B). Clear areas projected in tubercles on apices of area V and free tergites I to III big, rounded. Venter. Entire surface sparsely covered by small tubercles. Coxa IV similar in length to the other coxae. Stigmatic area inverse ‘Y’-shaped, very wide, short, with lateral margins short and posteriorly divergent (Fig. 51C). Free sternites with one median row of small tubercles. Pedipalps. Patella with two mesal spiniform tubercles. Legs. Covered by small rounded tubercles. Femur II swollen from middle to tip (Fig. 52C). Patella and basal portion of tibia II swollen; these swollen areas lighter in colour than the rest of segment. Femur IV rounded in transversal view. Metatarsus II without annuli. Tarsal count 4(2):9(3):6:6. Male genitalia. Ventral plate short and noticeably asymmetrical, forming two lobes. The right lobe in dorsal view shorter than the left. Right margin of pars distalis in dorsal view with two slight concavities. Lateral setae thin, not arranged in pairs owing to asymmetry in the ventral plate, as long as half width of pars distalis. Two pairs of parastylar setae basal to follis. Three pairs of ventral microsetae, pairs not located at the same level owing to asymmetrical shape of ventral plate, basal-most pair separated from the rest. Lateral projection of follis lobate and pointed apically. Spiniform projections visible, not exposed, and located inside the follis (Fig. 53). Female: Measurements: scutum length: 2.5, maximum scutum width: 2.3. Similar to male, with the following differences: femur, patella and basal tibia II not swollen (Fig. 52C) stigmatic area completely fused with coxae IV, (Fig. 51C). Tarsal count 4(2):7/ 8(3):6:6.</p> <p>Taxonomic accounts: Šilhavý (1974) misidentified this species as Karos rugosus, and illustrated and noted some differences with the original description. He illustrated the male genitalia (Šilhavý, 1974: fig. 25), which are very similar to the SEM photos shown here (Fig. 54) in the asymmetrical shape of the ventral plate. Similarly to Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, he did not mention anything about the apical portion of femur II being swollen in males, although this generic character is a lot more noticeable in this species than in Huasteca gratiosa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A264FF9FFE94FD69C37BFDC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A266FF99FEE6FDB7C68CFDE0.text	03CA87F9A266FF99FEE6FDB7C68CFDE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mictlana Cruz-López & Francke 2015	<div><p>MICTLANA GEN. NOV.</p> <p>Hoplobunus: Goodnight &amp; Goodnight 1971: 40 (in part). Troglostygnopsis: Šilhavý, 1974: 185 (in part).</p> <p>Distribution: Only known from caves in Municipio de Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, Mexico.</p> <p>Type species: Hoplobunus inops Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1971.</p> <p>Included species: Monotypic.</p> <p>Etymology: Generic name derived from the nahuatl word Mictlán, that means underworld in Aztec mythology, referring to the troglobitic habits of the only known species of this genus. It is feminine in gender.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Scutum rectangular (Fig. 54D). Ocularium on the anterior margin of prosoma, elevated, blunt and smooth, without eyes (Fig. 54B). Clear lateral areas projected in digitiform tubercles, clear area on apex of dorsal area V forming a large, rounded tubercle (Fig. 54A, D). Basichelicera elongated. Lacking ornamentation on the dorsum and legs. Femur IV noticeably longer than scutum. Male genitalia: pars distalis slightly swollen in the middle, ventral plate a little compressed in lateral view, apical margin convex. Four pairs of lateral setae, cylindrical and shorter than width of pars distalis. Four pairs of ventral microsetae along lateral margins of pars distalis, basal pair separated from the rest. Two pairs of parastylar setae, lateral projection of follis lobate, rounded distally (Fig. 55).</p> <p>MICTLANA INOPS (GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1971) COMB. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 54, 55, 57, 64I)</p> <p>Hoplobunus inops Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1971: 40, fig. 17.</p> <p>Troglostygnopsis inops: Šilhavý, 1974: 185, fig. 21 (generic transfer, by implication).</p> <p>Type locality: MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Gómez Farías, Cueva de La Capilla 13.5 km NW of Gómez Farías.</p> <p>Material examined: MEXICO: Tamaulipas: ♂ male [CNAN (22.xi.2005; S. Summers and C. Savvas)] (23°3′56.98″N, 99°9′45.50″W). Municipio Gómez Farías, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.16264&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.065826" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.16264/lat 23.065826)">Sótano del Plan</a>. 1 juvenile [CNAN (22.xi.2005; S. Summers)] (23°3′49.08″N, 99°9′49.78″W). Municipio Gómez Farías, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.163826&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.063633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.163826/lat 23.063633)">Resumidero de Jineo</a>.</p> <p>Other material: MEXICO: Tamaulipas: ♂ holotype [AMNH (25.xi.1966; O. Knox and E. Alexander)], Sótano de la Joya de Salas, 21 km NW of Gómez Farías, not examined. 2 ♀ paratypes [AMNH (17.viii.1968; R. W. Mitchell)], Cueva de la Mina, 7 km NW of Gómez Farías, not examined. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ and 5 juveniles [MCZR (23,25. xi.1969; R. Argano and V. Sbordoni)], Sierra de Guatemala, Gómez Farías, 2160 m, Cueva de la Perra (material examined by Šilhavý, 1974), not examined. Additionally, Goodnight &amp; Goodnight (1973) mentioned several records in Tamaulipas for this species but did not specify the number or sexes of the specimens; not examined.</p> <p>Diagnosis: See generic diagnosis.</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Measurements: scutum length 2.6, maximum scutum width 1.8. Legs. I 4.75/0.85/3.47/ 5.10, II 4.22/1.40/?.??/?.??, III 3.00/0.57/2.00/3.20, IV 4.45/ 1.25/?.??/?.??. Dorsum. Scutum rectangular, prosoma slightly narrower than rest of scutum (Fig. 54D). Dorsum smooth, with only a few, very small setae on the middle of mesotergal areas. Mesotergal sulci not visible. Ocularium at the anterior margin of prosoma, base elliptical, conic, and distally blunt, apex pointed frontally, eyes absent (Fig. 54B, D). Lateral clear areas projected from the scutum in a digitiform shape, thin, pointing backwards (Fig. 54A). Lateral clear areas on apices of dorsal area V projected in rounded tubercles (Fig. 54D). Projections on free tergites absent. Free tergites with a median row of small tubercles; apical setae present, long. Venter. Coxae I– III with a median row of spiniform tubercles, noticeably elongated. Coxa IV with scattered tubercles, rounded, without distal setae. Stigmatic area not elongated. Free sternites with a median row of small tubercles, similar to free tergites. Anal plate smooth. Chelicera. Basichelicera slightly elongated. Cheliceral hand round, small. Fixed finger with five blunt teeth, the middle slightly elevated; movable finger with basal triangular tooth, apically rounded. Pedipalps. Patella with two mesal spiniform tubercles. All spiniform tubercles of pedipalps very long (Fig. 54C). Legs. All legs similar in thickness, ornate with only few setae. Metatarsus II without annuli. Tarsal count 15(7):33/34(13):7:9. Male genitalia. Pars distalis lancet-shaped, slightly swollen in the middle, ventral plate slightly flattened in lateral view. Lateral setae cylindrical, shorter than width of pars distalis, without sulcus. Two pairs of laterobasal parastylar setae. Four pairs of ventral microsetae along lateral margins of pars distalis, basal pair slightly displaced from the rest, the two middle pairs close to each other. Lateral projection of follis robust, lobate, and distally pointed. Spiniform projections not exposed but visible (Fig. 55). Female. No specimens were examined. Šilhavý (1974) recorded two females from different caves, but he did not describe them.</p> <p>Taxonomic accounts: Originally, Goodnight &amp; Goodnight (1971) assigned this species to the genus Hoplobunus Banks, 1900, and later Šilhavý (1974) transferred it to the genus Troglostygnopsis. We examined the type species of the genus Hoplobunus and according to the results of our cladistic analyses, this species is a completely different taxon inside the family Stygnopsidae, unrelated to Troglostygnopsis anophthalma Šilhavý, 1974; therefore, it is described in this work as a new genus.</p> <p>Goodnight &amp; Goodnight (1973) recorded Hoplobunus inops from ‘Cueva del Río San Antonio, 10 Km SSW Acatlán, Oaxaca’. Subsequently, Reddell (1981: 166) mentioned that this record ‘is doubtless in error’, because the cave region of the type locality and this particular record are miles apart and unconnected underground. Finally, Kury (2003: 240), based on personal communication with J. Cokendolpher, indicated that the record was false. We examined an adult male from a cave near to Cueva del Río San Antonio, and based on the male genitalia, this troglomorphic species from Oaxaca does not correspond with either Mictlana from Tamaulipas or Troglostygnopsis from Chiapas, and will be described in a future contribution.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A266FF99FEE6FDB7C68CFDE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
03CA87F9A260FF9AFC87FD8DC11BF8A3.text	03CA87F9A260FF9AFC87FD8DC11BF8A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Karos : Goodnight & Goodnight 1971	<div><p>‘ KAROS ’ DEPRESSUS GOODNIGHT &amp; GOODNIGHT, 1971</p> <p>INCERTAE SEDIS</p> <p>(FIG. 56)</p> <p>Karos depressus Goodnight &amp; Goodnight, 1971: 34, figs 4, 5; Rambla &amp; Juberthie, 1994: 218: Kury &amp; Cokendolpher, 2000: 155; Kury, 2003: 238.</p> <p>Type locality: MEXICO: Querétaro: Landa de Matamoros, Cueva del Llano de Conejo, 10 km ENE of Xilitla.</p> <p>Material examined: MEXICO: Querétaro: ♀ paratype [TMM (3.iv.1969; J. R. Evans)]. Municipio Landa de Matamoros, Cueva del Llano de Conejo, 10 km ENE of Xilitla.</p> <p>Other material: MEXICO: Querétaro: ♀ holotype [AMNH (3.iv.1969; J. R. Evans)]. Municipio Landa de Matamoros, Cueva del Llano de Conejo, 10 km ENE of Xilitla, not examined.</p> <p>Taxonomic accounts: We examined a female paratype (TMM) and the only other specimen known of this species is the holotype female. The pattern of scutum, ocularium being very low and unarmed, and the shape of the lateral projections of the scutum do not correspond with any of the eight genera treated here. The most similar genus is Monterella in the scutum shape, and in the size and shape of ocularium (Fig. 56). In addition, we also examined an adult male and female of an undescribed genus and species from locality Hidalgo, Tamaulipas, which appears to be congeneric with Karos depressus, and the male genitalia are quite distinctive. This undescribed genus and species may be related to the clade ((Montabunus + Chapulobunus) + Monterella) by the number and position of ventral microsetae. However, these specimens were not included in our cladistic analyses because the material is poorly preserved and we prefer to wait and obtain additional, properly preserved specimens. Thus, until a male topotype of Karos depressus is examined, including the male genitalia, we prefer to assign this species as incertae sedis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F9A260FF9AFC87FD8DC11BF8A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cruz-López, Jesús A.;Francke, Oscar F.	Cruz-López, Jesús A., Francke, Oscar F. (2015): Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4): 827-891, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12299, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12299
