taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CA87D5FF933F6EFF79B6A7FD92F918.taxon	description	Both PCA and DFA reveal that Cardioglossa manengouba is morphologically similar to C. oreas, a high-altitude species restricted to Cameroon. These species share several morphological similarities to the exclusion of most other Cameroonian Cardioglossa. Both species exhibit small tympana, which are indistinct in C. oreas, a pronounced swelling in the skin immediately posterior to the tympanum that is often accompanied by a fold in the skin immediately above and behind the tympanum, and males of both species lack a hypertrophied third manual digit (Fig. 3). In addition, both species lack the small inguinal spines that are present in mature males of all other Cardioglossa except C. escalerae (my unpubl. data). Currently, the call of both species remains unknown (C. oreas: Amiet, 1973). Unique among Cardioglossa, these two species exhibit a general reduction or loss of typical male secondary sexual characters, which may reflect a close phylogenetic relationship. Amiet (1981) recognized C. oreas as distinctive among Cardioglossa because he observed that males lack both a hypertrophied third manual digit and spines on the manual digits. However, the two male C. oreas examined in this study (MCZ A- 137922, A- 137928) exhibit spines on the medial surface of the third digit and on both the lateral and the medial surfaces of the second digit (Fig. 3 B). Similar to Amiet’s (1981) observation of C. oreas, Herrmann et al. (2004) suggested that a lack of spines on the hypertrophied manual digits of male C. alsco is a unique characteristic. Yet given the new data on the presence of manual digital spines in male C. oreas, I urge caution in interpreting the presence or absence of this character. The spines can be difficult to see without the aid of a microscope or hand lens, and this character may exhibit seasonal polyphenism in other arthroleptid taxa (e. g. Schmidt & Inger, 1959). Cardioglossa manengouba and C. oreas constitute two of the three species with the highest elevational ranges in Cameroon (the third, C. alsco from Tchabal Mbabo, was not included in this study). Whereas C. manengouba is known only from Mt Manengouba, C. oreas is documented from the Bamboutos Mountains (Amiet, 1972 a; present study), Mt Oku (Amiet, 1987; present study) and Mt Lefo (Böhme, 1975). In addition, Amiet (1987) states that C. oreas is present on Mt Manengouba, but no details of this record are provided; I did not find this species during fieldwork on Mt Manengouba in either 2004 or 2006. Based on morphological data, it seems likely that C. manengouba and C. oreas are sister taxa. If so, then vicariance between the forests of Mt Manengouba and other mountains to the north-east may have resulted in the allopatric speciation of these taxa. If C. oreas is present on Mt Manengouba, it may have later colonized this mountain at a time when the montane forests were continuous, or nearly so, between Mt Manengouba and the mountains to the north-east. TADPOLE MORPHOLOGY AND ECOLOGY The only previously described Cardioglossa tadpole is that of C. occidentalis (Lamotte, 1961; Blackburn et al., in press). Both Amiet (1972 b) and Perret (1966) provide illustration of a C. gracilis tadpole but these are not accompanied by a description; however, as figured, the tadpole morphology generally agrees with that discussed here. The tadpole of C. manengouba is similar to C. occidentalis in lacking keratinous denticles on the labia and in having a large and pronounced beak, a large suboral flap with numerous digitform projections, and an elongate, unpigmented, funnel-shaped spiracle. However, this elongate spiracle appears to be relatively longer in C. manengouba. Lamotte (1961) noted that the strong ventral pigmentation of C. occidentalis separates it from other tadpoles including those of Phrynobatrachus. In contrast, C. manengouba exhibits almost no ventral pigmentation. Tadpoles of Cardioglossa are typically collected in leaf litter or deposits of sediment in shallow streams (Amiet, 1972 b; Rödel, Schorr & Ernst, 2001; my unpubl. data; present study). Interestingly, the morphology of C. manengouba tadpoles bears a striking resemblance to that of the South American microhylid Country abbreviations: CAR, Central African Republic; DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa); RC, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville). Sources for altitudinal ranges (in metres above sea level): A 72, Amiet (1972 a); A 81, Amiet (1981); B 06, Blackburn (2006); B, Blackburn et al. (in press); Bö, Böhme & Schneider (1987); H 04, Herrmann et al. (2004); H 05, Herrmann et al. (2005 b); I, IUCN et al. (2006); L 50, Laurent (1950); L 72, Laurent (1972); R, Rödel et al. (2001); S, estimated based on Schiøtz (1964); U, D. C. Blackburn, unpubl. data; * present study.	en	Blackburn, David C. (2008): A new species of Cardioglossa (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae) endemic to Mount Manengouba in the Republic of Cameroon, with an analysis of morphological diversity in the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (3): 611-630, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00397.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00397.x
03CA87D5FF933F6EFF79B6A7FD92F918.taxon	description	The analysis of morphometric data presented here supports a close phylogenetic relationship between C. manengouba and C. oreas. In addition, this study allows for the recognition of other Cardioglossa species groups, which are discussed below (Table 4). This study demonstrates that C. aureoli, from the Freetown Peninsula of Sierra Leone, is morphologically distinct from other Cardioglossa species. Based presumably only on coloration, this species was originally placed in Cardioglossa by Schiøtz (1964). Unlike other Cardioglossa, this species is typically found far from water (Schiøtz, 1964), thus possibly exhibiting some form of development in which there is no freeliving and / or feeding tadpole (e. g. IUCN et al., 2006). DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial 16 S ribosomal RNA gene indicates that this species is very divergent (> 15 %) from other Cardioglossa (Blackburn et al., in press), and molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that C. aureoli probably is more closely related to other arthroleptid species than to Cardioglossa (my unpubl. data). Cardioglossa aureoli is well separated from other Cardioglossa along PC 1 (Fig. 6), which is largely an indication that both males and females of this species are much smaller than other Cardioglossa species. Molecular phylogenetic research and study of skeletal anatomy will probably reveal that C. aureoli should either be included in another arthroleptid genus or placed in its own genus. Amiet (1987) suggested a close relationship between C. gratiosa and C. nigromaculata, both lowland species, and intimated the existence of a hybrid zone between these species in southern coastal Cameroon. This conclusion was based on the mixture of vocalization characteristics found in these populations (Amiet, 1987), but there is no reason why this mixture necessitates the hybridization of these species. There are no striking morphological or colour pattern similarities between C. gratiosa and C. nigromaculata and, although the sample sizes are extremely small, no obvious pattern emerged from PCA to support the similarity of these species to the exclusion of other species. In contrast, PCA reveals that C. gratiosa is morphologically similar to C. escalerae, another lowland species that is more widespread in Central Africa. Interestingly, in the DFA, C. nigromaculata was assigned to the classification group comprising C. escalerae and C. gratiosa. Amiet (1981) proposed a close phylogenetic relationship between these three species. The results of these morphometric analyses support this hypothesis and suggest that this species grouping should continue to be recognized.	en	Blackburn, David C. (2008): A new species of Cardioglossa (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae) endemic to Mount Manengouba in the Republic of Cameroon, with an analysis of morphological diversity in the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (3): 611-630, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00397.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00397.x
03CA87D5FF933F6EFF79B6A7FD92F918.taxon	description	Based in part on both ecology and coloration, Amiet (1972 a, 1975, 1981) argued that three montane taxa, C. pulchra, C. trifasciata and C. venusta, have close affinities to one another. All three species exhibit a bluish ventral coloration and dorsal skin that is covered in relatively larger tubercles than other Cardioglossa species. The scores for the first three PC axes for these three species were not significantly different from those of other species, but the species do occupy a similar region of morphospace (Fig. 6). Interestingly, DFA correctly classified all specimens assigned to this classification group. This lends further support to the similarities recognized by Amiet (1972 a). All three species exhibit small ranges in the mountains of the Cameroon Volcanic Line and C. trifasciata is found only on the verdant south-west slopes of Mt Manengouba. While I was unable to examine specimens of C. alsco for this study, I have followed Herrmann et al. (2004) by including this recently described species in this species group based on a blue ventral coloration, a granular dorsal skin, and a high similarity of both coloration and pattern to C. pulchra. Most previous studies of Cardioglossa diversity have not included C. cyaneospila, a species endemic to the mountains of Rwanda and Burundi (e. g. Amiet, 1972 a, 1981; Herrmann et al., 2004). The two specimens of C. cyaneospila included in this study were among the largest of all Cardioglossa males examined. Similar to C. oreas, C. pulchra, C. trifasciata and C. venusta, C. cyaneospila lacks an infratympanal line and exhibits small, scattered tubercles and like C. elegans, C. nigromaculata and C. trifasciata, the dorsal markings in C. cyaneospila are large and block-like. Based on the PCA, this species is clearly differentiated from C. gracilis, C. melanogaster and C. schioetzi but not other Cardioglossa species. Cardioglossa cyaneospila, C. pulchra, C. trifasciata and C. venusta do not form a group that can be easily differentiated from other Cardioglossa because of extreme values of the first three PC axes, but all three occupy a similar region of morphospace. In the DFA, both specimens of C. cyaneospila were assigned to the group consisting of C. pulchra, C. trifasciata and C. venusta. In light of the other similarities mentioned above, it seems reasonable to consider C. cyaneospila to be part of this species group. As all of these species are montane, this species group can be taken as further support for the historical continuity of montane faunas of different regions in Africa.	en	Blackburn, David C. (2008): A new species of Cardioglossa (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae) endemic to Mount Manengouba in the Republic of Cameroon, with an analysis of morphological diversity in the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (3): 611-630, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00397.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00397.x
