identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CA87C9FF82FF81FC9611F1F638A9DD.text	03CA87C9FF82FF81FC9611F1F638A9DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costularia (Lophoschoenus) (Stapf) Kük.	<div><p>4. Taxonomic history of the species of  Costularia subgenus Lophoschoenus</p><p>The first species of  Costularia subgenus  Lophoschoenus to be described was  Schoenus arundinaceus Sol. ex Vahl from New Caledonia (Vahl, 1805). In the following decades, this species was moved around from one genus to the other, i.e., it was placed in  Chaetospora R.Br. and  Cyclocampe Steud., two genera placed in synonymy of  Schoenus, and in  Asterochaete Nees, a synonym of  Carpha Banks &amp; Sol. ex R.Br. It took over a century before the genus  Lophoschoenus Stapf was described based on four sedge species, i.e.,  Lophoschoenus arundinaceus (Sol. ex Vahl) Stapf (basionym:  Schoenus arundinaceus),  L. comosus (C.B.Clarke) Stapf (basionym:  Schoenus comosus C.B.Clarke),  L. hornei (C.B.Clarke) Stapf (basionym:  Schoenus hornei C.B.Clarke, nom. cons. prop.; Larridon et al., 2017b), and  L. urvilleanus (Gaudich. ex Boeckeler) Stapf (basionym:  Carpha urvilleana Gaudich. ex Boeckeler) from New Caledonia, Borneo and the Seychelles (Stapf and Turrill, 1914).</p><p>In 1939, Kükenthal united  Lophoschoenus with  Costularia C.B.Clarke, while upholding both names at subgeneric level and also describing a third subgenus  Chamaedendron . In his study of the New Caledonian  Costularia species, Raynal (1974) only maintained two subgenera ( Costularia and  Lophoschoenus), based on the arrangement of the leaves. A recent molecular phylogenetic study revealed a lack of monophyly for the genus  Costularia (Larridon et al., 2018) . Larridon et al. (2018) recognised four separate evolutionary lineages within the species previously placed in  Costularia . They recircumscribed  Costularia, with type species  Costularia natalensis C.B.Clarke, to include only species from south-eastern Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarenes, and a single species from the Seychelles ( Costularia xipholepis (Baker) Henriette &amp; Senterre; Henriette et al., 2015). This meant that the species which  form part of the three other lineages needed a new name. Larridon et al. (2018) elevated a slightly recircumscribed  Costularia subgenus  Chamaedendron to genus level (as the genus  Chamaedendron Larridon) including five species. This left the species previously placed in  Costularia subgenus  Lophoschoenus .</p><p>According to online species databases (Govaerts et al., 2017; The International Plant Names Index, 2017; Tropicos.org, 2017), a total of 12 names have been published in  Lophoschoenus by various authors (Stapf and Turrill, 1914; Pfeiffer, 1927; Däniker, 1932 –33; Guillaumin, 1934 –35, 1957). One of these names conforms with a  Costularia s.s. species (Larridon et al., 2018), i.e.,  Lophoschoenus elongatus (Kunth) H.Pfeiff. (=  Costularia melicoides (Poir.) C.B.Clarke). Two further heterotypic names, i.e.,  Lophoschoenus falcifolius Däniker (1932 –33), and  Costularia xyridioides (Däniker) Kük. (Kükenthal, 1939) based on the basionym  Schoenus xyridioides Däniker (1932 –33), conform to a single taxon recently placed in the newly described unrelated genus  Chamaedendron (Larridon et al., 2018) . More confusion surrounds the use of the epithet  “ neocaledonicus ” in  Costularia s.l. Rendle (1921) originally described  Costularia neocaledonica Rendle, however, Clarke (1906) had already published a different species under the name  Schoenus neocaledonicus C.B.Clarke. In 1927, Pfeiffer included the wrong species into  Lophoschoenus, i.e.,  Lophoschoenus neocaledonicus (C.B.Clarke) H.Pfeiff. Guillaumin (1957) later published a new species  Lophoschoenus montis -fontium Guillaumin, which is now accepted as a heterotypic synonym of Rendle's species (Govaerts et al., 2017). Despite these two names in  Lophoschoenus, Larridon et al. (2018) placed this species in their new genus  Chamaedendron .</p><p>According to Larridon et al. (2018), seven of the eight accepted species of  Costularia subgenus  Lophoschoenus, i.e.  Costularia arundinacea (Sol. ex Vahl) Kük.,  Costularia breviseta J.Raynal,  Costularia comosa (C.B.Clarke) Kük.,  Costularia pubescens J.Raynal,  Costularia setacea J.Raynal,  Costularia sylvestris J.Raynal, and  Costularia stagnalis (Däniker) Kük., form a monophyletic lineage together with the species of reticulate-sheathed  Tetraria . Although the placement of the eighth species, i.e.  Costularia pilisepala (Steud.) J.Kern (the only  Costularia subgenus  Lophoschoenus which is not endemic to New Caledonia but instead occurs in Borneo and New Guinea), could not be confirmed in their molecular study, this species shares with this group noded culms and a reticulate tunic surrounding the culm base. Kükenthal (1939) placed one further species in  Costularia subgenus  Lophoschoenus, i.e.  Costularia hornei (C.B.Clarke) Kük. Larridon et al. (2018) showed that the latter species is not part of the reticulate-sheathed  Tetraria clade, but is instead more closely related to the genera  Morelotia Gaudich. and  Tetrariopsis C.B.Clarke (Fig. 1). Larridon et al. (2018) placed  Costularia hornei in a new genus  Xyroschoenus Larridon. The relationships between the species of  Morelotia and  Tetrariopsis need further study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C9FF82FF81FC9611F1F638A9DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Larridon, I.;Verboom, G. A.;Muasya, A. M.	Larridon, I., Verboom, G. A., Muasya, A. M. (2018): Revised delimitation of the genus Tetraria, nom. cons. prop. (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, Tricostularia clade) *. South African Journal of Botany 118: 18-22, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007
03CA87C9FF82FF80FFE91708F5E1AFFF.text	03CA87C9FF82FF80FFE91708F5E1AFFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epischoenus cernuus Levyns	<div><p>3.  Epischoenus cernuus</p><p>The CFR species  Epischoenus cernuus Levyns was published by Levyns (1958) in her revision of the genus  Epischoenus . Elliott and Muasya (2017) discuss the taxonomic history of this genus, compare it to South African  Tetraria species, and transfer seven species of  Epischoenus (including the type species  Schoenus quadrangularis Boeckeler) to  Schoenus . However,  Epischoenus cernuus was not transferred along with the other species of  Epischoenus because its morphological affinity and phylogenetic position is nested in the reticulate-sheathed  Tetraria clade, rather than the  Schoenus clade of tribe  Schoeneae (e.g. Verboom, 2006; Muasya et al., 2009; Viljoen et al., 2013; Larridon et al., 2018; Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C9FF82FF80FFE91708F5E1AFFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Larridon, I.;Verboom, G. A.;Muasya, A. M.	Larridon, I., Verboom, G. A., Muasya, A. M. (2018): Revised delimitation of the genus Tetraria, nom. cons. prop. (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, Tricostularia clade) *. South African Journal of Botany 118: 18-22, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007
03CA87C9FF83FF81FC8F11B8F7F1A96A.text	03CA87C9FF83FF81FC8F11B8F7F1A96A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schoenus (Elliott and Muasya 2017)	<div><p>6.1. Synonyms of  Schoenus L.</p><p>Elynanthus P.Beauv. ex T.Lestib., Essai Cypér.: 32 (1819).</p><p>Lectotype (designated here):  Elynanthus compar (L.) Nees (accepted name:  Schoenus compar L.)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C9FF83FF81FC8F11B8F7F1A96A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Larridon, I.;Verboom, G. A.;Muasya, A. M.	Larridon, I., Verboom, G. A., Muasya, A. M. (2018): Revised delimitation of the genus Tetraria, nom. cons. prop. (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, Tricostularia clade) *. South African Journal of Botany 118: 18-22, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007
03CA87C9FF83FF86FC8F10FFF541A8DA.text	03CA87C9FF83FF86FC8F10FFF541A8DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetraria P. Beauv.	<div><p>6.2. Synonyms of  Tetraria, nom. cons. prop.</p><p>Aulacorhynchus Nees, Linnaea 9: 305 (1834).</p><p>Type:  Aulacorhynchus crinifolius Nees (accepted name:  Tetraria crinifolia (Nees) C.B.Clarke).</p><p>Boeckeleria T.Durand, Index Gen. Phan.: 504 (1888), substitute name for  Decalepis, nom. illeg. Type:  Boeckeleria nigrovaginata (Nees) H.Pfeiff. (accepted name:  Tetraria nigrovaginata (Nees) C.B.Clarke).</p><p>Decalepis Boeckeler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 5: 509 (1884), nom. illeg. Type:  Decalepis dregeana Boeckeler (accepted name:  Tetraria nigrovaginata (Nees) C.B.Clarke).</p><p>Lepisia C.Presl,  Lepisia (preprint 1829); Symb. Bot. 1: 9 (1830). Type:  Lepisia ustulata (L.) C.Presl (accepted name:  Tetraria ustulata (L.) C.B.Clarke).</p><p>Lophoschoenus Stapf, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42: 179 (1914). Lectotype (designated here):  Lophoschoenus arundinaceus (Sol. ex Vahl) Stapf (accepted name: see. 7.2. Transfers from  Costularia to  Tetraria, nom. cons. prop.).</p><p>Schoenopsis P.Beauv. ex T.Lestib., Essai Cypér.: 34 (1819). Lectotype (designated here):  Schoenopsis fl exuosa (Thunb.) Nees (accepted name:  Tetraria fl exuosa (Thunb.) C.B.Clarke).</p><p>Sclerochaetium Nees, Linnaea 7: 511 (1832). Lectotype (designated here):  Sclerochaetium thermale (L.) Nees (accepted name:  Tetraria thermalis (L.) C.B.Clarke).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C9FF83FF86FC8F10FFF541A8DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Larridon, I.;Verboom, G. A.;Muasya, A. M.	Larridon, I., Verboom, G. A., Muasya, A. M. (2018): Revised delimitation of the genus Tetraria, nom. cons. prop. (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, Tricostularia clade) *. South African Journal of Botany 118: 18-22, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007
03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91342F4ABAA4F.text	03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91342F4ABAA4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetraria breviseta (J. Raynal) Larridon 2018	<div><p>Tetraria breviseta (J.Raynal) Larridon,  comb. nov.</p><p>Basionym:  Costularia breviseta J.Raynal, Adansonia, sér. 2, 14 (3): 363 (1974).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91342F4ABAA4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Larridon, I.;Verboom, G. A.;Muasya, A. M.	Larridon, I., Verboom, G. A., Muasya, A. M. (2018): Revised delimitation of the genus Tetraria, nom. cons. prop. (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, Tricostularia clade) *. South African Journal of Botany 118: 18-22, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007
03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91017F4ABA9F4.text	03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91017F4ABA9F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetraria cernua (Levyns) Larridon 2018	<div><p>Tetraria cernua (Levyns) Larridon,  comb. nov.</p><p>Basionym:  Epischoenus cernuus Levyns, J. S. African Bot. 25: 80 (1958).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91017F4ABA9F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Larridon, I.;Verboom, G. A.;Muasya, A. M.	Larridon, I., Verboom, G. A., Muasya, A. M. (2018): Revised delimitation of the genus Tetraria, nom. cons. prop. (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, Tricostularia clade) *. South African Journal of Botany 118: 18-22, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007
03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91311F604ABC6.text	03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91311F604ABC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetraria pilisepala (Steud.) Larridon 2018	<div><p>Tetraria pilisepala (Steud.) Larridon,  comb. nov.</p><p>Basionym:  Restio pilisepalus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 256 (1855).</p><p>Caustis pilisepala (Steud.) H.Pfeiff., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 366 (1925).</p><p>Costularia pilisepala (Steud.) J.Kern (Kern 1957: 420).</p><p>Carpha arundinacea Brongn. in L.I.Duperrey, Voy. Monde, Phan.: 169 (1833), non  Schoenus arundinaceus Sol. ex Vahl.</p><p>Carpha urvilleana Gaudich. ex Boeckeler, Linnaea 38: 272 (1874).</p><p>Lophoschoenus urvilleanus (Gaudich. ex Boeckeler) Stapf, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42: 180 (1914).</p><p>Costularia urvilleana (Gaudich. ex Boeckeler) Kük., Repert. Spec.Nov. Regni Veg. 46: 28 (1939).</p><p>Tetraria urvilleana (Gaudich.ex Boeckeler) T.Koyama, J. Fac.Sci.Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 8: 75 (1961), nom. superfl.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91311F604ABC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Larridon, I.;Verboom, G. A.;Muasya, A. M.	Larridon, I., Verboom, G. A., Muasya, A. M. (2018): Revised delimitation of the genus Tetraria, nom. cons. prop. (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, Tricostularia clade) *. South African Journal of Botany 118: 18-22, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007
03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91568F545AC9D.text	03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91568F545AC9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetraria raynaliana Larridon 2018	<div><p>Tetraria raynaliana Larridon,  nom. nov.</p><p>Basionym:  Costularia pubescens J.Raynal, Adansonia, sér. 2, 14 (3): 363 (1974), non  Tetraria pubescens SchÖnland &amp; Turrill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 75 (1925).</p><p>Costularia arundinacea var. crassicaudex Kük., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 46: 65 (1939).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91568F545AC9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Larridon, I.;Verboom, G. A.;Muasya, A. M.	Larridon, I., Verboom, G. A., Muasya, A. M. (2018): Revised delimitation of the genus Tetraria, nom. cons. prop. (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, Tricostularia clade) *. South African Journal of Botany 118: 18-22, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007
03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC915C3F4ABACC8.text	03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC915C3F4ABACC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetraria setacea (J. Raynal) Larridon 2018	<div><p>Tetraria setacea (J.Raynal) Larridon,  comb. nov.</p><p>Basionym:  Costularia setacea J.Raynal, Adansonia, n.s., 14: 366 (1974).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC915C3F4ABACC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Larridon, I.;Verboom, G. A.;Muasya, A. M.	Larridon, I., Verboom, G. A., Muasya, A. M. (2018): Revised delimitation of the genus Tetraria, nom. cons. prop. (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, Tricostularia clade) *. South African Journal of Botany 118: 18-22, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007
03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91597F518ADBC.text	03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91597F518ADBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetraria sylvestris (J. Raynal) Larridon 2018	<div><p>Tetraria sylvestris (J.Raynal) Larridon,  comb. nov.</p><p>Basionym:  Costularia sylvestris J.Raynal, Adansonia, sér. 2, 14 (3): 361 (1974).</p><p>Costularia arundinacea var. perlaxi fl ora Kük., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 46: 65 (1939) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C9FF84FF86FFC91597F518ADBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Larridon, I.;Verboom, G. A.;Muasya, A. M.	Larridon, I., Verboom, G. A., Muasya, A. M. (2018): Revised delimitation of the genus Tetraria, nom. cons. prop. (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, Tricostularia clade) *. South African Journal of Botany 118: 18-22, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.007
