taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CA879AFF885E48A4FBF9BDFD54FBC6.taxon	description	(Figures 2 – 8)	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Chen, Hsi-Nien, Rodriguez Moreno, Paula A., Corbari, Laure (2016): Diversity and biogeography of the little known deep-sea barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Balanomorpha: Chionelasmatoidea) in the Southwest Pacific, with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 50: 2961-2984, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445
03CA879AFF885E48A4FBF9BDFD54FBC6.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined MNHN-IU- 2013 – 1996 (1 specimen), New Caledonia: Mont Vauban, EXBODI cruise, station DW 3894, 22 ° 24 ’ S, 171 ° 45 ʹ E, 843 – 845 m, 19 September 2011; MNHN-IU- 2013 - 7540 (1 specimen) same data as MNHN-IU- 2013 – 1996; MNHN-IU- 2013 – 7587 (2 specimens) New Caledonia, Banc réfractaire, NORFOLK 2 cruise, station DW 2103, 23 ° 57 ’ S, 167 ° 44 ʹ E, 717 – 737 m, 30 October 2003; MNHN-IU- 2013 – 7439 (1 specimen), Papua New Guinea, BIOPAPUA cruise, station DW 3688, 03 ° 04 ’ S 147 ° 32 ʹ E, 402 – 640 m, 28 September 2010. Materials used for molecular studies only Holotype. MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11975 (ex Ci 2428), Vanuatu, MUSORTOM 8 cruise, station CP 1080, 15 ° 57.4 ʹ N, 167 ° 27 ʹ E, 799 – 850 m, 5 October 1994. Paratype. MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11976 (ex Ci 2506), Vanuatu, MUSORTOM 8 cruise, station DW 1113, 14 ° 53 ʹ N, 167 ° 06 ʹ E, 700 – 736 m, 8 October 1994. Diagnosis Waikalasma with single or double rows of imbricating plates. Apex of C pointing in upward inclined direction. Mandible composed of three large sharp teeth, third with serrations on cutting edge.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Chen, Hsi-Nien, Rodriguez Moreno, Paula A., Corbari, Laure (2016): Diversity and biogeography of the little known deep-sea barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Balanomorpha: Chionelasmatoidea) in the Southwest Pacific, with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 50: 2961-2984, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445
03CA879AFF885E48A4FBF9BDFD54FBC6.taxon	description	Description (based on specimen MNHN-IU- 2013 - 7540) Shell dirty cream in colour, composed of 8 solid plates including a C, paired CL 1, CL 2 and RL, and an R (Figure 2 (a – d )); shell plates sloping inwards from base towards orifice (Figure 2 (a – d )); basal region of external surfaces of plates surrounded by single row of 16 triangular, imbricating plates, width of largest reaching 1 / 3 width of CL 1 (Figure 2 (a – d )). C large, external surface with 4 faint, vertical, longitudinal ribs and regular growth ridges; apex spout-like, anteverted, pointing in upwardly inclined direction (Figure 2 (a – d )). External surfaces of CL 1 and CL 2 with regular horizontal growth ridges and single vertical longitudinal rib. CL 1 triangular, height ~ 1.5 times basal width (Figure 2 (a – d )); internally only slightly entering into sheath. CL 2 triangular, narrow, internally 1 / 3 of CL 2 entering into sheath. RL narrow, radii wide. R oval shaped, alae narrow. Basis membranous. Scutum triangular, height ~ twice width, external surface with horizontal striations; inner surface smooth, adductor muscle and depressor muscle scars prominent; tergal margin slightly concave (Figure 2 (f, g )). Tergum inverted V-shape; basal margin strongly, deeply excavated; carinal margin straight; scutal margin with prominent articular ridge (Figure 2 (h, i )). Cirrus I with rami sub-equal, posterior ramus 11 - segmented, anterior ramus 13 - segmented, both rami with serrulate setae (Figure 3 (a – d )). Cirrus II antenniform, rami with dense serrulate setae, more setose than cirri III – VI; posterior ramus 23 - segmented, anterior ramus 19 - segmented (Figure 3 (e – h )). Cirri III – VI similar in morphology, long, slender. Cirrus III, posterior ramus 24 - segmented, anterior ramus 25 - segmented, both rami with serrulate setae (Figure 4 (a – d )); intermediate segments with 2 – 3 pairs of long and 1 pair of short setae (Figure 4 (a – d )). Cirrus IV, intermediate segments of both rami with 2 – 3 pairs of long, serrulate setae and 1 pair of simple setae, greater curvature bearing fan-shaped denticles (Figure 4 (e – h )). Cirrus V, posterior ramus 29 - segmented, anterior ramus 33 - segmented, rami with serrulate setae; intermediate segments of both rami bearing 3 pairs of long, serrulate setae and 1 pair of short simple setae (Figure 5 (a – c )). Cirrus VI, posterior ramus 31 - segmented, anterior ramus 30 segmented (Figure 5 (d – f )). Caudal appendages absent. Penis short, height less than basal segment of pedicel of cirrus VI, basi-dorsal point absent, tip of penis truncated (Figure 5 (g – h )). Maxilla bilobed, with serrulate setae around all margins, small maxillary lobe located at posterior region (Figure 6 (a – d )). Maxillule cutting edge slightly notched, 2 large setae above notch, lower portion of cutting margin with> 20 large setae; dorsal margin with fine small setae (Figure 6 (e – h )). Mandible with 3 large teeth (excluding inferior angle), first separated slightly from second and third, cutting edge of third serrated with series of sharp spines; lower margin straight with> 8 large setae; inferior angle sharp, pectinate (Figure 7 (a – d )). Mandibular palp elongate, ovate, serrulate setae at superior and inferior margins (Figure 7 (e – f )). Labrum concave, without cleft; row of fine, sharp teeth located on left and right end sides of cutting margin of labrum (Figure 7 (g – h )).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Chen, Hsi-Nien, Rodriguez Moreno, Paula A., Corbari, Laure (2016): Diversity and biogeography of the little known deep-sea barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Balanomorpha: Chionelasmatoidea) in the Southwest Pacific, with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 50: 2961-2984, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445
03CA879AFF885E48A4FBF9BDFD54FBC6.taxon	distribution	Distribution From the previous studies of Buckeridge (1996) and Jones (2000), W. boucheti has been recorded in the waters of Vanuatu and southern New Caledonia. In the present study, the distribution of W. boucheti is extended to south-western New Caledonian waters and Papua New Guinea. Remarks Waikalasma boucheti exhibits intra-specific morphological variation of the maxillules, mandibles and labrum. From the illustrations of the holotype of Waikalasma boucheti in Buckeridge (1996), the mandible has three teeth, with the lower margin short with a few long setae, the maxillule with a slight notch, with sparse setae on the cutting margin, and the cutting margin of the labrum concave, with small teeth. In the present study, specimens MNHN-IU- 2013 - 1996 (Figure 8 (g – i )) and MNHN-IU- 2013 - 7540 (Figure 8 (j – l )) have deeply notched maxillules. However, specimen MNHN-IU- 2013 - 7587 (Figure 8 (m – o )) has a slightly notched maxillule, similar to the holotype of W. boucheti (Figure 8 (a – c )). The mandibles have three teeth, which is consistent in all specimens in the present study and the holotype (Figure 8). However, the third tooth of the mandible in all specimens studied in the present study has a serrated cutting edge (Figure 8 (h, k, n), serrated edge indicated by arrows) a feature not shown in the illustration of the holotype (Buckeridge 1996). The cutting edge of the labrum is concave in the holotype illustration (Buckeridge 1996) but the labrum in all the specimens in the present study is only slightly concave (Figure 8). Jones (2000) reported a single, incomplete specimen of Waikalasma in New Caledonia. Compared to the holotype illustrated by Buckeridge (1996), the maxillule of Waikalasma in Jones (2000) is slightly notched, the mandible has a shorter lower margin and the labrum is slightly concave (Figure 8 (d – f )). Based on such differences in the mandible and labrum between the W. boucheti holotype and the incomplete specimens from New Caledonia, Jones (2000) suspected the specimen collected in New Caledonia may be a separate species from Waikalasma boucheti, but due to the lack of complete specimens (MNHN-IU- 2009 – 3831), concluded the New Caledonia specimen be regarded as Waikalasma boucheti, until further specimens can be collected to study intra-specific variations. In the present study, we have tried to sequence the incomplete samples of Waikalasma in Jones (2000) but failed to obtain informative information. However, due to the morphological variation in the mandibles and labrum of W. boucheti addressed in the present study, it is highly possible that the specimen in Jones (2000) belongs to W. boucheti.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Chen, Hsi-Nien, Rodriguez Moreno, Paula A., Corbari, Laure (2016): Diversity and biogeography of the little known deep-sea barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Balanomorpha: Chionelasmatoidea) in the Southwest Pacific, with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 50: 2961-2984, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445
03CA879AFF815E50A4E4FB2DFC1AFCA2.taxon	description	(Figures 9 – 14) Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: AB 9 ABF 5 E- 40 D 7 - 4 B 8 D- 812 B- 67755347 A 99 C	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Chen, Hsi-Nien, Rodriguez Moreno, Paula A., Corbari, Laure (2016): Diversity and biogeography of the little known deep-sea barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Balanomorpha: Chionelasmatoidea) in the Southwest Pacific, with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 50: 2961-2984, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445
03CA879AFF815E50A4E4FB2DFC1AFCA2.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined Holotype. MNHN-IU- 2013 – 7721 (1 specimen), Papua New Guinea, BIOPAPUA cruise, station CP 3750, 05 ° 39 ’ S, 153 ° 59 ʹ E, 654 – 660 m, 12 October 2010. Paratypes. MNHN-IU- 2013 - 17871 (1 dissected specimen), Papua New Guinea, BIOPAPUA cruise, station CP 3750, 05 ° 39 ’ S, 153 ° 59 ʹ E, 654 – 660 m, 12 October 2010; MNHN-IU- 2013 – 7440 (4 specimens), Papua New Guinea, off Feni Islands, BIOPAPUA cruise, station CP 3760, 03 ° 58 ’ S, 153 ° 43 ʹ E, 613 – 660 m, 14 October 2010; MNHN-IU- 2013 - 17872 (1 specimen), Solomon Islands, SALOMON 1 cruise, station DW 1772, 8 ° 16 ’ S, 160 ° 40 ʹ E, 570 – 756 m, 28 September 2001. Diagnosis Waikalasma with single row of relatively large imbricating plate (larger than W. boucheti) at basal margin. Apex of carina pointing towards a horizontal direction. Mandible composed of 3 large, sharp teeth, third without serrations on cutting edge.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Chen, Hsi-Nien, Rodriguez Moreno, Paula A., Corbari, Laure (2016): Diversity and biogeography of the little known deep-sea barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Balanomorpha: Chionelasmatoidea) in the Southwest Pacific, with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 50: 2961-2984, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445
03CA879AFF815E50A4E4FB2DFC1AFCA2.taxon	description	Description Shell dirty cream in colour, composed of 8 solid plates including a C, paired CL 1, CL 2 and RL, and an R (Figure 9 (a – e )); shell plates sloping inwards from base towards orifice (Figure 9 (a – e )); basal region of external surfaces of plates surrounded by single row of 12 large, triangular imbricating plates (Figure 9 (a – e )), in single row, width of largest plates reaching 1 / 4 width of CL 1 (Figure 9 (a – e )). C large, external surface with regular growth ridges; apex spout-like, anteverted, pointing in horizontal direction; external surface with 4 faint longitudinal ribs (Figure 9 (a – e )). External surfaces of CL 1 and CL 2 with regular horizontal growth ridges and single vertical longitudinal rib. CL 1 triangular, height ~ 1.5 times basal width (Figure 9 (a – e )); internally only entering slightly into sheath. CL 2 triangular, narrow, internally 1 / 3 of CL 2 entering sheath. RL narrow, radii wide. R oval shaped, alae narrow. Basis membranous. Scutum triangular, height ~ twice width, external surface with horizontal striations; inner surface smooth, adductor muscle and depressor muscle scars prominent; tergal margin slightly concaved (Figure 9 (f, g )). Tergum inverted V-shaped, basal margin strongly, deeply excavated; carinal margin straight; scutal margin slightly concaved (Figure 9 (h, i )). Cirrus I with rami sub-equal, posterior ramus 11 - segmented, anterior ramus 10 - segmented, both rami with serrulate setae (Figure 10 (a – d )). Cirrus II antenniform, rami with dense serrulate setae, setose compared to cirri III – VI (Figure 10 (e – h )); posterior ramus 25 - segmented, anterior ramus 22 - segmented. Cirri III – VI similar in morphology, long, slender. Cirrus III, posterior ramus 31 - segmented, anterior ramus 27 - segmented, both rami with serrulate setae; intermediate segments with 2 pairs of long and 2 pairs of short setae (Figure 11 (a – d )). Cirrus IV, posterior ramus 32 - segmented, anterior ramus 30 segmented, intermediate segments of both rami with 2 pairs of long serrulate setae and 1 pair of simple setae; greater curvature bearing fan-shaped denticles (Figure 11 (e – h )). Cirrus V, posterior ramus 31 - segmented, anterior ramus 32 - segmented, rami with serrulate setae; intermediate segments of both rami bearing 2 pairs of long, serrulate setae and one pair of short, simple setae (Figure 12 (a – c )). Cirrus VI, posterior ramus 34 - segmented, anterior ramus 36 - segmented (Figure 12 (d – f )). Caudal appendages absent. Penis short, height less than basal segment of pedicel of cirrus VI, basi-dorsal point absent, tip of penis truncated (Figure 12 (g, h )). Maxilla bilobed, with serrulate setae around all margins; small maxillary lobe located at posterior region (Figure 13 (a – d )). Maxillule cutting edge strongly notched, lower portion of cutting edge prominent; 2 large setae and ~ 10 fine, small setae above notch (Figure 13 (e – h )), lower portion of cutting margin with> 20 large setae (Figure 13 (e – h )); dorsal margin of maxillule with fine, small setae. Mandible with 3 large teeth (excluding inferior angle), first separated slightly from second and third; lower margin straight, with 3 setae; inferior angle sharp, pectinate (Figure 14 (a – d )). Mandibular palp elongate, ovate, with serrulate setae at superior and inferior margins (Figure 14 (e, f )). Labrum concave, without cleft, row of fine, sharp teeth located at left and right end sides of cutting margin.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Chen, Hsi-Nien, Rodriguez Moreno, Paula A., Corbari, Laure (2016): Diversity and biogeography of the little known deep-sea barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Balanomorpha: Chionelasmatoidea) in the Southwest Pacific, with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 50: 2961-2984, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445
03CA879AFF815E50A4E4FB2DFC1AFCA2.taxon	etymology	Etymology In honour of Diana Jones, Executive Director of the Western Australian Museum, for her mentorship in barnacle taxonomy to BKKC and for her contributions to the studies of the family Pachylasmatidae in Southwest Pacific waters.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Chen, Hsi-Nien, Rodriguez Moreno, Paula A., Corbari, Laure (2016): Diversity and biogeography of the little known deep-sea barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Balanomorpha: Chionelasmatoidea) in the Southwest Pacific, with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 50: 2961-2984, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445
03CA879AFF815E50A4E4FB2DFC1AFCA2.taxon	distribution	Distribution At present, W. dianajonesae is only recorded in the waters of Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, and is absent from those of New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Remarks Waikalasma dianajonesae sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from W. boucheti in the shape of the shell, the size of the imbricating plates and the form of the mandibles. The shell of W. boucheti is conical, with the apex of the carina pointing in an upward direction, whilst the shell of W. dianajonesae is depressed, with the apex of the carina pointing towards a horizontal direction. The imbricating plates of W. dianajonesae sp. nov. are larger than those of W. boucheti. Waikalasma dianajonesae differs from W. juneae in the size of its imbricating plates as well as the number of rows of imbricating plates. Waikalasma juneae has very small imbricating plates arranged in several whorls, in contrast to W. dianajonesae which has large imbricating plates, mostly arranged in a single row. Molecular analysis results A total of 601 and 309 bp of COI and 12 S sequences were respectively obtained. The best-fit nucleotide substitution models for COI and 12 S data sets were GTR + G and HKY + G, respectively. The genealogical relationship of Waikalasma for COI and 12 S were congruent and were, therefore, combined together for further analysis. Of the 910 nucleotide combined data set, 244 were variable and 144 were parsimony informative. The genealogical topologies of NJ, ML and MP were highly similar, showing two wellsupported distinct lineages, corresponding to W. boucheti and W. dianajonesae sp. nov. (Figure 15). The best-scoring ML tree was shown with the node support values of all three methods (Figure 15). The evolutionary distance on COI and 12 S based on mean K 2 P-distance was 16.5 % and 10 % between W. boucheti and W. dianajonesae sp. nov. The mean K 2 P distance was 0.1 % and 0.3 % for COI and 12 S within W. boucheti, and 0.8 % and 0.3 % on COI and 12 S within W. dianajonesae sp. nov., respectively.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Chen, Hsi-Nien, Rodriguez Moreno, Paula A., Corbari, Laure (2016): Diversity and biogeography of the little known deep-sea barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Balanomorpha: Chionelasmatoidea) in the Southwest Pacific, with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 50: 2961-2984, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1226445
