taxonID	type	description	language	source
7C96DE519D935D19BDC0BEFA5CE7656E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Cestrum langeanum D'Arcy from which it can be distinguished by the shiny upper leaf surface that is characteristically shrunken around the primary and secondary veins, the raised quaternary and quinternary veins on the upper leaf surface, the glabrous peduncle and the longer inflorescence.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
7C96DE519D935D19BDC0BEFA5CE7656E.taxon	description	Description. Shrubs, 0.4 - 2.0 m. Leaf-bearing stems drying brown, yellow-brown or olive green, the internodes 25 - 55 x 1.375 - 4.0 mm; young stems glabrous. Axillary buds 0.5 - 1.0 mm, drying dark brown to brown, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, not subtended by a minor leaf. Lamina 90 - 225 x 26 - 100 mm, length to width ratio 2.1 - 3.5, oblong-ovate, ovate, ovate-elliptic, elliptic, or lanceolate, coriaceous, drying yellow-green, brown or dull olive green above, paler below; the upper surface glabrous, primary to quarternary veins, (occasionally primary and secondary only) raised and clearly visible to the naked eye; the lower surface glabrous, primary and secondary, primary to tertiary or primary to quinternary veins raised and clearly visible to the naked eye, secondary veins 6 - 13 pairs, borne 65 - 80 ° to the midrib, irregularly and weakly curved, decurrent, the veinlets visible or not, where visible unbranched or branched; base obtuse to decurrent or asymmetrically acute-cuneate, obtuse, or decurrent; margin entire; apex subcuspidate to cuspidate or acute; petioles 7 - 25 x 1.25 - 2.50 mm, drying green, dark brown or yellow-brown, glabrous. Inflorescences 1 - 3 per herbarium sheet, terminal or subterminal panicles, axillary panicles solitary in each axil, ca. 105 mm long, bearing 7 - 21 flowers borne in 2 - 6 clusters, each cluster bearing 3 or 4 flowers; peduncle 25 - 37 x 1.0 - 1.5 mm, drying green-brown, yellow-brown or brown, glabrous; bracts 3 - 100 x 0.75 - 31.0 mm, leaf-like to bracteole-like; bracteoles 3.0 - 3.5 mm, linear, glabrous. Flowers pedicellate, the pedicels 0.50 - 0.75 mm; calyx 3.25 - 4.50 x 2.0 - 2.25 mm, the outer surface glabrous, the lobes 5, 0.50 - 0.675 mm, erect; corolla pale purple to lilac, 26 - 34 mm long, the tube 26 - 28 mm long, 3.0 - 3.5 mm in diameter at the mouth, ca. 1.25 mm in diameter at the base, glabrous, the lobes 5, 6.5 - 8.0 mm long; stamens 5, the filaments 23.5 - 26.0 mm long, equal, adnate for 19.0 - 20.5 mm of their length, glabrous, a lobe-like appendage present at insertion point, the anthers ca. 1 x 0.675 - 0.750 mm; style 24.5 - 26.0 mm, the stigma 0.375 - 0.50 x 0.75 - 1.25 mm. Infructescences 25 - 80 mm long, bearing 5 - 12 fruit; fruiting calyx 3.5 - 4.0 x 7 - 8 mm; fruit not seen.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
7C96DE519D935D19BDC0BEFA5CE7656E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the locality of the holotype, La Amistad Binational Park in Costa Rica and Panama.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
7C96DE519D935D19BDC0BEFA5CE7656E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Premontane, montane, cloud and oak forest from 900 m to 2100 m. Collection notes indicate that this species is restricted to undisturbed or ' high' forest. Existing collection localities suggest that Cestrum amistadense is distributed over an area of ca. 7,360 km 2 of the Fila Costena and the Talamanca Mountains in eastern Costa Rica and western Panama (Google Earth, accesssed April 21 2011, images from 2011).	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
7C96DE519D935D19BDC0BEFA5CE7656E.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Of the six known collections of Cestrum amistadense, none had been previously determined to species. Comparison of the holotype and paratype material with type specimens from the herbaria listed in the Materials and methods section recovered Cestrum amistadense as most similar to Cestrum langeanum D'Arcy and Cestrum longiflorum Ruiz & Pav. It can be distinguished from those speciesby the presence and distribution of pubescence, leaf surface, venation and inflorescence morphology as summarised in Tables 1 and 2.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
46E931F39C6F566EB90D18BF384E5484.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Cestrum formosum C. V. Morton from which it can be distinguished by its more compact inflorescences, bearing flowers on shorter pedicels with pubescent calyces and longer corolla tubes.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
46E931F39C6F566EB90D18BF384E5484.taxon	description	Description. Shrubs, 1 - 7 m. Leaf-bearing stems drying pale red-brown or tan, the internodes 2 - 34 x 1.5 - 3.5 mm; young stems glabrous, occasionally sparsely pubescent, where pubescent the hairs 0.375 mm, simple, appressed, crooked and frequently glandular. Axillary buds 1.25 - 2.0 mm, frequently absent, drying dark brown, densely pubescent and glandular, not subtended by a minor leaf. Lamina 13 - 135 x 6 - 42 mm, length to width ratio 1.5 - 3.6, obovate, elliptic to ovate, coriaceous, drying olive green, brown or yellow-green above; the upper surface glabrous or very sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.125 mm, simple, weakly appressed, crooked, occasionally sparsely glandular, primary only or primary and secondary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, only the primary veins raised; the lower surface glabrous, sparsely punctate glandular, primary only, primary and secondary or primary to tertiary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary only or primary and secondary veins raised, secondary veins 3 - 6 pairs, borne 45 - 75 ° to the midrib, weakly curved, the veinlets not visible; base decurrent, cuneate, or acute, occasionally asymmetrically so; margin entire; apex acute or subcuspidate; petioles borne on a woody or crescent-shaped spur or regularly from the stem, 5 - 66 x 0.75 - 1.25 mm, drying dark purple, dark brown, yellow-green or green, glabrous, occasionally sparsely punctate glandular. Inflorescences 6 - 13 per herbarium sheet, terminal, subterminal or borne along the full length of the leaf-bearing portion of the stem, axillary panicles solitary in each axil, 25 - 60 mm long, bearing 1 - 16 flowers in 1 - 3 fascicle-like clusters, each cluster bearing 1 - 5 flowers; peduncle 1.5 - 20.0 x 0.75 - 1.75 mm, yellow-brown through orange-brown to dark brown, glabrous tosparsely or very sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.25 mm, simple, curved or straight, occasionally glandular; bracts 18 - 43 x 9 - 13 mm, leaf-like; bracteoles 4 - 22 mm, ovate, linear, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, the pedicels 0.5 - 1.5 mm; calyx 5 - 6.5 x 2.0 - 2.5 mm, the outer surface glabrous, the lobes 4 - 6, 1.25 - 2.5 mm long, erect; corolla yellow-green or pale yellow to yellow, 4 - 26 mm long, the tube 9.0 - 21.5 mm long, 2.5 - 4.25 mm in diameter at the mouth, 0.75 - 1.50 mm in diameter at the base, glabrous, the lobes 4 - 6, 3.5 - 5.5 mm long; stamens 5, the filaments 16 - 19 mm, equal, adnate for 6 - 9 mm, pubescent from insertion point to the base, with a 1 - lobed keel-shaped or reduced knee-like appendage present at insertion point, the anthers 1.0 - 1.5 x 0.675 - 1.0 mm; style 11 - 18 mm, the stigma 0.5 - 1.0 x 1 - 2 mm. Infructescences 10 - 65 mm long, bearing 2 - 6 fruit; fruiting calyx 3.5 - 7.5 x 6 - 9 mm; fruit 7 - 10 x 4 - 7 mm, subglobose to oblongoid, white when ripe. Seeds 1 - 10, 3 - 6 x 1.5 - 3.5 x 2 - 3 mm.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
46E931F39C6F566EB90D18BF384E5484.taxon	etymology	Etymology. After Elias Contreras, Guatemalan plant collector and botanist who collected the type and two of the paratype collections of this species.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
46E931F39C6F566EB90D18BF384E5484.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Montane or cloud forest, often undisturbed forest. Existing collection localities suggest that Cestrum contrerasianum is distributed along the Pacific drainage of central Guatemala (Baja Verapaz, El Quiche, Huehuetenango) and southeastern Mexico (Chiapas) in an area encompassing ca. 13,400 km 2 (Google Earth, accessed 10 Dec 2010).	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
46E931F39C6F566EB90D18BF384E5484.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Of the sixteen known collections of Cestrum contrerasianum, ten were previously determined as Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. Comparison of the holotype and paratype material with type specimens from the herbaria listed in the Materials and methods section recovered Cestrum contrerasianum as most similar to Cestrum formosum C. V. Morton. It can be distinguished from those species on the basis of inflorescence number and morphology and flower and fruit morphology as summarised in Tables 3 & 4.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
B8A4AE46EF0756EC8594A329C1C79ABA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Cestrum morae Hunz. from which it can be distinguished by its thinner, more delicate stems, the lower number of secondary veins in the lamina, the ascendant and shorter inflorescences bearing flowers with shorter corolla tubes and longer corolla lobes.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
B8A4AE46EF0756EC8594A329C1C79ABA.taxon	description	Description. Shrub, occasionally lax, 1.0 - 2.5 m. Leaf-bearing stems grey-brown, the internodes 16 - 95 x 1.25 - 2.75 mm; young stems moderatley pubescent, the hairs 0.125 - <0.25 mm, simple, weakly appressed, curved, glandular. Axillary buds 0.675 - 1.0 mm, red-brown, densely pubescent, not subtended by a minor leaf. Lamina 55 - 160 x 22 - 83 mm, length width ratio 1.86 - 3.0, broad rhombic-elliptic, rhombic-obovate, ovate-rhombic, obovate, rhombic, chartaceous, brown-green to brown; the upper surface glabrous, primary and secondary, primary to tertiary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary, primary and secondary raised; the lower surface sparsely pubescent, the hairs ca. 0.125 mm, simple, sessile to subsessile, glandular, weakly appressed, straight, orange-brown, primary to quarternary, primary to tertiary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary and secondary, primary to tertiary veins raised, the veinlets visible, unbranched, secondary veins 3 - 7 pairs, 30 - 45 ° to the midrib, straight, weakly curved; base subcordate, asymmetrical, obtuse, cordate-cuneate, cuneate; margin entire to irregularly entire; apex cuspidate, acuminate, subacuminate; petioles bottle-shaped, 3.5 - 8.0 x 1.375 - 2.0 mm, dark brown, moderatley pubescent, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, the hairs 0.125 - 0.25 mm. Inflorescences 2 - 13 per herbarium sheet, axillary, solitary in each axil, borne along the full length of leaf-bearing stem, 35 - 48 mm long, bearing 4 - 6 flowers in a panicle, the bracts forming a loose involucre around 1 or 2 clusters of flowers, each cluster bearing 3 - 5 flowers; peduncle 3.5 - 13.0 x 0.5 - 1.0 mm, dark brown to brown, moderatley pubescent or sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.125 - 0.250 mm, glandular; bracts 3.5 - 10.0 x 2.0 - 5.5 mm, leaf - like; bracteoles 6 - 10 mm, ovate, obovate, rhombic, moderatley pubescent. Flowers subsessile, the pedicels <0.25 mm; calyx 2.75 - 3.25 x 1.25 - 1.75 mm, the outer surface glabrous, the lobes 5, 0.50 - 0.675 mm long, erect; corolla white, 22 - 30 mm long, the tube 18.5 - 24.0 mm long, 1.5 - 2.0 mm in diameter at the mouth, 0.675 - 1.0 mm at the base, glabrous, the lobes 5, 7 - 9 mm long; stamens 5, the filaments 15 - 22 mm, equal, adnate for 13.5 - 19.5 mm, glabrous, with a lobe-like appendage present at insertion point, the appendage pubescent, the anthers 0.75 x 0.675 mm; style 17.0 - 19.5 mm, the stigma 0.675 x 0.75 mm. Infructescences and fruit not seen.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
B8A4AE46EF0756EC8594A329C1C79ABA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the Darien province, locality of the type and paratype collections.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
B8A4AE46EF0756EC8594A329C1C79ABA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cestrum darienense is known from two localities in Cerro Pirre and whilst none of the collection labels indicate a forest type, altitude information would suggest that this would be cloud forest. Cerro Pirre covers an area of ca. 50 x 25 km. Using collection label data and Google Earth (accesssed June 7, 2011; images from 2003) the Extent of Occurrence for this species is calculated to be ca. 280 km 2.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
B8A4AE46EF0756EC8594A329C1C79ABA.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Of the three collections of Cestrum darienense seen, none had been previously determined to species prior to this study. A comparison of the holotype and paratype material with type specimens from the herbaria listed in the Materials and methods section recovered Cestrum darienense as most similar to Cestrum gilliae A. K. Monro and Cestrum morae Hunz. Together with Cestrum langeanum D'Arcy, Cestrum darienense, Cestrum gilliae and Cestrum morae form a coherent morphological and geographical grouping within the genus of species from western Panama and the Choco in Colombia and Ecuador characterised by broad, nearly three-veined leaves and determinate inflorescences. Cestrum darienense can be distinguished from Cestrum morae and Cestrum gilliae on the basis of stem, leaf, inflorescence and flower morphology as summarised in Tables 5 & 6. The Cerro Pirre mountain range has been noted as a locality for many endemic plant and animal species; this has been attributed to it being a moist forest refugium during dry periods of the Pleistocene (Haffer 1967).	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
DEF3ABC759415A4A9234E11063C4C3E2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Cestrum morae Hunz. from which it can be distinguished by the fewer secondary nerves, the ascendant inflorescences bearing flowers along a greater proportion of its length, shorter bracteoles and flowers and filaments with a 2 - lobed appendage towards its base.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
DEF3ABC759415A4A9234E11063C4C3E2.taxon	description	Description. Robust herb to shrub 1.5 - 2.0 m. Leaf-bearing stems dark grey-brown, the internodes 15 - 43 x 4 - 6 mm; young stems regularly or sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.25 - 0.75 mm, branched, dendritic, erect, crooked, not glandular. Axillary buds 1.5 - 2.5 mm, brown, densely pubescent, not subtended by a minor leaf. Lamina 135 - 285 x 32 - 124 mm, length width ratio 2.0 - 4.2, oblong-elliptic, obovate, elliptic, or oblong-obovate, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, brown or dull green, the upper surface glabrous, sparsely pubescent at the base, the hairs 0.375 mm, branched, erect, crooked dendritic, primary and secondary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary or primary and secondary raised; lower surface sparsely pubescent on nerves, the hairs 0.125 - 0.50 mm, branched, glandular, erect, crooked-dendritic, orange-brown; primary and secondary or primary to tertiary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary and secondary veins raised, the veinlets not visible, secondary veins 9 - 15 pairs, 30 - 45 ° to the midrib, straight, apically curved; base obtuse, cuneate, asymmetrical, obtuse-cuneate; margin entire; apex subcuspidate to cuspidate; petioles 12 - 23 x 1.75 - 3.0 mm, brown to very dark brown, moderatley pubescent when young, becoming glabrous with age or always glabrous, the hairs 0.25 - 0.75 mm. Inflorescences 1 - 3 per herbarium sheet, terminal, indeterminate, solitary, clustered towards the branch tips, 150 - 210 mm long, bearing 27 - 36 flowers borne in panicles of 10 - 16 clusters of flowers, each cluster bearing 1 - 3 flowers; peduncle ca. 30 x 2 - 3 mm, brown to very dark brown, sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.375 - 0.675 mm, branched, dendritic, eglandular; bracts 7 - 41 x 1.5 - 12 mm, leaf-like; bracteoles 6 - 7 mm, narrow oblong to linear, sparsely pubescent; flowers subsessile or pedicellate, where pedicellate the pedicels 0.25 - 0.50 mm; flowers yellow-green or white, becoming purple blue; calyx 4 - 6 x 2.25 - 3.0 mm, the outer surface glabrous, the lobes 3 or 5, 0.75 - 1.75 mm, erect or spreading; corolla 26 - 30 mm long, the tube 23 - 27 mm long, 2 - 3 mm in diameter at the mouth, 1 - 2 mm at the base, glabrous, the lobes 5, 4.0 - 4.5 mm long; stamens 5, the filaments 22 - 23 mm long, equal, adnate for 16.5 - 17.5 mm, pubescent, with a bilobed appendage present at insertion point, the anthers 1.25 x 1.0 mm; style 22 - 25 mm, the stigma 0.50 - 0.75 x 0.675 - 1.0 mm. Infructescences ca. 125 mm long, bearing ca. 14 fruit; calyx 6 x 7.0 - 7.5 mm; fruit immature, 5 - 6 x 5 mm, purple-black when ripe. Seeds not seen.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
DEF3ABC759415A4A9234E11063C4C3E2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honour of Gill Stevens (nee Douglas, born 1965), botanist, colleague and close friend who died during the preparation of this manuscript. Gill, an algologist by training, helped pioneer the use of amateur groups in the collection of biodiversity data in the UK.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
DEF3ABC759415A4A9234E11063C4C3E2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cestrum gilliae is known from three cloud forest localities within the Cerro Pirre mountain range. Cerro Pirre covers an area of ca. 50 x 25 km. Using collection label data and Google Earth (accesssed June 6, 2011; images from 2003) the Extent of Occurrence is calculated to be ca. 260 km 2.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
DEF3ABC759415A4A9234E11063C4C3E2.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Of the three collections of Cestrum gilliae seen, only one had been previously determined to species, as Cestrum langeanum D'Arcy. A comparison of the holotype and paratype material with type specimens from the herbaria listed in the Materials and methods section recovered Cestrum gilliae most similar to Cestrum morae Hunz. and to a lesser extent Cestrum langeanum D'Arcy (see Discussion for Cestrum darienense above). For this reason Cestrum gilliae is contrasted to both Cestrum morae and Cestrum langeanum on the basis of habit and inflorescence and flower morphology as summarised in Tables 7 & 8 respectively.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
9A1773F39FAD5E57AF2BB596A2B38D04.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Cestrum poasanum Donn. Sm. from which it can be distinguished by the broader leaves and the shorter pedunculate or sessile inflorescences bearing flowers with usually shorter pedicels.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
9A1773F39FAD5E57AF2BB596A2B38D04.taxon	description	Description. Trees or shrubs, where shrubs occasionally lax, 1 - 5 m. Leaf-bearing stems drying pale brown to dark brown, grey-brown, green-grey or grey, the internodes 7 - 60 x 1.5 - 8.0 mm; young stems glabrous, sparsely pubescent or moderatley pubescent, where pubescent the hairs 0.25 - 0.50 mm, branched, erect, dendritic, eglandular. Axillary buds 0.75 - 2.50 mm, drying pale brown to dark brown or red-brown or dark grey-brown, densely pubescent to regularly pubescent, not subtended by a minor leaf. Lamina 55 - 250 x 19 - 110 mm, length width ratio 1.8 - 3.3 (4.1), ovate-oblong, oblong-obovate, ovate, obovate, or oblong, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, drying olive green, brown or yellow-brown, upper surface glabrous or sparsely pubescent, minutely pusticulate, where pubescent the hairs 0.250 - 0.375 mm, branched or simple, appressed, dendritic where branched, straight where simple; primary and secondary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, the primary and secondary raised; lower surface sparsely to very sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.25 - 0.50 mm, branched, erect, weakly appressed, dendritic where branched, glandular where simple, dark walled, orange-brown to brown in colour; primary to quarternary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary and secondary only or primary to tertiary veins raised, veinlets not visible, secondary veins 6 - 13 pairs, borne 45 - 75 ° to the midrib, curved to weakly curved, strongly ascending; base decurrent or cuneate or asymmetrically obtuse / decurrent or cuneate / decurrent; margin entire, very irregularly and weakly crenate; apex subcuspidate, cuspidate or acute; petioles frequently borne on a crescent shaped short woody spur, 11 - 43 x 0.75 - 2.25 mm, brown to very dark brown, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, where pubescent the hairs 0.125 - 0.50 mm. Inflorescences 3 - 9 per herbarium sheet, axillary and terminal, solitary, borne along the full length of the leaf-bearing stem, 25 - 300 mm, panicle occasionally branched to its base, bearing 7 - 120 flowers in 2 - 25 clusters, each cluster bearing 1 - 8 flowers; sessile or peduculate, where pedunculate the peduncle 2 - 25 x 0.675 - 1.25 mm, brown to dark brown, densely pubescent or moderatley pubescent, the hairs 0.250 - 0.675 mm, branched, dendritic, eglandular; bracts (1.5) 10 - 46 x 1.25 - 14.0 mm, leaf-like; bracteoles 0.5 - 5.0 mm, frequently caducous, linear, moderatley pubescent or densely pubescent. Flowers pedicellate or subsessile, where pedicellate the pedicels 0.375 - 0.750 mm; flowers yellow-green, pale yellow, cream, white or dull pink, the lobes occasionally lilac coloured, nocturnally fragrant; calyx 2.75 - 6.0 x 1.675 - 2.0 mm long, the tube 11 - 21 mm long, the outer surface glabrous, the lobes 3 - 5 (6 - 7), 0.50 - 2.0 mm, erect; corolla 15 - 24 mm, 2.0 - 3.75 mm in diameter at the mouth, 0.5 - 1.5 mm at the base, glabrous, the lobes 5, 2.5 - 4.5 mm; stamens 5, the filaments 13.5 - 19.0 mm long, subequal, adnate for 12.0 - 16.5 mm, with a lobe-like or bilobed appendage present at insertion point, pubescent from appendage to base, anthers 0.675 - 1.250 x 0.675 - 1.0 mm; style 14 - 20 mm, the stigma 0.675 - 0.750 x 0.675 - 1.0 mm. Infructescences 32 - 100 mm long, bearing 3 - 15 fruit; fruiting calyx 3.0 - 4.5 x 4 - 6 mm; fruit 7.5 - 10.0 x 5 - 8 mm, white or cream when ripe. Seeds 7 - 10, 2.5 - 4.5 x 1.5 - 2.0 x 1.5 - 2.0 mm, the surface minutely verrucate.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
9A1773F39FAD5E57AF2BB596A2B38D04.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after William Haber, US botanist (1946 -), who collected the holotype and six of the paratype collections.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
9A1773F39FAD5E57AF2BB596A2B38D04.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Wet, cloud and montane forest from (100) 900 to 2200 m. Collection notes indicate that this species is known from undisturbed and disturbed forest. Existing collection localities suggest that the species' Extent of Occurrence is 30,950 km 2 running along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Alajuela, Heredia, Cartago, San Jose, Puntarenas) and Panama (Chiriqui) (Google Earth, accessed Dec 16 2010, images 2001, 2006).	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
9A1773F39FAD5E57AF2BB596A2B38D04.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Of the 29 known collections of Cestrum haberii most had previously been determined as Cestrum poasanum Donn. Sm. A comparison of the holotype and paratype material with type specimens from the herbaria listed in the Materials and methods section recovered Cestrum haberii as most similar to Cestrum poasanum and Cestrum rugulosum Francey. The two species can be distinguished based on leaf, inflorescence and flower morphology as summarised in Tables 9 & 10.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
E194ED1914195FB2B32300103767305B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Cestrum acuminatum Francey from which it can be distinguished by the membranous to subchartaceous leaves, flowers with shorter calyces and the larger fruit.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
E194ED1914195FB2B32300103767305B.taxon	description	Description. Shrub or small tree to 1 - 7 m. Leaf-bearing stems yellow-brown, pale brown to tan, the internodes 8 - 25 (33) x 0.75 - 5.0 mm; young stems glabrous. Axillary buds 0.75 - 6.0 mm, very dark green, green-brown, orange-brown, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, not subtended by a minor leaf. Lamina 27 - 210 x 8 - 43 mm, length width ratio 2.6 - 8.4, narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate, narrowly ovate or narrowly oblong, membranous to subchartaceous, occasionally chartaceous, green, dull green, yellow-green; the upper surface glabrous, primary, primary and secondary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary and secondary raised; the lower surface glabrous; primary, primary to tertiary or primary to secondary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary, primary and secondary veins raised, the veinlets visible or not, secondary veins 7 - 20 (27) pairs, 75 - 90 ° to the midrib, weakly curved; base obtuse, acute, asymmetrical, acute / obtuse, obtuse / subcordate, acute / attenuate, acute / cuneate, obtuse / decurrent; margin entire, occasionally irregularly so; apex acuminate, subcaudate to caudate; petioles regular, 3 - 21 x 0.675 - 1.0 mm, dark green, brown or yellow-green, glabrous. Inflorescences 5 - 9 per herbarium sheet, axillary on apical portion of the stem, terminal, pendant, 55 - 150 mm long, bearing 3 - 10 flowers in a compact panicle of 2 - 7 clusters of flowers, each cluster bearing 1, 2 or 4 flowers; peduncle 15 - 70 x 0.50 - 0.75 mm, straw coloured or orange-brown, glabrous; bracts 16 - 60 x 3 - 14 mm, leaf-like; bracteoles 4.0 - 7.5 (14.0) mm, linear, spathulate, narrowly ovate, 1 or 2 per flower, glabrous. Flowers pedicellate or subsessile, where pedicellate the pedicels 0.25 - 1.0 mm; calyx 2.0 - 2.5 x 1.75 - 2.675 mm, the outer surface glabrous, the lobes 5, 0.125 - 0.675 mm, erect; corolla pale green, white or yellow-green, 28 - 35 mm, the tube 20 - 28 mm long, 2.5 - 3.5 mm in diameter at the mouth, 0.75 - 1.0 mm at the base, glabrous, the lobes 5, 6 - 10.0 mm long; stamens 5, the filaments 21 - 25 mm long, equal, adnate for 17 - 21 mm, with a lobe-like appendage present at insertion point, pubescent at insertion point, the anthers 0.675 - 1.0 x 0.5 - 0.75 mm; style 21 - 26 mm, the stigma 0.375 - 0.750 x 0.674 - 2.0 mm. Infructescences 27 - 110 mm long, bearing 2 - 4 fruit; fruiting calyx 2.0 - 2.5 x 3.0 - 4.0 mm; fruit 7 - 14 x 7 - 12 mm, white when ripe. Seeds (2) 6 - 10, 4.5 - 7.5 x 1.5 - 5.0 x 2.5 - 4.5 mm, the surface smooth.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
E194ED1914195FB2B32300103767305B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after Sandra Knapp (1956 -), Anglo-US botanist and Solanaceae specialist who collected the holotype and three of the paratype collections.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
E194ED1914195FB2B32300103767305B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Tropical wet, premontane and montane forest from 1100 to 1600 m. Collection notes indicate that this species is known from primary or undisturbed forest. Existing collection localities suggest that Cestrum knappiae is restricted to an area of the Main Divide (river drainage between the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean) of the Talamanca Mountains ca. 270 km in extent that runs from Parque Nacional Tapanti in W in Costa Rica to the Fortuna Forest Reserve and Palo Seco Protected Areas in the E in Panama. The Extent of Occurrence is calculated to be 5,400 km 2 (Google Earth, accesssed June 2 2011, images 2001 to 2006).	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
E194ED1914195FB2B32300103767305B.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Seven of the 15 collections of Cestrum knappiae examined had been previously determined as Cestrum fragile Francey. A comparison of the holotype and paratype material with type specimens from the herbaria listed in the Materials and methods section recovered Cestrum knappiae as most similar to Cestrum acuminatum D'Arcy, Cestrum fragile and Cestrum cristinae D. A. Soto. It can be distinguished from those species based on size, leaf, flower and fruit morphology as summarised in Tables 11, 12 and 13.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
689D962C8E7751BAB06D4DECF4567B88.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Cestrum johnniegentrianum D'Arcy from which it can be distinguished by the secondary nerves of the lower leaf surface which are dark relative to the leaf lamina, the longer inflorescences bearing larger bracteoles and flowers with larger calyces.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
689D962C8E7751BAB06D4DECF4567B88.taxon	description	Description. Unbranched shrub to 1.0 - 1.5 m. Leaf-bearing stems grey-tan to pale brown, the internodes 20 - 67 x 3.5 - 8.0 mm; young stems glabrous. Axillary buds 2.5 - 7.0 mm, brown, densely pubescent, not subtended by a minor leaf. Lamina 130 - 200 x 70 - 98 mm, length width ratio 1.7 - 2.4, broadly ovate, elliptic or broadly obovate, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, brown, green-grey; upper surface glabrous, primary and secondary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary and secondary raised; the lower surface glabrous, primary to quarternary, primary to quinternary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary and secondary veins raised, the veinlets visible, unbranched, secondary veins 7 - 10 pairs, 45 - 60 ° to the midrib, curved, weakly curved, ascending; base decurrent, cuneate-obtuse, cuneate-decurrent; margin irregularly entire, minute crenate to sinutae; apex cuspidate, subcuspidate; petioles decurrent on the stem, 17 - 30 x 1.5 - 2.5 mm, dark brown, yellow-brown, tan-cream, glabrous. Inflorescences 4 - 15 per herbarium sheet, axillary, panicles solitary in each axil, along the full length of leaf-bearing stems and below, 25 - 30 mm long, bearing 5 - 9 flowers borne in a panicle of 2 - 3 clusters of flowers with reduced branches, each flower cluster bearing 1, 3 - 6 flowers; peduncle 3 - 12 x 0.75 - 1.0 mm, dark brown, sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.250 - 0.375 mm, branched, dendritic, eglandular; bracts absent; bracteoles 3 - 6 mm, linear, spathulate, sparsely pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, the pedicels 0.50 - 0.75 mm; calyx 4.0 - 4.5 x 2.0 - 3.5 mm, the outer surface glabrous, the lobes 5, 1.25 - 1.75 mm long, weakly spreading; corolla green (in bud), 15 - 17 mm long, the tube ca. 13.5 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter at the mouth, 0.75 mm at the base, glabrous, the lobes 5, 4 mm long; stamens 5, the filaments ca. 13 mm long, equal, adnate for 12 mm, with a lobe-like appendage present at insertion point, pubescent from insertion point to the base, the anthers ca. 1.375 x 1.0 mm; style ca. 13 mm, the stigma ca. 0.75 x 1.0 mm. Infructescences 15 - 25 mm long, bearing 5 - 8 fruit; fruiting calyx ca. 3 x 4 mm; fruit immature, colour when ripe unknown. Seeds 6, mature seeds not seen.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
689D962C8E7751BAB06D4DECF4567B88.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the US collector of the holotype Roy Lent (1931 -), who worked for F in Costa Rica.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
689D962C8E7751BAB06D4DECF4567B88.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Wet premontane forest from 1100 to 1700 m on Pacific and Caribbean drainage of the Talamanca Mountains, Costa Rica and Panama. Cestrum lentii is known from two localities ca. 210 km apart at the eastern (La Fortuna, Chiriqui, Panama) and western (Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica) ends of the Talamanca Mountains. It is likely that populations of Cestrum lentii connect these localities and that the absence of records is a reflection of sampling effort. Assuming that Cestrum lentii is found throughout the Talamanca Mountains between altitudes of 1100 to 1700 m then an estimated Area of Occupancy for this species is 5,880 km 2 (Google Earth, accessed June 17, 2011, images 2001, 2003, 2006, 2009).	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
689D962C8E7751BAB06D4DECF4567B88.taxon	discussion	Discussion. None of the four known collection of this species had been determined to species prior to this study. A comparison of the holotype and paratype material with type specimens from the herbaria listed in the Materials and methods section recovered Cestrum lentii as most similar to Cestrum johnniegentrianum D'Arcy. It can be easily distinguished from this species based on leaf and inflorescence morphology as summarised in Table 14.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
F0965AC57711585786F29B6BB03E5158.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Cestrum laxum Benth. from which it can be distinguished by the absence of a minor leaf subtending axillary buds, flowers with shorter calyces that are pale pink or purple in colour.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
F0965AC57711585786F29B6BB03E5158.taxon	description	Description. Lax shrub to 1 - 2 m. Leaf-bearing stems brown, the internodes 8 - 20 x 1 - 2 mm; young stems glabrous to sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.5 mm, simple, erect, curved, not glandular. Axillary buds 0.5 - 1.5 mm, black, very dark brown, sparsely pubescent, not subtended by a minor leaf. Lamina 31 - 80 x 15 - 26 mm, length width ratio 2.6 - 3.1, ovate, lanceolate, or obovate, chartaceous tosubchartaceous or subcoriaceous, brown; the upper surface glabrous, primary and secondary, primary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary and secondary, primary raised; the lower surface glabrous, sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.25 mm, simple, erect, curved, apparently glandular, orange-brown; primary to quarternary, primary to tertiary veins clearly visible to the naked eye, primary veins raised, veinlets not visible, secondary veins 5 - 8 pairs, 45 - 60 ° to the midrib, weakly curved; base decurrent, asymmetrical, decurrent-cuneate; margin irregularly entire; apex acute or subcuspidate; petioles borne on a woody or crescent shaped spur, 4 - 13 x 0.675 - 1.5 mm, dark brown, glabrous. Inflorescences 6 or 7 per herbarium sheet, axillary and indeterminate terminal, solitary, clustered towards the branch tips, 40 - 130 mm long, bearing 6 - 75 flowers in a panicle of 3 - 12 clusters, each cluster bearing 1 or 2 flowers; peduncle 22 - 25 x 0.675 - 0.750 mm, brown, moderatley pubescent, the hairs ca. 0.5 mm, branched, dendritic, eglandular; bracts 9 - 19 x 2 - 16 mm, leaf-like; bracteoles 1.5 - 2.5 mm, linear, glabrous. Flowers pedicellate, the pedicels 1.25 - 5.0 mm; calyx 2.5 - 4.0 x 2.0 - 2.25 mm, the outer surface glabrous, the lobes 5, 3, 0.5 - 1.0 mm long, erect; corolla pink to pale pink, 12 - 23 mm long, the tube 14 - 18.5 mm long, 3.0 - 4.5 mm in diameter at the mouth, 1.0 - 1.5 mm at the base, glabrous, the lobes 5, 2 - 3 mm long; stamens 5, the filaments 7.5 - 16.0 mm long, equal, adnate for 4.5 - 8.0 mm, with a reduced swelling-like to knee-like appendage present at insertion point, pubescent from insertion point to the base, the anthers 1.0 - 1.25 x 0.75 - 1.0 mm; style 7.5 - 18.0 mm, the stigma 0.75 x 1.25 mm. Infructescences not seen.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
F0965AC57711585786F29B6BB03E5158.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Talamanca mountains, the locality of all known collections of this species.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
F0965AC57711585786F29B6BB03E5158.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cestrum talamancaense is known from three locations which span the entire range of the Talamanca Mountains from Chirripo, Costa Rica in the west to La Fortuna, Panama in the east. The altitude range for this species is believed to be 2000 - 3200 m. This and collection label data suggest that Cestrum talamancaense is restricted to oak forest and subparamo vegetation. Given the small number of collections this should be considered provisional. Using this altitude range and the location of the three known localities the Area of Occupancy is calculated to be 2,300 km 2 (Google Earth, accessed June 20, images from 2003, 2004, 2006).	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
F0965AC57711585786F29B6BB03E5158.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Of the four collections of Cestrum talamancaense seen none had previously been identified to species. A comparison of the holotype and paratype material with type specimens from the herbaria listed in the Materials and methods section recovered Cestrum talamancaense as most similar to Cestrum laxum Benth. and Cestrum irazuense Kuntze. Cestrum laxum and Cestrum irazuense occupy a similar altitudinal range. Cestrum irazuense occupies an overlapping but broader geographical range whilst Cestrum laxum has a distinct and much broader geographical range being known from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. The species can be distinguished based on axillary bud, petiole and flower morphology as summarised in Tables 15 and 16.	en	Monro, Alex K. (2012): Eight new species of Cestrum (Solanaceae) from Mesoamerica. PhytoKeys 8: 49-82, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.8.2238
