taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CDD45B70551C75FED79E770C6BF847.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rostrum prominent, well-developed. Cephalothorax without fenestra dorsalis. Body subcylindrical, straight or evenly curved, without prominent “ bump-like ” flexure at pleonite 1. Free pereonites length subequal, shorter than pleonites. Pleonite 6 shorter than twice length of pleonite 5; surface of integument with few setae but no spines. Telson dorsoventrally compressed; posterior margin rounded or angular, with spine row. Antennular and antennal peduncles unarmed. Scaphocerite with small lateral spine. Thoracopod 1 (maxilliped) with epipods. Thoracopod 7 with exopod. Uropodal endopod more than three-fourths length of exopod; exopod with small group of movable spines near position of diaraesis.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70551C75FED79E770C6BF847.taxon	description	Description. Body subcylindrical, straight or evenly curved, without prominent “ bump-like ” flexure at pleonite 1. Rostrum prominent, apex blunt, rounded, slightly deflected ventrally; few distal setae, arising submarginally. Head (cephalothorax) comprised of fused cephalon and pereonite 1; cervical groove distinct; dorsal organ present on dorsal midline anterior to cervical groove; mid-lateral surface posterior to cervical groove with shallow diagonal groove. Pereonites 2 – 8 length subequal, subparallel, shorter than pleonites. Pleonites 1 – 5 length subequal; subparallel; pleura well-developed, rounded. Pleonite 6 shorter than twice length of pleonite 5; surface of integument with few setae but no spines. Telson dorsoventrally compressed, with low, broad median ridge; posterior margin rounded or angular, with spine row; surface with low, broad median crest, few scattered setae. Female gonopore (spermatheca) on pereonite 8 sternum between coxae; bulbous, directed anteriorly, anterior surface with genital orifice as narrow transverse slit. Pleonal sternites 3 – 5 with low median processes between pleopod bases. Eyes pedunculate; cornea usually well-developed. Antennular peduncle 3 - articulate, unarmed; article 1 with statocyst; biflagellate, inner (= accessory) flagellum shorter than outer; adult males with proximal portion of inner flagellum modified to form clasping structure, with proximal 8 articles bearing dorsal finger setae and together semi-rigid, S-shaped, curled, strongly curved downward, then turning upwards and horizontally in vicinity of articles 5 and 6, with slender clasping spines on obtusely angled inner margin of article 7. Antenna uniflagellate; protopod 3 - articulate, unarmed; exopod (scaphocerite) laminar, broadly ovate, small lateral spine, mesial and distal margin setose to base of lateral spine; endopod peduncle 2 - articlulate, unarmed. Labrum with shallow proximal constriction, anterior proximal surface with blunt median ridge; distal margin convex to slightly concave, finely setose. Mandibular corpus (apophysis) robust; molar process and incisor process well-developed; molar with elongate, ovate, triturating surface, surrounded by spiniform setae; incisor process diagonal to axis of mandibular corpus; left incisor process with 7 triangular teeth in sinuous row, proximally with spine row between proximal incisor tooth and molar process; right incisor process similar to left except with 6 triangular teeth, proximal tooth usually apically divided; palp 3 - articulate, setose, article 1 short, subquadrate, article 2 slender, almost twice length of article 3. Paragnaths widely separated by deep V-shaped incision, without lobes, distal half finely setose, especially mesially. Maxillule with 2 endites; proximal endite distally setose; distal endite spinose distally, lateral surface with small rounded palp. Maxilla with 4 endites, proximal 2 endites with plumose setae, distal 2 endites densely arrayed with serrulate setae. Thoracopods 1 – 8 protopod with coxa, basis, preischium, ischium, merus, carpus, propodus and dactylus; flexure at carpus-merus articulation. Thoracopod 1 (maxilliped) coxa inner margin with setose coxal endites, outer margin with 2 slender, lamellar epipods, proximal wider than distal; basis with slender, flattened, strap-like exopod; coxa-basis demarcation often ill-defined; preischium rectangular, more than twice length of quadrate ischium; merus as long as preischium, slightly tapering distally; carpus triangular, longer than high, half length of merus; propodus slender, slightly shorter than merus; dactylus short, terminating in slender claw, with 2 slender movable spines on lateral side, 3 on mesial side. Thoracopods 2 – 8 (pereopods) as ambulatory legs. Thoracopods 2 – 6 structurally similar, distal 4 articles with tufts of setae, primarily along flexor margins, dactylus strongly setose; thoracopods 4 – 5 longest; coxa outer margin with 2 ovate, lamelliform epipods, inner margin in adult females with setose endite; basis short, partially fused with preischium; exopod articulating with outer margin of basis, with elongate basal article and setose multi-annulate flagellum (<30); ischium about as long as basis-preischium; merus elongate, slightly tapering distally, about twice length of ischium; carpus triangular, longer than high, about half length of merus or slightly less; propodus elongate, slender, shorter than merus; dactylus short, terminating in long, slender claw, with slender movable spine on lateral side, 2 movable spines on mesial side. Thoracopod 7 similar to thoracopods 2 – 6 except epipods proportionally more slender; exopod a single narrow lamella. Thoracopod 8 structurally similar to preceding thoracopods but lacking epipods or exopod; basis and preischium indistinguishably fused; longer than thoracopod 7. Pleopods 1 – 5 exopod long, slender, setose, 25 – 30 - annulate. Pleopods 1 – 2 endopod always present, unmodified endopod ovate, lamellar, length subequal to first exopod article, variously present on pleopods 3 – 5 in females and juvenile males; adult male pleopods 1 – 2 endopod modified as copulatory structures (petasma). Adult male pleopod 1 elongate, directed anteriorly, reaching beyond thoracopod 8 coxa; slender proximally, expanded distally forming cannulate, scoop-like structure, hollowed mesially; distally rounded, lateral margin thin, lamellate; inner margin with short row of retinaculae near distal one-third, forming small rounded lobe; inner proximal surface with scattered setae and spinules. Male pleopod 2 endopod of 2 articles, longer than that of pleopod 1, directed anteriorly, reaching to thoracopod 8 coxa; proximal article twice length of distal article, mesial proximal margin with row of retinaculae; distal article broadly curved, mesially hollowed, apex blunt. Telson and uropods forming tail-fan. Uropodal exopod lateral margin with indistinct, partial diaeresis near distal one-third; movable spines near position of diaeresis, flanked by tufts of setae; inner margin and outer margin distal to diaeresis setose. Uropodal endopod slightly shorter than exopod, margins setose. Species composition. Anaspides clarkei Ahyong, 2015, A. eberhardi sp. nov., A. jarmani Ahyong, 2015, A. richardsoni sp. nov., A. spinulae Williams, 1965 a, A. swaini Ahyong, 2015, A. tasmaniae (Thomson, 1893) (type species).	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70551C75FED79E770C6BF847.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Anaspides is one of three anaspidid genera endemic to Tasmania, others being Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (with only the type species, Paranaspides lacustris Smith, 1908), and Allanaspides Swain, Wilson, Hickman & Ong, 1970 (with the type species A. helonomus Swain, Wilson, Hickman & Ong, 1970, and A. hickmani Swain, Wilson & Ong, 1971) (Lake et al., 2002). Allanaspides, which uniquely has a fenestra dorsalis on the cephalothorax, lacks maxillipedal epipods and lacks the exopod on thoracopod 7, is believed to be sister to other anaspidids (Jarman & Elliott, 2000). Paranaspides is most closely related to Anaspides, being sister to, or possibly nested within, the latter (Jarman & Elliott, 2000). Few major features separate the two genera, however. Paranaspides, with a pelagic rather than benthic habit, is considerably more spinose than Anaspides but the most important distinguishing feature is the distinct pleonal flexure of the former as a result of the wedge-shaped pleonite 1. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from mitochondrial 16 S sequences from selected Anaspides populations (Jarman & Elliott, 2000; Andrew, 2005), although with low resolution, recognized three broad clades: a southern group corresponding to A. jarmani and A. clarkei, which diverged from other Anaspides approximately 25 ma; a southwestern group (A. swaini); and a northern-eastern group corresponding here to A. tasmaniae, A. spinulae, A. richardsoni and A. eberhardi). The phylogenetic significance of Anaspides for Malacostraca has prompted numerous morphological, ultrastructural and physiological studies, all under the name A. tasmaniae. Those applicable to A. tasmaniae sensu stricto are as follows: embryology (Hickman, 1937); giant lateral neurone (Silvey & Wilson, 1979); organ of Bellonci (Kauri & Lake, 1972); locomotory function (Macmillan et al., 1981); spermogenesis (Jespersen, 1983); foregut morphology (Wallis & Macmillan, 1998); and ommatidial structure (Richter, 1999); and cuticular sclerites (Kutschera et al., 2015). Manton’s (1930) study of habits and feeding are based on A. tasmaniae and A. swaini. Studies of functional morphology and excretion (Cannon & Manton, 1927; Manton, 1929, 1931) are probably based on A. swaini given the photograph by Sidnie Manton, presented by William Calman to the Royal Zoological Society of London depicting what appears to be A. swaini (MacBride, 1930). Analyses of ecology and life history (Swain & Reid, 1983) and mandibular morphology (Richter et al., 2002) are based on A. richardsoni from Mt Field. Serov (1988) examined ecology of populations from Browns River near Silver Falls, which are thus referable to A. tasmaniae. Specimens studied by Tjønneland et al. (1984) for heart ultrastructure, from Myrtle Forest Creek, are referrable to A. swaini. Smith’s (1908, 1909 b) studies of general morphology may be based several species given that he accessed material from Mt Wellington (North West Bay River), Mt Field and the Hartz Mountains, localities at which A. swaini, A. richardsoni and A. jarmani occur, respectively. Internal anatomy (gonads and alimentary canal) reported by Nicholls & Spargo (1932) is probably based on A. richardsoni given that Nicholls collected widely in the Great Lake area, many specimens of which are still extant in the collections of the Western Australian Museum and Tasmanian Museum. Specimens of Anaspides collected by Smith were the source material for a parasitic protozoan, Ganymedes anaspidis described by Huxley (1910). Given the uncertainty over the identity of Smith’s Anaspides specimens, however, the host species of the type material of G. anaspidis likewise remains unclear. Anaspides tasmaniae was originally described as the type species of Anaspis Thomson, 1893. Anaspis Thomson, 1893, however, being preoccupied by Anaspis Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera), was replaced by Anaspides Thomson, 1894. Seven species of Anaspides are recognized here of which two are new to science.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70531C7FFF049D100DF1FAFF.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 4, 35 A, 36	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70531C7FFF049D100DF1FAFF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. LECTOTYPE: AM G 2130, male (23 mm), Mt Wellington, “ 4000 ft ”, per G. M. Thomson. PARALECTOTYPES: AM P 99315, 1 female (24 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (19 mm), collected with lectotype; OM Iv. 1396, 1 ♀ (22 mm), Mt Wellington, “ 4000 ft ” [1200 m], coll. G. M. Thomson. Other material examined. TMAG 14370 / G 114, 7 ♂♂ (14 – 26 mm), 1 ♀ (29 mm), New Town Rivulet, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 52.5 ' S 147 ° 15.8 ' E, 1000 ft asl [300 m], coll. J. Pearson, 20 Jun 1937; QVM 10: 8079, 1 ♂ (damaged, c. 27 mm), 2 ♀♀ (26 – 27 mm), New Town Creek, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 52 ' S 147 ° 16 ' E, coll. E. Guiler, 1956; TMAG G 6433, 2 ♂♂ (22 – 24 mm), 6 ♀♀ (22 – 26 mm), Lenah Valley, Newtown Rivulet, 42 ° 51.6 ' S 147 ° 16.9 ' E, 150 m asl, coll. R. Swain, Jul 1969; NMV J 42438, 1 ♂ (28 mm), 2 ♀♀ (21 – 25 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 14 mm), Organ Pipes, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 53.8 ' S 147 ° 14.5 ' S coll. 12 May 1912, pres J. Searle, Feb 1936; TMAG G 6383, 5 ♀♀ (27 – 32 mm), Picnic Hut, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 53.9 ' S 147 ° 14.2 ' E, 1250 m asl, coll. R. Swain, 4 Nov 1969; TMAG G 6404, 3 ♂♂ (22 – 24 mm), 10 ♀♀ (22 – 27 mm), Picnic Hut, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 53.9 ' S 147 ° 14.2 ' E, 1250 m asl, coll. R. Swain, Apr 1969; TMAG G 6365, 2 ♂♂ (21 – 24 mm), 7 ♀♀ (24 – 30 mm), Picnic Hut, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 53.9 ' S 147 ° 14.2 ' E, 1250 m asl, coll. R. Swain, 14 Sep 1969; AM P 14157, 2 specimens (slide preparations), Picnic Point, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 54.9 ' S 147 ° 14.7 ' E, stream, 800 m asl, coll. W. D. Williams 29 Jan 1963; AM P 99314, 1 ♀ (28 mm), The Chalet, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 53.43 ' S 147 ° 14.04 ' E, stream, 970 m asl, coll. S. Jarman, Nov 1997; TMAG G 6414, 4 ♂♂ (27 – 33 mm), 7 ♀♀ (27 – 35 mm), Fern Tree, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 55.5 ' S 147 ° 15.6 ' E, 420 m asl, coll. R. Swain, 14 Feb 1971; AM P 97847, 1 juv. ♀ (12 mm, Silver Falls, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 55.3 ' S 147 ° 14.9 ' E, 1500 ft asl [450 m], 28 Feb 1935; TMAG G 6431, 2 ♂♂ (26 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (19 – 21 mm), 5 ♀♀ (19 – 28 mm), Browns River, above Silver Falls, 42 ° 55.1 ' S 147 ° 14.7 ' E, 620 m asl, coll. I. Wilson & B. Knott, 20 Jan 1971; AM P 98089, 1 ♂ (24 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (14 – 16 mm), 2 ♀♀ (23 – 28 mm), 4 ♀♀ (10 – 16 mm), Mt Wellington, creeks, coll. R. Swain & A. Richardson, Jul 1990; MZUSP 33665, 1 juv. ♀ (16 mm), Mt Wellington, coll. R. Swain & A. Richardson, Jul 1990; UFMG, 1 ♀ (19 mm), Mt Wellington, coll. R. Swain & A. Richardson, Jul 1990; USNM 60111, 1 ♂ (25 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (15 mm), 1 ♀ (23 mm), Silver Falls, Mt Wellington, coll. W. M. Tattersall, 1914; HMUS Cr (M) II / II / 1 – 1 (i), 18 ♂♂ (14 – 24 mm), 16 ♀♀ (14 – 28 mm), from creeks on Mt Wellington, 26 Aug 1965; USNM 291481, 1 ♂ (24 mm), Mt Wellington, coll. F. R. Schram, 25 May 1980; NMV J 42440, 1 ♀ (28 mm), Mt Wellington, 4000 ft asl [1200 m], coll. A. Neboiss, 22 Feb 1967; TMAG, 5 ♂♂ (24 – 26 mm), no data; USNM 30578, 2 juv. ♂♂ (13 – 14 mm), 1 ♀ (22 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 14 mm), from G. M. Thomson, no data.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70531C7FFF049D100DF1FAFF.taxon	description	Description. Eyes with well-developed cornea, pigmented, subglobular, longer than half length and slightly wider than stalk, stalk with subparallel margins. Rostrum narrow in adults, apex blunt. Pleonites with sparsely setose pleural margins, rounded; pleuron 1 unarmed; pleura 2 – 3 with 0 – 2 small spines; pleuron 4 with 1 – 4 small spines and scattered setae. Pleonite 5 pleuron with 1 – 4 spines and scattered setae; posterior tergal margin with 3 – 5 spines either side of midline, setose. Pleonite 6 posterior margin spinose, setose; posterolateral margin setose, rounded. Pleonal sternites 3 – 5 with low, weakly bilobed median processes between pleopod bases, widest on sternite 3, narrowest on sternite 5. Telson longer than wide, linguiform, widest proximally; lateral margins sinuous in dorsal outline, distally convergent; transition from lateral to rounded posterior margin evenly curved, seamless; posterior spine row with 19 – 37 short, evenly graded, slender, closely spaced spines, generally longest medially. Antennule inner flagellum about 0.2 × body length (19 – 20 articles in figured 28 mm male); article 7 inner margin obtusely angled in adult males, with 2 long, slender clasping spines proximally; outer flagellum 0.4 – 0.5 × body length (69 articles in figured 28 mm male). Antennal flagellum 0.3 – 0.4 × body length (47 articles in figured 28 mm male); scaphocerite elongate, ovate, lateral spine slightly distal to midlength; apex reaching almost to midlength of distal peduncular article. Right mandibular incisor process with proximal tooth distally undivided to trifurcate, usually bifid. Pleopods 1 – 4 with endopod in adults (rarely on one side on pleopod 5). Adult male pleopod 1 distally widened, scoop-like, lateral margins weakly expanded, not obscuring retinacular lobe in lateral view. Uropodal protopod dorsally unarmed or with 1 or 2 small spines; exopod with 2 – 4 movable spines on outer margin near position of partial diaeresis; exopod length about 2.5 – 3 times width, as wide as endopod, apex rounded, relatively broad. Measurements. Male (n = 55) 14 – 33 mm; female (n = 96) 10 – 35 mm.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70531C7FFF049D100DF1FAFF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Anaspides tasmaniae is readily distinguished from other species of the genus by the combination of welldeveloped eyes, the presence of two antennular clasping spines in adult males (Fig. 2 D), the elongated telson with an evenly rounded posterior margin lined with closely set spinules (Fig. 2 B), and a male pleopod 1 in which the retinacular lobe is visible in lateral view (Fig. 3 I). Anaspides tasmaniae shares the presence of two male antennular clasping spines with A. swaini and A. spinulae, but differs by the rounded versus triangular posterior margin of the telson. Although some specimens of A. swaini may also have a slightly rounded posterior margin of the telson (Fig. 33 L), the transition between the lateral and posterior margins, marked by the beginning of the spine row, is seamless in A. tasmaniae rather than bluntly and obtusely angular. Morphological variation in A. tasmaniae is not marked. The pleonite 4 – 5 pleura (sometimes also 2 – 3) are multidenticulate, with 1 – 4 (usually 2 or 3) small pleural spines on pleonites 4 and 5 (Fig. 4). The posterior tergal margin of pleonite 5 is spinose (usually 2 – 4 small spines on either side of the midline) and that of pleonite 6 is spinose along the entire posterior margin. The extent of pleonal spination of A. tasmaniae, like A. swaini, may approach that of A. spinulae. In A. spinulae, however, the pleonal spines are always considerably more prominent, even in juveniles (Fig. 28 B, E), and the posterolateral angle of somite 6 is produced to a prominent spine (Fig. 25 C), rather than forming a blunt lobe (Fig. 2 B, C). The proximal incisor tooth on the right mandible of A. tasmaniae is usually distally bifid or trifid (occasionally undivided) (Fig. 2 H). As in other congeners, the rostrum of A. tasmaniae is proportionally broadest in juveniles, becoming proportionally narrower with increasing body size, and the proportional length of setae on the pleonal pleura and posterior margins decreases with increasing body size. The pleopod 5 endopod is absent in all specimens except for a male from Lenah Valley (24 mm; TMAG G 6433) in which an endopod is present on the right side. Both sexes exhibit full secondary sexual characters by 20 – 21 mm body length. Anaspides tasmaniae was previously accorded a wide distribution throughout Tasmania, but is here restricted to southeastern Tasmania from surface localities on the eastern and southeastern face of Mt Wellington at altitudes of 150 – 1250 m above sea-level; it is not yet known from caves. Anaspides from elsewhere in Tasmania are referrable to other species (Ahyong, 2015). The locality data accompanying a number of specimens of A. tasmaniae sensu stricto from Mt Wellington do not indicate the drainage or precise location, but those with more specific locality data are all from eastern drainages on Mt Wellington between the catchments of New Town Rivulet and Browns River. Previous records of A. tasmaniae from northern and western localities around Mt Wellington, such as Myrtle Forest (Collinsvale) and the catchment of the North West Bay River (O’Brien, 1990) are referrable to A. swaini, having an angular rather than evenly rounded posterior margin of the telson and minimal pleonal spination (at most with scattered denticles on pleonite 6 and occasionally one or two denticles on the pleonite 5 pleuron) (Fig. 33 A – J). A series from the Huonville area slightly west of Mt Wellington (presumably from the catchment of the Mountain River) is also referable to A. swaini. Specimens corresponding to A. swaini, but labelled only as coming from Mt Wellington, were presumably collected from a westerly locality in the North West Bay River catchment. Two anomalous lots with specific locality data, however, were collected in 1928 from Fern Tree Glen and Wishing Well on the southeastern face of Mt Wellington (AM P 9217, 9218). The location of Wishing Well is well known but “ Fern Tree Glen ” is probably an error for Fern Tree Bower on the lower Browns River, well downstream of Silver Falls. Either way, the presence of A. swaini in the Browns River catchment, an eastern locale, is unexpected. Other specimens from the Browns River catchment (Silver Falls and Fern Tree) represent A. tasmaniae sensu stricto but those from “ Fern Tree Glen ” and Wishing Well agree with those from St Crispins Well (Fig. 33 A – F), in the catchment of the North West Bay River. The North West Bay and Browns rivers, however, do not share catchments, making natural dispersal between these drainages unlikely. Fern Tree Bower and Wishing Well, however, are notable as two key points along the aqueduct that drew water from the western side of Mt Wellington (starting at St Crispins Well) to Hobart since at least 1881. As a result, the records of A. swaini in the lower Browns River from 1928 could be the result of accidental translocation from the western side of Mt Wellington; it remains to be determined whether A. swaini is still present there. The western and northern Mt Wellington specimens here referred to A. swaini differ slightly from topotypic material (see Remarks under account of A. swaini). Anaspides was previously recorded from the plateau near the summit of Mt Wellington in tarns and creeks, most of which drain into the North West Bay River (Manton, 1930). It apparently no longer occurs there, however, probably as a result of major bushfires that swept across the top of Mt Wellington in 1930 s (Swain pers. com. in O’Brien, 1990). Anaspides populations are now restricted to catchment creeks to the periphery of the summit — A. tasmaniae to the east and south-east, and A. swaini to the west and northwest. Material from the uppermost parts of Mt Wellington collected during or before the early decades of the 20 th century includes both A. swaini and A. tasmaniae, so it is possible they were sympatric or lived in close proximity atop Mt Wellington prior to the 1930 s bushfires. Manton (1930) observed two colour forms in Anaspides on Mt Wellington: a dark brown to olive-green form found on the Mt Wellington plateau, and a light brown form occurring on the slopes. Notwithstanding likely habitat related colour variation, the distribution of Anaspides on Mt Wellington as determined herein suggests that Manton’s dark form is referrable to A. swaini, and the light brown form, to A. tasmaniae (Manton, 1930: pl. 2 – 3, 4). Nicholls’ (1947) remark that the “ dark coloration prevails almost everywhere the species is taken (many quite remote from Mt Wellington) ” is consistent with the much wider range of A. swaini relative to A. tasmaniae. The type series of A. tasmaniae was collected from Mt Wellington on two occasions in 1892. Specimens were first collected in January 1892 by G. M. Thomson during a visit to Hobart for the Congress of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science (Morton, 1893; Thomson, 1926) and by Leonard Rodway (Tasmanian Government botanist) on 24 May 1892 from the original locality (Thomson, 1893, 1894). Thomson’s (1893, 1894) early accounts suggest that the specimens were collected near the summit of Mt Wellington at an elevation of “ over 4,000 ft ” (= 1200 m). Thomson’s (1926: 161) more detailed account of events, however, indicates the specimens were collected “ about three-fourths of the way to the summit, where the water issues from a few deep pools among the rocks ” near “ The Springs ”. Thus, rather than the summit, the type series would have originated from the eastern face of Mt Wellington, nearer to 700 m asl. These specimens of A. tasmaniae are now in poor condition, having at one time been dried, but clearly preserve the primary diagnostic features — an elongated telson with rounded posterior margin, two male antennular clasping spines, spinose pleural margins of pleonites 2 – 5, spinose tergal margins of pleonites 5 – 6, and absence of the pleopod 5 endopod. The male (Fig. 4 A – D) is herein designated as the lectotype to fix the identity of the species. Other type specimens become paralectotypes. The female paralectotype in the Otago Museum (OM Iv. 1396) was collected by Thomson, corresponding to a January 1892 collection date. Being confined to catchments on the eastern face of Mt Wellington, Anaspides tasmaniae as currently understood has a considerably narrower distribution than previously thought. Although A. tasmaniae resides within the relative protection of the Wellington Park reserve its conservation status requires reassessment along with detailed delimitation surveys to precisely determine its current distribution.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70531C7FFF049D100DF1FAFF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eastern Mt Wellington, from the catchments of the Newtown Rivulet to the Browns River; 150 – 1250 m asl.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B705E1C78FC679DAC0CA2FA02.taxon	description	Figs 5 – 8, 35 B – C, 36	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B705E1C78FC679DAC0CA2FA02.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: SAMA C 6301, ♂ (29 mm), Exit Cave, Ida Bay, 70 m asl, BS 1848, coll. E. Hamilton Smith, 24 May 1969. PARATYPES: SAMA C 6302, 1 ♀ (32 mm), Exit Cave, Ida Bay, 70 m asl, BS 1848, coll. E. Hamilton Smith, 24 May 1969; AM P 73045, 1 juv. ♀ (18 mm), Base Camp Tributary, Exit Cave, Ida Bay, 43 ° 28.2 ' S 146 ° 51 ' E, coll. S. Gersbach (# 64631); TMAG G 6033, 1 ♀ (38 mm), Exit Cave (IB- 120), Ida Bay Karst, rock pool in Skeleton Creek, coll. A. Clarke, 20 Jan 1998. Other material examined. Hastings Karst: AM P 73047, 1 ♂ (28 mm), far end of Lake Pluto, Wolf Hole, above mud, 43 ° 23.3 ' S 146 ° 51.4 ' E, 998 - 23, coll. A. Clarke, 20 Sep 1998; AM P 73046, 1 ♀ (31 mm), Lake Pluto, Wolf Hole, 43 ° 23.3 ' S 146 ° 51.4 ' E, above muddy substrate, 200 m asl, 998 - 22, coll. A. Clarke, 20 Sep 1998; QVM: 10: 47694, 1 ♀ (28 mm), Lake Pluto, Wolf Hole, 43 ° 23.3 ' S 146 ° 51.4 ' E, above muddy substrate, 200 m asl, 998 - 22, coll. A. Clarke, 20 Sep 1998; AM P 99289, 1 ♂ (22 mm), 1 ♀ (23 mm), 1 juvenile ♀ (12 mm), Newdegate Cave (H-X 7), Hastings Karst, 43 ° 23.0 ' S 146 ° 50.5 ' E, from pools in Mystery Creek streamway beyond Binney Chamber, 1298 - 02, coll. A. Clarke, 1 Dec 1998; AM P 99290, 1 indeterminate juvenile (shrivelled, poor condition,> 8 mm), Hell’s Half Acre streamway, 1.6 km into Newdegate Cave (H-X 7), Hastings Karst, 43 ° 23.0 ' S 146 ° 50.5 ' E, from pools in Mystery Creek streamway beyond Binney Chamber, 1298 - 07, coll. A. Clarke, 1 Dec 1998. Ida Bay Karst: QVM 10: 49168, 3 ♀♀ (21 – 24 mm), Eastern Passage streamway of Little Grunt Cave and Exit Cave, 43 ° 28.3 ' S 146 ° 51.7 ' E, coll. S. Eberhard, Aug 1993; QVM 10: 13261, 3 ♀♀ (c. 19 – 31 mm), Little Grunt Cave (IB 29), 43 ° 28.3 ' S 146 ° 51.7 ' E, coll. S. Eberhard, 17 Feb 1992; QVM 10: 13254, 1 ♀ (19 mm), 1 juvenile ♀ (14 mm), Exit Cave, Eastern Passage, 43 ° 28.3 ' S 146 ° 51.3 ' E, coll. S. Eberhard, 15 Feb 1992; QVM 10: 12248, 3 juvenile ♂♂ (9 – 19 mm), Loons Cave (IB 2 - 7), Ida Bay Karst, 43 ° 27.4 ' S 146 ° 52.1 ' E, deep stream, 80 m asl, coll. S. M. Eberhard & J. Jackson, 10 May 1989; QVM 10: 12177, 2 ♀♀ (23 – 25 mm), 1 indet juv. (10 mm), Milkrun Cave (IB 38 - 5), 43 ° 28.3 ' S 146 ° 51.3 ' E, 360 m asl, about 200 m from entrance, coll. S. Eberhard, 22 August 1985; TMAG G 6487, 1 ♀ (24 mm), Arthurs Folly (IB 10), 43 ° 27.3 ' S 146 ° 52.3 ' E, stream, dark zone, 690 - 05, coll. A. Clarke, 24 Jun 1990; TMAG G 6488, 1 ♂ (23 mm), Cyclops Pot (IB 57), pool at bottom of lower pitch, 190 m depth, 290 - 01, coll. D. Morgan & J. Butt for A. Clarke, 18 Feb 1990; TMAG G 6486, 1 juvenile ♂ (18 mm), 1 ♀ (21 mm), Revelation Cave (IB 1), 43 ° 27.8 ' S 146 ° 50.3 ' E, from deep pool, base of underground shaft, 240 m asl, CV 49, coll. A. Goede, 14 Jun 1969; QVM 10: 13230, 1 ♂ (24 mm), 2 ♀♀ (22 – 23 mm), Exit Cave, 43 ° 24 ' S 146 ° 52 ' E, tributary, coll. S. Eberhard, 15 Feb 1992; AM P 82857, 1 juvenile ♀ (14 mm), Exit Cave, 43 ° 28.2 ' S 146 ° 51.0 ' E, trickle at side entrance from IB 161, Bobs Hole, in twilight zone, JHB T 0701, coll. J. H. Bradbury, 7 Mar 1997; AM P 99291, 1 ♀ (21 mm), Exit Cave (IB- 14), pool near Ballroom passage, 700 m into cave, 43 ° 28.6 ' S 146 ° 51.3 ' E, 202 - 11, 14 Feb 2002; AM P 99292, 1 ♂ (20 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (21 mm), Exit Cave, riffle zone near Ballroom Passage junction, 43 ° 28.6 ' S 146 ° 51.3 ' E, dark zone, 397 - 63, coll. A. Clarke, 7 Mar 1997; AM P 99293, 1 juvenile ♂ (18 mm), 2 juvenile ♀♀ (18 – 19 mm), Exit Cave (IB- 120), Lost Squeeze Passage, pools, 194 - 04, coll. A. Clarke, 20 Jan 1998; AM P 99294, 2 ♀♀ (24 mm), Exit Cave (IB 14), Base Camp Tributary, c. 1.75 km into Exit Cave, 202 - 19, coll. A. Clarke, 14 Feb 2002; TMAG G 6489, 3 juvenile ♂♂ (15 – 22 mm), 1 ♀ (21 mm), Base Camp Tributary, c. 1.75 km into Exit Cave (IB- 14), 193 - 112, coll. A. Clarke, 29 Jan 1993; TMAG G 6485, 2 ♂♂ (21 – 24 mm), 3 ♀♀ (20 – 29 mm), Exit Cave, Devil’s Stovepipe, pool at bottom of shaft, dribble system, at rock base with pools, “ no pigment regeneration after 4 weeks in lab ”, coll. A. Goede & B. Collins, 2 Mar 1969; TMAG G 6484, 1 ♀ (32 mm), Exit Cave, 50 m downstream of “ Waddle ‘ n’ Splosh ”, coll. Laimonis Kavalieris, 23 January 1973; TMAG G 6494, 3 juvenile ♂♂ (22 – 25 mm), 5 ♀♀ (23 – 32 mm), Exit Cave, pool at base of shaft near Keller’s Squeeze, 43 ° 28.1 ' S 146 ° 50.7 ' E, CV 42, coll. A. Goede & A. Keller, 29 Mar 1969; TMAG G 6490, 1 ♀ (20 mm), Exit Cave (IB 14), 20 m upstream from site of monitoring probe, dark zone, 996 - 05, coll. L. Gardner & J. Hammond for A. Clarke, 7 Sep 1996; TMAG G 1287, 2 ♀♀ (20 – 23 mm), Exit Cave, coll. W. D. Williams, 1 Jun 1968; ZSRO 385, 1 juvenile ♀ (15 mm), Bradley-Chesterman Cave (IB 6), c. 75 m upstream from entrance, 43 ° 27.7 ' S 146 ° 51.8 ' E, coll. A. Clarke, 5 Mar 2006.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B705E1C78FC679DAC0CA2FA02.taxon	description	Description. Eyes with cornea pigmented or unpigmented, strongly reduced, narrower than stalk, shorter than one-fourth length of stalk; stalk with subparallel or slightly convergent margins. Rostrum broadly triangular, almost equilateral, apex blunt. Pleonites 1 – 5 unarmed, with sparsely setose pleural margins, rounded. Pleonite 6 posterior and posterolateral margins unarmed, setose. Pleonal sternites 3 – 5 with low, median processes between pleopod bases, bilobed and widest on sternite 3, bilobed on sternite 4, unilobate on sternite 5. Telson length and width subequal to slightly longer than wide, widest proximally; lateral margins sinuous in dorsal outline, distally convergent; transition from lateral to posterior margin obtusely and bluntly angular to rounded; posterior margin bluntly angular to broadly rounded; posterior spine row with 4 – 15 (usually 6 – 8) stout, wellspaced spines, directed posteriorly, arrangement usually subsymmetrical, though frequently distinctly asymmetrical; proximalmost spines near posterior 0.25 of telson length. Antennule inner flagellum about 0.2 × body length (26 – 28 articles in holotype); article 7 inner margin obtusely angled in adult males, with 4 (rarely 5) relatively short, slender, closely spaced clasping spines; outer flagellum 0.6 – 0.8 × body length (103 – 108 articles in holotype). Antennal flagellum 0.4 – 0.6 × body length (98 articles in holotype); scaphocerite ovate, lateral spine near distal one-fourth; apex slightly overreaching penultimate peduncular article. Right mandibular incisor process with proximal tooth distally trifurcate. Pleopods 1 – 2 (usually) or 3 with endopod in adults (occasionally with pleopod 3 endopod present on one side only). Adult male pleopod 1 distally widened, scoop-like, lateral margins expanded, obscuring retinacular lobe in lateral view. Uropodal protopod dorsally unarmed; exopod with 2 or 3 movable spines on outer margin near position of partial diaeresis; exopod length about 3.5 – 4 times width, slightly wider than endopod, apex rounded, relatively narrow. Measurements. Male (n = 20) 15 – 29 mm, female (n = 47) 9 – 38 mm, sex indeterminate (n = 2) 8 – 10 mm.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B705E1C78FC679DAC0CA2FA02.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The cave dwelling Anaspides clarkei is highly distinctive in having the posterior margin of the telson armed with few (4 – 15, usually 6 – 8) stout, well-spaced spines (versus a row of fine, closely-spaced spines), the strongly reduced cornea, and long outer antennular flagella that are distinctly longer than half the body length (Figs 5, 6). Anaspides clarkei also differs from adults of other congeners in lacking the endopod on pleopods 4 and 5, usually also pleopod 3. The endopod of pleopods 1 – 4, and usually also on pleopod 5, is present in adults of all other species of Anaspides. Although pleopodal endopod development is anamorphic in Anaspides, but in A. clarkei, the endopods do not develop beyond pleonite 3, usually pleonite 2. Similarly, the rostrum of other species of Anaspides becomes increasingly slender with age, but the rostrum of A. clarkei remains broad into maturity. Thus, the reduction in pleopodal endopods and broad rostrum in adults suggests that A. clarkei is, in some respects, paedomorphic. The “ cave-type ” telson of A. clarkei, with few, stout wellspaced spines, superficially resembles that of A. eberhardi from caves in the Junee-Florentine karst system. Distinctions between the two species are outlined under the account of A. eberhardi. Despite the superficially similar telson spination to A. eberhardi, A. clarkei is most closely related to A. jarmani from the neighbouring surface localities, uniquely sharing similar male pleopod 1 morphology in which the retinacular lobe is obscured in lateral view, the presence of 4 (rarely 5) antennular clasping spines in adult males, and in the absence of pleonal spines. Anaspides clarkei and A. jarmani differ chiefly in the well-developed eyes in the latter, different telson spination (spines widely spaced in A. clarkei), and absence of endopods on pleopods 4 – 5 (usually also absent on 3) in A. clarkei. Other distinctions between the two species are outlined under the account of A. jarmani. As in other species of the genus, the uropodal endopod in A. clarkei exceeds three-fourths the length of the exopod. The right uropodal endopod of the holotype of A. clarkei, however, is abnormally shortened (Fig. 6 B), possibly as a result of damage or moult irregularities. The arrangement of posterior telson spines of A. clarkei is usually only approximately symmetrical, contrasting with the highly degree of symmetry seen in A. eberhardi. Several specimens of A. clarkei have aberrant, distinctly asymmetrical telson spination, probably as a result of injury or moult irregularities (e. g., Fig. 8 N, P, S). A specimen (female, 32 mm, TMAG G 6484; Fig. 8 W – Y) from “ Waddle ‘ n Splosh ”, Exit Cave, is aberrant in having more numerous, somewhat asymmetrically developed, less widely spaced telson spines, and much more strongly reduced, almost flattened corneas; in other respects, including pleopodal endopod reduction, the specimen agrees with typical A. clarkei. Development of the male antennular clasping spines is sequential, with two or three present in juveniles, reaching the full complement of four spines in adults. Both sexes of A. clarkei appear to be mature by 19 – 25 mm. Anaspides clarkei is known only from the Ida Bay and Hastings karst systems, exhibiting troglobitic adaptations in the significantly reduced cornea with degenerate ommatidial facets, reduction or absence of corneal and body pigmentation, and proportionally much longer antennular and antennal flagella, measuring distinctly more than half body length. General setal development in A. clarkei is uniform and resembles that of epigean forms, but body pigmentation differs between localities. Those from Ida Bay and Newdegate Cave (Hastings) are unpigmented or significantly de-pigmented, at most with diffuse body pigmentation; all have corneal pigmentation (Fig. 35 B). As observed by Goede (1972) and Lake & Coleman (1977), however, specimens from Wolf Hole lack all body and corneal pigmentation (Fig. 35 C). In addition to the complete loss of pigmentation, adults from Wolf Hole also differ slightly from Newdegate Cave and most Ida Bay specimens in the noticeably blunter, broader and more flattened posterior margin of the telson (Fig. 8 L – N); additional material from Wolf Hole is required to determine the stability of this feature. The telson in Ida Bay and Newdegate specimens generally tapers more strongly and is more rounded distally, although some specimens from Milkrun Cave and Little Grunt Cave (Fig. 8 U, V) approach those from Wolf Hole. In other respects, the Wolf Hole specimens agree well with those from other localities. The 28 mm male from Wolf Hole (AM P 73047; Fig. 8 J – L) has five clasping spines on the left antennule, four on the right; other adult males have four clasping spines on both antennules. Wolf Hole is the most isolated locality at which A. clarkei occurs, being hydrologically separated from the Ida Bay system and neighbouring Newdegate Cave, as well as from epigean Anaspides. Some degree of subspecific or possibly even specific differentiation is plausible between Hastings and Ida Bay populations given the isolation of the respective karst systems. Anaspides listed from the Hastings and Ida Bay systems as “ telson ‘ cave’ type ” by Eberhard et al. (1991) are referrable to A. clarkei. In both Hastings and Ida Bay systems, the closely related A. jarmani has entered subterranean waters (Newdegate Cave and Mystery Creek Cave, respectively). Both A. clarkei and A. jarmani are present in Newdegate Cave, but it is not presently known whether they are sympatric there or occur in different parts of the system. Quarrying at Ida Bay since the Second World War, with attendant severe sedimentation and degraded water quality led to extinction of Anaspides from Bradley-Chesterman Cave. Closure of the quarry in 1992, however, followed by catchment rehabilitation saw Anaspides recolonize Bradley-Chesterman by December 1998 (Eberhard, 1999, 2001), presumably from populations in other parts of the drainage such as Loon’s, Little Grunt, Arthurs Folly caves. The re-appearance of A. clarkei in Bradley-Chesterman Cave corroborates the supposition of subterranean continuity between Ida Bay cave subsystems (Kiernan, 1993).	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B705E1C78FC679DAC0CA2FA02.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Presently known only from Ida Bay and Hastings karst systems; 70 – 360 m asl.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70591C65FC259DB80960F9AF.taxon	description	Figs 9 – 12, 36	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70591C65FC259DB80960F9AF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: QVM 10: 49169, ♂ (32 mm), Niggly Cave (JF- 2), near Maydena, Junee-Florentine Karst, 42 ° 42 ' S 146 ° 31 ' E, coll. S. Eberhard, Aug 1993. PARATYPES: QVM: 2016: 10: 0001, 1 ♂ (30 mm), Niggly Cave (JF- 2), collected with holotype; QVM: 2016: 10: 0002, 1 ♀ (32 mm), Niggly Cave (JF- 2), collected with holotype; TMAG G 6479, 1 ♂ (32 mm), 2 ♀♀ (28 – 34 mm), Niggly Cave (JF 2 - 1), 42 ° 42 ' S 146 ° 31 ' E; QVM 10: 12917, 1 ♂ (31 mm), 2 ♀♀ (c. 25 – 33 mm), Cauldron Pot (JF- 2), Maydena, Junee-Florentine Karst, 42 ° 42.9 ' S 146 ° 34.4 ' E, 720 m asl, Brew Ch, E series streamway, coll. S. M. Eberhard, 28 Jan 1990; TMAG G 6492, 1 ♀ (30 mm), Cauldron Pot (JF- 2), Maydena, Junee-Florentine Karst, 42 ° 42.9 ' S 146 ° 34.4 ' E, 720 m asl, coll. R. Eberhard, 1 Feb 1985. Other material examined. (Junee-Florentine Karst). TMAG G 6467, 1 juv. ♂ (19 mm), 1 ♀ (43 mm), cave JF- 104, at foot of Tiger Range, Florentine Valley, 42 ° 33 ' S 146 ° 25 ' E, underground stream, A. Goede, 9 Oct 1976; AM P 99295, 1 juv. ♂ (shrivelled, poor condition, c. 13 mm), Welcome Stranger Cave (JF- 229), 42 ° 37.8 ' S 146 ° 30.4 ' E, from TMAG G 6469, 1 stream, CV 50, coll. D. Maloney, 3 Apr 1971; TMAG G 6470, 1 ♂ (24 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (18 mm), Welcome Stranger Cave, 42 ° 37.8 ' S 146 ° 30.4 ' E, in stream, CV 39, coll. S. Eberhard, A. Richardson & R. Swain, 28 Oct 1984; TMAG G 6471, 2 ♀♀ (21 – 27 mm), Welcome Stranger Cave, 42 ° 37.8 ' S 146 ° 30.4 ' E, coll. R. Eberhard, 6 Aug 1990; TMAG G 6482, 1 ♀ (35 mm), Porcupine Pot (JF 387), Florentine Valley, 42 ° 40.9 ' S 146 ° 30.2 ' E, 640 m asl, CV 1, coll. S. Eberhard, 10 Nov 1985; TMAG G 6480, 2 ♂♂ (29 – 32 mm), 2 ♀♀ (31 – 37 mm), Gormenghast Cave (JF 35 - 8), Florentine Valley, 42 ° 41 ' S 146 ° 30 ' E; TMAG G 6483, 1 ♀ (c. 26 mm), Pendant Pot (JF 37), Florentine Valley, 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 30.0 ' E, 550 m asl, CV 36, coll. R. Eberhard, Apr 1984; TMAG G 6472, 1 ♀ (24 mm), Growling Swallet (JF- 36), 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 30.0 ' E, 570 m asl, CV 25, coll. S. Eberhard, 29 Sep 1985; TMAG G 6474, 1 juv. ♀ (10 mm), Growling Swallet (JF- 36), 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 30.0 ' E, at least 400 m depth, in stream, 590 m asl, coll. S. Eberhard, 11 Dec 1983; TMAG G 6475, 5 ♀♀ (27 – 47 mm), Junee Cave, Florentine Valley, 42 ° 44.3 ' S 146 ° 35.7 ' E, 340 m asl, coll. S. Eberhard, 3 Jan 1985; TMAG G 6468, 1 ♀ (31 mm), Settlement Cave, Florentine Valley, CV 45, coll. D. Maloney, 17 Apr 1971; TMAG G 6477, 1 ♀ (45 mm), Florentine Valley, cave, no other data, CV 48, Jun 1972; TMAG G 6476, 1 ♀ (c. 20 mm, very poor condition), Florentine Valley, cave, no other data, CV 47, Jun 1972; TMAG G 6478, 2 ♂♂ (17 – 18 mm), 2 ♀♀ (17 – 20 mm), Florentine Valley, unnamed cave, found in pool of standing water in cave passage which acts as a flood overflow, CV 43, coll. A. Goede, 2 Nov 1969.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70591C65FC259DB80960F9AF.taxon	description	Description. Eyes with cornea pigmented, reduced, narrower than stalk, shorter than half length of stalk; stalk with subparallel or slightly convergent margins. Rostrum triangular, apex narrow, blunt. Pleonites with sparsely setose pleural margins, rounded; Pleonites 1 – 3 unarmed. Pleonite 4 – 5 posterior tergal margins unarmed; pleura rounded, with 0 – 3 (usually 1) small spines and scattered setae. Pleonite 6 posterior margin with row of small spines, setose; posterolateral margin setose, rounded. Pleonal sternites 3 – 5 with low, median processes between pleopod bases, bilobed and widest on sternite 3, bilobed on sternite 4, unilobate on sternite 5. Telson longer than wide, slender, triangular, widest proximally, lateral margins slightly sinuous in dorsal outline, distally strongly convergent on narrow apex; normally with 4 pairs of stout, graded, symmetrically arranged, wellspaced spines, anterior 3 pairs directed posterolaterally, distal pair directed posteriorly; occasionally with abnormal asymmetrical spination (3 / 4, 3 / 5 or 4 / 5 spines on either side); proximalmost spines near posterior 0.3 – 0.4 of telson length; occasionally with stout posteromedian spine and small dorsal median spine above posterior margin. Antennule inner flagellum about 0.2 × body length (24 – 29 articles in holotype); article 7 inner margin obtusely angled in adult males, with 1 long, slender, clasping spine at proximal corner; outer flagellum 0.6 – 1.1 (usually 0.7 – 0.8) × body length (139 articles in holotype). Antennal flagellum 0.5 – 0.6 × body length (111 articles in holotype); scaphocerite elongate, ovate, lateral spine at distal one-third; apex not reaching midlength of distal peduncular article. Right mandibular incisor process with proximal tooth distally trifurcate. Pleopods 1 – 4 with endopod. Adult male pleopod 1 distally widened, scoop-like, lateral margins weakly expanded, not obscuring retinacular lobe in lateral view. Uropodal protopod with 1 – 3 small dorsal spines; exopod with 1 – 3 movable spines on outer margin near position of partial diaeresis; exopod length 3.5 – 4 times width, slightly wider than endopod, apex rounded, relatively narrow.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70591C65FC259DB80960F9AF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honour of Stefan Eberhard, who collected the majority of specimens of this new species.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70591C65FC259DB80960F9AF.taxon	description	Measurements. Male (n = 12) 13 – 32 mm, female (n = 26) 10 – 47 mm.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70591C65FC259DB80960F9AF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Anaspides eberhardi sp. nov., the second species of the genus with a “ cave-type ” telson, is most closely related to A. richardsoni, uniquely sharing the single antennular clasping spine in adult males (Fig. 9 D). The two species are readily separated by the armature of the telson, with few, well-spaced spines in the new species (compared to the closely packed posterior spine row in A. richardsoni), and absence of the pleopod 5 endopod in adults of A. eberhardi (rarely absent in A. richardsoni). Moreover, the telson of A. eberhardi is distinctly more elongate and posteriorly tapering than any other species of the genus. Anaspides eberhardi also shows cave adaptations in corneal reduction, more elongate antennular flagella and body depigmentation. The eyes, however, remain pigmented and the corneas, although reduced compared to epigean forms, are comparatively larger than in the other obligate troglobite, A. clarkei. The telson of A. eberhardi is like that of A. clarkei, however, in having few, stout, widely spaced spines, rather than the fine, closely packed spine row of epigean forms. Anaspides eberhardi is readily distinguished from A. clarkei by the presence of one instead four (rarely five) antennular clasping spines in adult males, posterior denticles on pleonal pleura 5 – 6 (unarmed in A. clarkei), a distinctly more elongate and more distally tapering telson in which the posterior spines extend anteriorly to the posterior one-third of the telson, rather than posterior one-fourth in A. clarkei; and presence of the pleopod 4 – 5 endopod (absent in A. clarkei). Variation in the A. eberhardi is slight. The posterior tergal margin of pleonite 6 always has a series of small denticles, and 1 – 3 small denticles usually on pleuron 5, often also on pleuron 4 (Fig. 12). The outer margin of the uropodal exopod has 1 – 3 movable spines, and the uropodal protopod bears 1 – 3 small dorsal spines. The outer antennular flagellum ranges in length from 0.6 – 1.1 times body length, generally being proportionally longer in smaller specimens. The arrangement of telson spines is highly consistent in the present series with four pairs of well-spaced marginal spines present from the smallest through largest specimen examined (10 – 46 mm). Only six specimens differ from the typical pattern of spination. Two specimens (paratype female, 30 mm, TMAG G 6492; female, 43 mm, TMAG G 6467) have, in addition to the four pairs of marginal spines, a short median spine above the posterior margin, the smaller of which also has an additional marginal median spine (Fig. 12 E, F). The telsons of the other four specimens have asymmetrical arrangements, with unequal numbers of spines on either side of the midline (3 / 4, 3 / 4, 3 / 5) (Fig. 12 C, D), or distinctly irregularly arranged spines (Fig. 12 H). Although normally remarkably consistent in arrangement, the length of the telson spines varies allometrically, becoming proportionally shorter with increasing body size. Anaspides listed from the Junee-Florentine system by Eberhard et al. (1991) as “ telson ‘ cave’ type ” are referrable to A. eberhardi. Several specimens appear to have clusters of fungal hyphae on various parts of the body including the cephalothorax, pleon, uropods and bases of the pereopods. Given the secondary sexual features of adult males, particularly the single antennular clasping spine and similar pleopod 1, a close relationship between A. eberhardi and A. richardsoni is likely. The caves occupied by A. eberhardi are at the southern end of the wide geographic range of A. richardsoni. Anaspides richardsoni occurs throughout the caves in the Mole Creek area, but in caves around Mt Field, it has been recorded only from Rift and Growling Swallet caves, the latter of which is also occupied by A. eberhardi.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70591C65FC259DB80960F9AF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Presently known only from caves in the Junee-Florentine Karst area: base of the Tiger Range to Cauldron Pot Cave, Niggly Cave and Welcome Stranger; 340 – 720 m asl.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70441C61FF0F9E2C09E9F846.taxon	description	Figs 13 – 17, 36	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70441C61FF0F9E2C09E9F846.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: AM P 73039, ♂ (24 mm), Adamsons Peak, 43 ° 20.94 ' S 146 ° 49.94 ' E, stream, 1200 m asl, coll. S. Jarman. PARATYPES: AM P 73040, 1 ♂ (26 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (18 mm), 3 ♀♀ (27 – 30 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (7 – 19 mm), type locality. Other material examined. Adamsons Peak: TMAG G 6395, 5 juv. ♂♂ (6 – 12 mm), 11 juv. ♀♀ (7 – 11 mm), Adamsons Peak, 50 yards from track signposted “ water ”, 43 ° 21.2 ' S 146 ° 49.3 ' E, coll. R. Swain & J. Ong, 8 Feb 1970. Hartz Mountains: AM P 73041, 3 ♂♂ (20 – 23 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (18 mm), 3 ♀♀ (19 – 24 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 18 mm), Ladies Tarn, 43 ° 14.83 ' S 146 ° 46.18 ' E, 955 m asl, coll. S. Jarman; ZSRO 375, 3 ♂♂ (19 – 24 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (20 mm), 4 ♀♀ (22 – 24 mm), Ladies Tarn, 43 ° 14.83 ' S 146 ° 46.18 ' E, 24 Feb 2006; QVM 10: 49055, 1 ♂ (19 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (16 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (18 mm), 2 indet juv. (5 mm), Ladies Tarn, 43 ° 14.34 ' S 146 ° 46.03 ' E, 980 m, rock fauna, coll. S. Chilcott, Inland Fisheries Commission, 14 Jan 1988; QVM 10: 49056, 1 juv. ♂ (21 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 16 mm), Hartz Lake, 43 ° 14.55 ' S 146 ° 45.15 ' E, rock fauna, 940 m asl, coll. S. Chilcott, Inland Fisheries Commission, 14 Jan 1988; TMAG G 6399, 3 juv. ♂♂ (16 – 25 mm), 7 juv. ♀♀ (16 – 25 mm), Hartz Lake, 43 ° 14.55 ' S 146 ° 45.15 ' E, 940 m asl, coll. D. Coleman, 9 Jan 1974. Ida Bay Karst: AM P 99299, 3 juv. ♀♀ (c. 18 – 25 mm, poor condition), Mystery Creek Cave (IB 10), Cephalopod Creek side passage, Ida Bay karst, 43 ° 27.8 ' S 146 ° 50.9 ' E, 1196 - 14, coll. A. Clarke, 2 Nov 1996; AM P 99300, 3 damaged juveniles (c. 12 – 13 mm), Mystery Creek Cave (IB 10), Ida Bay Karst, 43 ° 27.8 ' S 146 ° 50.9 ' E, 1196 - 15, coll. A. Clarke, 2 Nov 1996; AM P 99301, 1 juv. ♂ (18 mm), Mystery Creek Cave (IB 10), Ida Bay karst, 43 ° 27.8 ' S 146 ° 50.9 ' E, 105 - 04, coll. A. Clarke & T. Murakami, 5 Jan 2005; AM P 99302, 1 juv. ♀ (c. 16 mm, shrivelled, poor condition), Mystery Creek Cave (IB 10), Cephalopod Creek passage, Ida Bay Karst, 43 ° 27.8 ' S 146 ° 50.9 ' E, pool, 998 - 28, coll. A. Clarke, 21 Sep 1998; AM P 99303, 2 juv. ♂♂ (12 – 16 mm), Mystery Creek Cave (IB 10), Cephalopod Creek side passage, 43 ° 27.8 ' S 146 ° 50.9 ' E, plunge pool & streamlet, 1004 - 04, coll. A. Clarke, 21 Oct 2004; AM P 99304, 1 juv. ♂ (shrivelled, poor condition, c. 17 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (shrivelled, poor condition, c. 16 mm), Mystery Creek Cave (IB 10), 43 ° 27.8 ' S 146 ° 50.9 ' E, pool on side of main streamway, 400 m into cave, dark, 1196 - 09, coll. A. Clarke, 2 Nov 1996; QVM 10: 12175, 1 juv. ♀ (10 mm), Entrance Cave [= Mystery Creek Cave] (IB 10 - 4), Ida Bay, 43 ° 27.8 ' S 146 ° 50.9 ' E, cave stream, coll. S. Eberhard, 11 Nov 1986; USNM 1277680, 2 ♂♂ (20 – 23 mm), 1 ♀ (24 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (14 mm), 1 indet juv. (6 mm), Mystery Creek Cave, Ida Bay, 43 ° 27.7 ' S 146 ° 50.8 ' E, 0 – 0.2 m, stn 87 - 254, coll. T. Iliffe, 29 Dec 1987. Hastings Karst: TMAG G 6493, 1 ♀ (21 mm), Hell’s Half Acre, Newdegate Cave, 43 ° 23.0 ' S 146 ° 50.5 ' E, small creek, coll. A. Goede, 1 Nov 1970. Vanishing Falls karst, Salisbury River: QVM 10: 13005, 1 ♂ (26 mm), Salisbury River Cave, 43 ° 22.8 ' S 146 ° 37.5 ' E, VF-X 2, coll. S. Eberhard, 25 Apr 1992; QVM 10: 13014, 2 ♂♂ (21 – 22 mm), 2 ♀♀ (c. 24 – 27 mm), Salisbury River Cave, 43 ° 22.8 ' S 146 ° 37.5 ' E, VF 6, flood overflow passage, coll. S. M. Eberhard & V. Wong, 21 Apr 1992. Cracroft: QVM 10: 12326, 1 ♂ (28 mm), Wargata Mina, Judds Cavern, in main stream, 1.5 km from entrance, 43 ° 15.3 ' S 146 ° 35.0 ' E, 380 m asl, C 1 - 8, coll. S. Eberhard, 4 Apr 1989; QVM 10: 12327, 1 ♀ (22 mm), Wargata Mina (C- 001), Judds Cavern, main stream, 43 ° 15.3 ' S 146 ° 35.0 ' E, C 1 - 19, 380 m asl, coll. J. Jackson, 25 Nov 1989; TMAG G 6495, 1 ♀ (31 mm), Judds Cavern, 43 ° 15.3 ' S 146 ° 35.0 ' E, C 1 - 28, route 66, 2 Mar 1990. Precipitous Bluff: QVM 10: 13279, 1 ♂ (26 mm), 1 ♀ (27 mm), Bauhaus Cave (PB 6), Persephone Stream, Precipitous Bluff, 43 ° 29.0 ' S 146 ° 37.0 ' E, Screaming Stals streamway, stn 4, coll. S. Eberhard, 23 Dec 1991; QVM 10: 12322, 1 indet juv. (7 mm), Persephone Cave, Precipitous Bluff, 43 ° 28.9 ' S 146 ° 35.2 ' E, deep stream, PB 17 - 6, coll. S. M. Eberhard, 3 Jan 1990. Southern Ranges: TMAG G 6366, 4 ♀♀ (23 – 28 mm), Ooze Lake, 43 ° 30.2 ' S 146 ° 42.0 ' E, 900 m asl, coll. P. Davies, Oct 1985.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70441C61FF0F9E2C09E9F846.taxon	description	Description. Eyes with well-developed cornea, pigmented, wider than and longer than half length of stalk (epigean specimens) to narrower than stalk, strongly reduced, shorter than half length of stalk (in some subterranean forms); stalk with subparallel margins. Rostrum narrow in adults, apex blunt. Pleonites 1 – 5 unarmed, with sparsely setose pleural margins, rounded. Pleonite 6 posterior and posterolateral margins unarmed, setose. Pleonal sternites 3 – 5 with low, median processes between pleopod bases, bilobed and widest on sternite 3, bilobed on sternite 4, unilobate on sternite 5. Pleonal sternites 3 – 4 with distinctly bilobed median processes between pleopod bases, widest on sternite 3; sternite 5 with narrow rounded lobe. Telson length and width subequal or slightly longer than wide, pentagonal, widest proximally; lateral margins sinuous in dorsal outline, distally subparallel to convergent; transition from lateral to posterior margin obtusely angular; posterior margin acutely to obtusely angular, blunt medially; posterior spine row with 17 – 37 slender, evenly graded, closely spaced spines, longest medially. Antennule inner flagellum about 0.2 × body length (20 in holotype) in epigean specimens, 0.5 – 0.8 × body length in subterranean specimens; scaphocerite ovate, lateral spine usually near distal one-fourth, slightly distal to midlength in specimens from Hartz Mountains; apex slightly overreaching penultimate peduncular article. Right mandibular incisor process with proximal tooth distally bifid to quadrifid. Pleopods 1 – 4 or 5 with endopod in adults. Adult male pleopod 1 distally widened, scoop-like, lateral margins expanded, obscuring retinacular lobe in lateral view. Uropodal protopod dorsally unarmed; exopod with 2 or 3 movable spines on outer margin near position of partial diaeresis; exopod length 3 – 4 times width, slightly wider than endopod, apex rounded, relatively narrow. Measurements. Male (n = 32) 16 – 28 mm, female (n = 66) 7 – 31 mm, indet (n = 4) 5 – 7 mm.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70441C61FF0F9E2C09E9F846.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Anaspides jarmani and A. clarkei are unique in the genus in their male pleopod 1 morphology in which the lateral margins obscure the retinacular lobe in lateral view (Fig. 15 I), the presence of 3 – 5 (usually 4) closely set antennular clasping spines (Fig. 14 D) and complete absence of spines or denticles on the pleonites, unlike other species of the genus in which one or more pleonites have some degree of spination. Anaspides jarmani differs from A. clarkei in the spination of the posterior margin of the telson (lined with numerous, fine, closely set spines rather than stout, well-spaced spines), in having well-developed or only slightly reduced eyes (rather than strongly reduced), and in the presence in adults of endopods on pleopods 3 – 4 or 3 – 5 depending on locality. In adult A. clarkei, the endopod of pleopod 4 – 5 (usually 3 – 5) is absent. Note that in the smallest juveniles (7 – 10 mm) of A. jarmani from all localities as well as larger juveniles from Mystery Creek Cave (Ida Bay), the endopods of pleopods 4 – 5 are as yet undeveloped. In A. jarmani, the posterior margin of the telson becomes angular by 8 mm body length, more or less attaining its adult shape by about 17 mm. Maturity is reached by 19 – 25 mm. The angle of the posterior margin of the telson in adults is slightly acute to approximately right angled in eastern specimens (Adamsons Peak, Ida Bay, Hartz and Hastings), and obtuse in westerly specimens, most of which are from caves (Cracroft, Vanishing Falls, Precipitous Bluff, Southern Ranges). Anaspides jarmani has a narrow distribution in southern Tasmania, constrained in the northeast by the Hartz Mountains, the southeast by Ida Bay and in the west by the New River. Adult A. jarmani from the southeastern part of its range (Adamson’s Peak and Newdegate cave, Hastings) differ from those from other localities in the presence of the endopod on pleopod 5 and a proportionally broader scaphocerite in adults (noting that the scaphocerite is typically more slender in juveniles than adults). Adults of A. jarmani from other localities lack the pleopod 5 endopod except for three specimens from the Hartz Mountains (18 mm female, AM P 73041; 16 mm juvenile female, QVM 10: 49056; 21 mm juvenile female, TMAG G 6399) in which the endopod is present on the right side, absent on the left. These differences in pleopod 5 endopod condition and subtle proportional differences in the scaphocerite might reflect significant population differences, but all are presently considered to represent a single species, A. jarmani, pending further study. Although normally epigean, Anaspides jarmani has entered caves throughout its range: Hastings (Newdegate Cave), Ida Bay (Mystery Creek Cave), Cracroft (Judds Cavern), Vanishing Falls Karst (Salisbury River Cave) and Precipitous Bluff (Bauhaus Cave, Persephone) (Fig. 17). Specimens from Newdegate Cave (Fig. 17 E) agree well with epigean forms, including pigmented eyes, differing only in body depigmentation and longer antennular flagella; they are readily distinguished from A. clarkei by the much better developed cornea, telson spination and presence of the pleopod 5 endopod. Distinct corneal reduction is evident in unpigmented specimens from Judds Cavern and some specimens from Salisbury River Cave (Fig. 17 A, B) as in cave forms of A. richardsoni from the Honeycomb and Wet Caves, Mole Creek. In addition to the cave-adapted form in Salisbury River Cave (Fig. 17 B), pigmented epigean forms (Fig. 17 C) are also present, the former from streamways and the latter from seeps (Eberhard et al., 1991, 1992). Specimens from Precipitous Bluff (Fig. 17 D) are unusual, with the seemingly mature male from Bauhaus Cave having two antennular clasping spines, but a typical pleopod 1 endopod; they may represent a separate species but tentatively assigned to A. jarmani pending further study. As in epigean specimens from Ooze Lake (Fig. 16 C) and the Hartz Mountains (Fig. 16 D), cave specimens from Cracroft, Salisbury and Precipitous Bluff lack the endopod on pleopod 5, whereas the endopod is present in the Newdegate Cave specimen as in the adjacent epigean specimens from Adamsons Peak. Specimens of A. jarmani from Mystery Creek Cave, Ida Bay, are juveniles and apart from depigmentation and an incomplete complement of pleopod endopods, agree well with surface forms.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70441C61FF0F9E2C09E9F846.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southern Tasmania in epigean habitats from the Hartz Mountains to Adamson’s Peak and Ooze Lake, and from caves in the Hastings, Ida Bay, Cracroft, Salisbury karst systems and Precipitous Bluff; 160 – 380 m asl (subterranean), 900 – 1340 m asl (epigean).	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70401C57FC7E9DFD0D6CF9D0.taxon	description	Figs 18 – 23, 35 D – F, 36	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70401C57FC7E9DFD0D6CF9D0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. (Mt Field). HOLOTYPE: AM P 72839, ♂ (33 mm), between Newdegate Pass and Mawson Plateau, coll. J. Kunze, 27 Feb 1974. PARATYPES: AM P 72840, 1 ♀ (TL 32 mm), between Newdegate Pass and Mawson Plateau, 42 ° 40.2 ' S 146 ° 33.6 ' E, coll. J. Kunze, 27 Feb 1974; AM P 72841, 4 ♂♂ (23 – 27 mm), 5 juv. ♂♂ (17 – 21 mm), 4 ♀♀ (24 – 31 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (14 – 20 mm), between Newdegate Pass and Mawson Plateau, 42 ° 40.2 ' S 146 ° 33.6 ' E, coll. J. Kunze, 27 Feb 1974; ZRC 2016.0491, 1 ♂ (30 mm), 1 ♀ (31 mm), between Newdegate Pass and Mawson Plateau, 42 ° 40.2 ' S 146 ° 33.6 ' E, coll. J. Kunze, 27 Feb 1974; TMAG G 6174, 1 ♂ (27 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (14 – 16 mm), 1 ♀ (34 mm), Mt Field, small tarn above University ski lodge, 42 ° 40.134 ' S 146 ° 34.152 ' E, tarn in herbfield with dolerite rocky outcrops, dipnet, 1240 m asl, coll. R. Mollison, 27 Apr 2011; TMAG G 6363, 1 ♀ (45 mm), midway between Newdegate Pass and Newdegate Tarn, 42 ° 39.6 ' S 146 ° 33.6 ' E, in small tarn, 1200 m asl, coll. I. Wilson & J. Ong, 25 Jan 1970; TMAG G 6419, 2 ♂♂ (25 – 27 mm), 21 juv. ♂♂ (11 – 21 mm), 1 ♀ (22 mm), 37 juv. ♀♀ (11 – 21 mm), Newdegate Pass, 42 ° 39.6 ' S 146 ° 33.0 ' E, sample 2, coll. I. Wilson & J. Ong, 25 Jan 1970; TMAG G 6445, 5 ♂♂ (20 – 21 mm), 6 juv. ♂♂ (13 – 19 mm), 2 ♀♀ (24 – 29 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 15 mm), Newdegate Pass, 42 ° 39.6 ' S 146 ° 33.0 ' E, sample 1, coll. I. Wilson & J. Ong, 25 Jan 1970; TMAG G 6429, 11 ♂♂ (22 – 32 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (18 – 21 mm), 25 ♀♀ (22 – 34 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (14 – 21 mm), near Sitzmark Lodge, Mt Field, 42 ° 40.8 ' S 146 ° 34.8 ' E, tarn, coll. C. Reid, 15 – 18 Oct 1974; USNM 1277685, 1 ♂ (26 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (17 mm), 3 ♀♀ (25 – 30 mm), near Sitzmark Lodge, Mt Field, 42 ° 40.8 ' S 146 ° 34.8 ' E, tarn, coll. C. Reid, 15 – 18 Oct 1974. Other material examined. Gunns Plain to Black Bluff: AM P 99296, 1 juv. ♂ (12 mm), Great Western Cave (GP 27), Gunns Plains karst area, NW Tasmania, 41 ° 17.8 ' S 146 ° 00.3 ' E, from riffle pool 250 m upstream, 1296 - 24, 109 m asl, coll. A. Clarke, 29 Dec 1996; QVM 10: 13975, 1 ♀ (23 mm), Paddy’s Lake, below Black Bluff, near Loongana, Nietta South, 41 ° 27.2 ' S 145 ° 57.6 ' E, 1070 m asl, coll. T. Hume, 5 May 1972; TMAG G 6398, 14 ♂♂ (20 – 24 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (16 mm), 32 ♀♀ (19 – 30 mm), 3 juv. ♀♀ (16 – 17 mm), Paddy’s Lake, Black Bluff, 41 ° 27.2 ' S 145 ° 57.6 ' E, 1070 m asl, coll. C. Binks, 25 Apr 1979; TMAG G 6169, 1 juv. ♂ (13 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (10 – 17 mm), Vale of Belvoir, 41 ° 32.95 ' S 145 ° 53.54 ' E, coll. R. Mollison, 16 Mar 2010. Deloraine: TMAG 14391 / G 135, 2 ♂♂ (22 – 24 mm), Deloraine, coll. C. King, Nov 1937. Mole Creek (Form 1): SAMA C 8481, 2 immature ♂♂ (16 – 21 mm), 2 ♀♀ (30 – 39 mm), 1 indet juv. (9 mm), about 200 m from cave entrance, Marakoopa Cave, 41 ° 34.9 ' S 146 ° 17.3 ' E, 490 m asl, small stream, BS 0464, coll. E. Hamilton Smith, 19 Nov 1963; USNM 1277682, 3 ♂♂ (29 – 34 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (12 – 16 mm), 3 ♀♀ (21 – 30 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (16 – 17 mm), Marakoopa Cave, 0.3 m, stn 87 - 253, coll. T. Iliffe, 27 Dec 1987; TMAG G 646, 1 ♂ (34 mm), 1 ♀ (45 mm), Long Creek, Marakoopa Cave (MC 120), 4 Dec 1991; QVM 10: 13973, 1 ♀ (33 mm), Marakoopa Cave II (MC- 015), 41 ° 34.9 ' S 146 ° 17.3 ' E, coll. K. Crocker, 1 Jul 1981; TMAG G 6458, 2 ♂♂ (31 – 32 mm), 2 ♀♀ (32 – 33 mm), Lake Passage, Marakoopa Cave II (MC 15 - 1), 41 ° 34.9 ' S 146 ° 17.3 ' E, 490 m asl, coll. A. Goede, 21 Aug 1982; TMAG G 6459, 2 ♂♂ (26 – 28 mm), 3 ♀♀ (21 – 32 mm), Lake Passage, Marakoopa Cave II (MC 15 - 1), 41 ° 34.9 ' S 146 ° 17.3 ' E, 490 m asl, coll. A. Goede, 21 Aug 1982; TMAG G 6462, 2 ♀♀ (36 – 41 mm), Prohibition Cave, 41 ° 35.6 ' S 146 ° 19.5 ' E, coll. R. Eberhard, 19 Apr 1991. Mole Creek (Form 2): AM P 73038, 1 ♂ (37 mm), Honeycomb Cave (MC 107), lower pool, dark zone, 41 ° 36.0 ' S 146 ° 24.4 ' E, 1096.03, coll. S. Bunton, 27 Oct 1996; ZSRO 863 a, 1 ♀ (44 mm), Honeycomb Cave, KS 34, Ana 16 A 011, 27 Feb 2013; ZSRO 863 b, 1 ♀ (46 mm), Honeycomb Cave, KS 34, Ana 17 A 011, 27 Feb 2013; USNM 1277681, 1 ♂ (33 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (22 mm), 7 ♀♀ (32 – 55 mm), Honeycomb Cave, 0 – 0.5 m, stn 87 - Pot (MC 207 - 12), 41 ° 36.6 ' S 146 ° 22.5 ' E, 520 m asl; TMAG G 6464, 1 ♀ (41 mm), Kellys Pot (MC 207 - 14), 41 ° 36.6 ' S 146 ° 22.5 ' E, 520 m asl; TMAG G 6465, 1 ♂ (29 mm), 2 ♀♀ (30 – 37 mm), Kellys Pot (MC 207 - 13), 41 ° 36.6 ' S 146 ° 22.5 ' E, 520 m asl; TMAG G 6460, 1 ♀ (37 mm), Mole Creek caves, in water pool, coll. R. A. Rafferty, 28 Apr 1938; TMAG G 6457, 1 ♂ (36 mm), 2 ♀♀ (37 – 46 mm), Herbert’s Pot (MC 202), 41 ° 36.9 ' S 146 ° 23.3 ' E, 500 m asl, CV 40, coll. S. Eberhard, 6 Apr 1985; AM P 56373, 1 ♂ (TL 35 mm), 1 ♀ (TL 35 mm), Wet Cave near Caveside, 41 ° 36 ' S 146 ° 25 ' E, C. 92 T, moderate flowing stream, disappears before cave entrance, cave with few pools, coll. W. Ponder et al., 18 Jan 1982. Mole Creek (Form 3): SAMA C 8482, 1 ♀ (24 mm), 2 juv. (7 – 9 mm), unnamed cave, Sassafras Creek, about 50 m from entrance, 41 ° 33.7 ' S 146 ° 21.9 ' E, 270 m asl, clear pool, mud bottom, BS 0457, 18 Nov 1963; TMAG G 6454, 3 ♂♂ (23 – 32) mm), 1 ♀ (23 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 20 mm), Kubla Khan Cave, 41 ° 33.2 ' S 146 ° 17.6 ' E, coll. S. Eberhard, R. Swain & A. Richardson, 23 Sep 1981; TMAG G 6455, 1 ♂ (26 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (20 mm), 2 ♀♀ (26 – 28 mm), 3 juv. ♀♀ (10 – 21 mm), Kubla Khan Cave, 41 ° 33.2 ' S 146 ° 17.6 ' E, coll. S. Eberhard, A. Richardson & R. Swain, 25 May 1986; TMAG G 6456, 1 ♂ (29 mm), 2 ♀♀ (23 – 39 mm), Kubla Khan Cave, 41 ° 33.2 ' S 146 ° 17.6 ' E, in river, c. 500 m into cave, 320 m asl, coll. S. Eberhard, 12 Nov 1983; TMAG G 6466, 3 ♂♂ (25 – 30 mm), 3 ♀♀ (23 – 28 mm), Kubla Khan Cave (MC 1 - 30), 41 ° 33.2 ' S 146 ° 17.6 ' E; USNM 1277679, 1 ♂ (25 mm), Kubla Khan Cave, 0 – 0.5 m, stn 87 - 250, coll. T. Iliffe, 26 Dec 1987; USNM 1277683, 3 ♂♂ (23 – 26 mm), 5 ♀♀ (28 – 40 mm), Mayberry area, Mole Creek, water cave, from sinkhole near farmhouse, baited traps, 0.2 m, stn 87 - 251, coll. T. Iliffe, 27 Dec 1987. West Coast Range: TMAG G 6411, 1 ♂ (26 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (16 – 20 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (20 – 21 mm), tarn II, S of Lake Tyndall, 41 ° 57.1 ' S 145 ° 35.2 ' E, 980 m asl, coll. C. J. Binks & B. Knott, 16 Jan 1973; TMAG G 6312, 8 ♂♂ (23 – 25 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (16 – 21 mm), 8 ♀♀ (23 – 30 mm), 3 juv. ♀♀ (15 – 18 mm), tarn S of Lake Tyndall, 41 ° 57.1 ' S 145 ° 35.2, 980 m asl, coll. C. J. Binks & B. Knott, 16 Jan 1973; TMAG G 6362, 1 juv. ♂ (18 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (16 – 17 mm), Lake Sandra, Mt Murchison, 41 ° 49.9 ' S 145 ° 35.8 ' E, 940 m asl, 10 Dec 1973; TMAG G 6385, 1 ♀ (damaged, c. 26 mm), Lake Sandra, Mt Murchison, 41 ° 49.9 ' S 145 ° 35.8 ' E, 940 m asl, coll. W. Fulton, Nov 1983; TMAG G 6392, 1 ♀ (27 mm), N of Geikie, Tyndall Range, alpine plateau above climbing route and camp, 41 ° 57.4 ' S 145 ° 35.0 ' E, 1000 m asl, coll. C. J. Binks & B. Knott, 16 Jan 1973. Cradle Mountain Lake St Clair National Park: TMAG G 6352, 1 ♂ (21 mm), 1 ♀ (23 mm), Twisted Lake, Cradle Mountain, 41 ° 40.22 ' S 145 ° 58.09 ' E, 1116 m asl, coll. D. O’Brien, 8 Mar 1990; SAMA C 6303, 1 juv. ♂ (18 mm), top of Cradle Mountain, 41 ° 40.8 ' S 145 ° 57.0 ' E, small pool in creek, 4850 ft asl [1455 m], coll. A. Kowanko, Dec 1967; SAM C 6304, 2 ♀♀ (21 – 32 mm), top of Cradle Mountain, 41 ° 40.8 ' S 145 ° 57.0 ' E, small pool in creek, 4850 ft asl [1455 m], coll. A. Kowanko, Dec 1967; QVM 10: 13835, 1 ♂ (20 mm), Sutton’s Tarn, Cradle Mountain, 41 ° 41.01 ' S 145 ° 55.98 ' E, 1089 m asl, coll. Kingston, 1991; TMAG G 6350, 1 ♂ (26 mm), 1 ♀ (24 mm), Sutton’s Tarn, near Kitchen Hut, Cradle Mountain, 41 ° 41.0 ' S 145 ° 56.0 ' E, 1089 m asl, coll. D. O’Brien, 8 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6351, 2 ♀♀ (30 – 31 mm), Sutton’s Tarn, near Kitchen Hut, Cradle Mountain, 41 ° 41.0 ' S 145 ° 56.0 ' E, 1089 m asl, coll. D. O’Brien, 8 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6381, 2 ♂♂ (27 – 31 mm), 12 ♀♀ (21 – 32 mm), Mt Doris, tarn on S side, 41 ° 52.6 ' S 146 ° 02.7 ' E, 1170 m asl, coll. B. Knott, 12 May 1970; AM P 72843, 1 juv. ♂ (21 mm), 1 ♀ (23 mm), Mt Ossa – Mt Doris Ridge, Mt Ossa, 41 ° 52.2 ' S 146 ° 04.8 ' E, 1255 m asl, coll. C. Sands; AM P 82858, 2 ♂♂ (23 – 24 mm), 4 juv. ♀♀ (14 – 21 mm), 8 ♀♀ (23 – 30 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 18 mm), S of Mt Doris, runnel crossing Mt Ossa track, 41 ° 52.2 ' S 146 ° 01.8 ' E, deep runnel in grassy lawn in alpine shrubbery, FW 18, coll. A. Richardson & P. A. Serov, 28 Jan 1990; TMAG G 6413, 6 ♂♂ (24 – 29 mm), 6 ♀♀ (26 – 34 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (16 mm), near summit of Cathedral (NE of summit), 41 ° 53.4 ' S 146 ° 07.2 ' E, c. 1350 m asl, tarn, small, clear & with rocky bottom, sample 6, coll. C. J. Binks & B. Knott, 31 Jan 1972; WAM C 11772, 1 ♂ (21 mm), 3 ♀♀ (21 – 23 mm), Cradle Mountain district, coll. A. Connell, 1939; WAM C 58160, 1 juv. ♂ (16 mm), 4 ♀♀ (25 – 39 mm), Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair, National Park, 16 Oct 1947. Walls of Jerusalem National Park (non- “ spinulae ” form): TMAG G 6448, 28 juv. ♂♂ (13 – 18 mm), 49 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 19 mm), 1 indet juv. (5 mm), Jaffa Vale, at Dixon’s Hut, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 40.77 ' S 146 ° 06.37 ' E, 1250 m asl, coll.? R. Swain, 1969; TMAG G 6449, 2 ♂♂ (25 – 28 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (18 – 19 mm), 4 juv. ♀♀ (15 – 17 mm), Jaffa Vale, at Dixon’s Hut, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 40.77 ' S 146 ° 06.37 ' E, 1250 m asl, coll.? R. Swain, 1969; TMAG G 6319, 2 ♂♂ (23 – 29 mm), 1 ♀ (20 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (13 mm), pool 50 m W of Herod’s Gate Pool, 41 ° 48.7 ' S 146 ° 16.8 ' E, 1220 m asl, coll. S. Smith, 16 Apr 1990; TMAG G 6380, 6 juv. ♂♂ (13 – 16 mm), 8 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 19 mm), Lake Adelaide track between Fish Rock and Herod’s Gate, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 48.7 ' S 146 ° 16.8 ' E, runnel, 1200 m asl, coll. B. Knott, 18 Nov 1971; TMAG G 6368, 5 ♂♂ (24 – 26 mm), 10 juv. ♂♂ (14 – 21 mm), 8 ♀♀ (25 – 35 mm), 9 juv. ♀♀ (11 – 20 mm), near Herod’s Gate, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 48.7 ' S 146 ° 17.4 ' E, small creek, 1200 m asl, coll. B. Knott, 17 Nov 1971; TMAG G 6446, 2 ♂♂ (25 – 27 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (17 mm), 2 ♀♀ (26 – 30 mm), 10 juv. ♀♀ (14 – 18 mm), Zion Gate west, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 48.9 ' S 146 ° 19.6 ' E, 1280 m asl, coll.? R. Swain, 1969; TMAG G 6393, 1 ♂ (24 mm), 10 juv. ♂♂ (11 – 18 mm), 2 ♀♀ (24 – 33 mm), 13 juv. ♀♀ (15 – 18 mm), Saddle through to east wall, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 48.9 ' S 146 ° 19.2 ' E, 1230 m asl, coll. J. Bludhorn, 18 Nov 1971; TMAG G 6418, 4 ♂♂ (29 – 32 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (16 – 23 mm), 2 ♀♀ (26 – 29 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 18 mm), E side of Zion Gate, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 49.0 ' S 146 ° 19.6 ' E, 1240 m asl, coll.? R. Swain, 1969; TMAG G 6345, 3 ♂♂ (21 – 22 mm), 1 ♀ (25 mm), 20 m below Gate of Chain, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 49.12 ' S 146 ° 18.39 ' E, pool in pencil pines, 1300 m asl, coll. S. Smith, 16 Apr 1990; TMAG G 6346, 1 ♂ (21 mm), 3 ♀♀ (20 – 22 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (14 mm), Gate of Chain, 50 m below ridge, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 49.13 ' S 146 ° 18.53 ' E, 1280 m asl, coll. S. Smith, 16 Apr 1990; TMAG G 6318, 2 ♂♂ (24 – 27 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (13 mm), 2 ♀♀ (26 – 30 mm), 100 m E of ridge, Gate of Chains, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 49.13 ' S 146 ° 18.60 ' E, 1260 m asl, coll. S. Smith, 16 Apr 1990; TMAG G 6440, 1 ♂ (23 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (16 mm), 1 ♀ (23 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 16 mm), near Lake Ball, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 49.23 ' S 146 ° 17.95 ' E, 1240 m asl, coll. V. Thorp, 3 Apr 1972; TMAG G 6320, ♂ (26 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (15 mm), 2 ♀♀ (25 – 29 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (16 mm), 200 m below Pool of Bethesda, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 49.34 ' S 146 ° 17.81 ' E, runnel, # 1, 1260 m asl, coll. S. Smith, 14 Apr 1990; TMAG G 6348, 6 ♂♂ (25 – 32 mm), 1 ♀ (32 mm), 50 m SE of Damascus Gate, 41 ° 49.61 ' S 146 ° 17.59 ' E, pool in grassland, coll. R. Smith, 1350 m asl, 15 Apr 1990; TMAG G 6376, 3 juv. ♂♂ (15 – 16 mm), 11 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 17 mm), Damascus Gate, 41 ° 49.61 ' S 146 ° 17.95 ' E, coll. R. Swain, 1969; TMAG G 6422, 1 ♂ (29 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (18 mm), 2 ♀♀ (26 – 28 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 15 mm), Damascus Gate, Walls of Jerusalem, runnel draining into Lake Calvine, 41 ° 49.99 ' S 146 ° 18.16 ' E, 1340 m asl, coll.? R. Swain, 1969; TMAG G 6394, 9 juv. ♂♂ (15 – 20 mm), 1 ♀ (24 mm), 8 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 18 mm), near Junction Lake immediately under Moraine retaining Lake Meston, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 55.35 ' S 146 ° 11.52 ' E, bog drainage pool (chiefly Gleichenia), “ sample 2 ”, 950 m asl, coll. C. Binks & B. Knott, 31 Jan 1972; TMAG G 6397, 7 juv. ♂♂ (10 – 22 mm), 1 ♀ (29 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (17 – 21 mm), creek draining into Junction Lake, second of four or five drainage systems on broad plain from Lake Meston, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 55.35 ' S 146 ° 11.52 ' E, clear pools under Nothofagus lined creek, “ sample 3 ”, 950 m asl, coll. C. Binks & B. Knott, 31 Jan 1972. Walls of Jerusalem National Park (mixed “ spinulae ” and non- “ spinulae ” forms): TMAG G 6396, 4 ♂♂ (21 – 22 mm), 6 juv. ♂♂ (15 – 18 mm), 1 ♀ (24 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (17 – 20 mm), Zion Vale, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 48.64 ' S 146 ° 18.83 ' E, pool, 1200 m asl, coll. R. Swain, 1969; TMAG G 6379, 1 ♂ (25 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (18 – 22 mm), 2 ♀♀ (24 – 25 mm), Maximal Creek, W of Herod’s Gate, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 48.62 ' S 146 ° 15.94 ' E, 1150 m asl, coll. B. Knott, 16 Nov 1971. Walls of Jerusalem National Park (“ spinulae ” form): WAM C 11771, 4 juv. ♂♂ (shrivelled, c. 13 – 16 mm), 1 ♀ (shrivelled, c. 19 mm), Jones Tarn, at foot of Western Wall, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 49.02 ' S 146 ° 18.46 ' E, approx. 4200 feet [1260 m], 26 Apr 1935; TMAG G 6347, 4 juv. ♂♂ (9 – 12 mm), 7 juv. ♀♀ (11 – 15 mm), 100 m E of ridge, Gate of Chain, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 49.13 ' S 146 ° 18.53 ' E, 16 Apr 1990; TMAG G 6391, 9 juv. ♂♂ (14 – 18 mm), 1 ♀ (27 mm), 11 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 17 mm), SE end Cloister Lagoon, 41 ° 54.26 ' S 146 ° 10.66 ' E, from small drainage pools in predominantly Gleichenia covered bog, sample 4, 1100 m asl, coll. C. J. Binks & B. Knott, 31 Jan 1972; TMAG G 6434, 7 ♂♂ (23 – 30 mm, 5 ♀♀ (24 – 31 mm), Pool of Bethesda, Walls of Jerusalem, 41 ° 49.28 ' S 146 ° 17.95 ' E, 1270 m asl, coll. R. Swain, 1969; TMAG G 6349, 2 ♂♂ (21 – 23 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (15 mm), 3 ♀♀ (26 – 27 mm), E edge Pool of Bethesda, 41 ° 49.28 ' S 146 ° 17.88 ' E, 1270 m asl, coll. S. Smith, 16 Apr 1990; TMAG G 6427, 1 ♂ (24 mm), 19 juv. ♂♂ (12 – 18 mm), 11 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 20 mm), 6 indet juv. (6 – 7 mm), 41 ° 53.01 ' S 146 ° 09.23 ' E, from dirty, deep pool system draining through pineapple grass into Lake Chalice, 1020 m asl, “ sample 5 ”, coll. C. Binks & B. Knott, 31 Jan 1972; TMAG G 6330, 3 ♂♂ (22 – 23 mm), 1 ♀ (24 mm), [no label] Lake Chalice, 41 ° 52.84 ' S 146 ° 08.87 ' E, coll. W. Fulton, 2 Feb 1988. Western Lakes — Great Western Tiers: AM P 57906, 1 ♀ (21 mm), Western Bluff, 41 ° 37 ' S 146 ° 17 ' E, 26 Jan 1964; QVM 10: 13977, 1 ♀ (36 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (18 mm), Jacks Lagoon, 5 km SW of Lake Mackenzie, 41 ° 42.1 ' S 146 ° 20.6 ' E, “ abundant ”, “ no fish ”, 1260 m asl, coll. E. V. Terry, 7 Apr 1989; WAM C 58161, 3 ♂♂ (26 – 29 mm), 2 ♀♀ (25 – 26 mm), Ironstone Mountain, Northwestern Tiers, 41 ° 42.8 ' S 146 ° 28.5 ' E, from temporary creek, 100 m asl, coll. I. Gooch, 1946; QVM 10: 13978, 1 ♂ (23 mm), 2 ♀♀ (23 – 31 mm), Meander Falls, 41 ° 44.1 ' S 146 ° 30.3 ' E, coll. S. Merry, 1957; QVM 10: 49162 (“ spinulae ” form), 1 ♂ (23 mm), 5 ♀♀ (23 – 28 mm), Lake Johnny, 41 ° 43.6 ' S 146 ° 25.2 ' E, 1210 m asl, coll. W. Fulton, 9 Dec 1987; QVM 10: 49163 (“ spinulae ” form), 2 ♂♂ (18 – 20 mm), 5 ♀♀ (23 – 26 mm), Lake Halkyard, 41 ° 44.2 ' S 146 ° 18.9 ' E, 1210 m asl, coll. W. Fulton, 9 Dec 1987; QVM 10: 49164 (“ spinulae ” form), 2 ♂♂ (22 – 23 mm), 5 ♀♀ (20 – 30 mm), Lake Fox, 41 ° 43.9 ' S 146 ° 24.8 ' E, 1230 m asl, coll. W. Fulton, 9 Dec 1987; QVM 10: 49165, 3 ♂♂ (28 – 31 mm), 8 ♀♀ (24 – 29 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (20 – 21 mm), 15 juv. ♀♀ (11 – 19 mm), 300 m W of Lake Fox, 41 ° 43.9 ' S 146 ° 24.00 ' E, pool, 1210 m asl, coll. W. Fulton, 9 Nov 1987; QVM 10: 13980, 2 juv. ♂♂ (17 – 18 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (19 mm), stream on top of Western Tier near Lake Lucy Long, 41 ° 42.2 ' S 146 ° 26.0 ' E, 1190 m asl, coll. J. Simmons, 3 Mar 1963; TMAG G 6438, 3 ♂♂ (25 – 29 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (17 – 22 mm), 1 ♀ (28 mm), 7 juv. ♀♀ (14 – 21 mm), edge of Great Western Tiers near Pine Lake, 41 ° 44.7 ' S 146 ° 43.0 ' E, runnel draining opposite way, 1220 m asl, coll. B. Knott, 1970; WAM C 58166, 1 ♀ (31 mm), creek north of Pine Lake, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 27 Jan 1947; WAM C 58165, 7 ♂♂ (19 – 23 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (17 – 17 mm), 7 ♀♀ (19 – 27 mm), 4 juv. ♀♀ (16 – 18 mm), N end of Pine Lake, 41 ° 44.2 ' S 146 ° 42.2 ' E, from linked puddle, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 27 Jan 1947; TMAG G 6443, 1 ♂ (21 mm), 16 juv. ♂♂ (16 – 20 mm), 8 ♀♀ (19 – 26 mm), 10 juv. ♀♀ (14 – 19 mm), Pine Lake, 41 ° 44.6 ' S 146 ° 42.0 ' E, 1190 m asl, coll. R. Swain, 22 Nov 1969; TMAG G 6420, 19 ♂♂ (20 – 24 mm), 9 juv. ♂♂ (9 – 18 mm), 19 ♀♀ (18 – 22 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (14 – 19 mm), creeks entering Pine Lake, 41 ° 44.6 ' S 146 ° 42.0 ' E, coll. R. Swain, 3 Feb 1969; AM P 97845, 3 juv. ♂♂ (7 – 12 mm), 15 juv. ♀♀ (6 – 11 mm), Halfmoon Creek, roadcrossing below Pine Lake, 41 ° 45.01 ' S 146 ° 42.75 ' E, from rocky pools, hand sieves, 1159 m asl, TAS- 516, coll. G. D. F. Wilson & S. J. Keable, 9 Mar 2001; TMAG 14371 / G 115, 1 ♀ (29 mm), stream, 1 mile N of Rainbow Chalet, Great Lake, 41 ° 46.0 ' S 146 ° 33.7 ' E, 3000 ft asl [914 m], coll. J. Pearson, Apr 1939; TMAG G 1309, numerous juv, Breona, 41 ° 47 ' S 146 ° 42 ' E, 1060 m, from well, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 6 Feb 1945; TMAG G 1310, 8 mature ♂♂ (18 – 24 mm), 6 ♀♀ (21 – 35 mm), Breona, from well, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 6 Feb 1945; TMAG G 1314, 1 ♂ (28 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (12 – 17 mm), 1 ♀ (26 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (11 – 15 mm), Breona, Great Lake, north-east, in creek supply hotel, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 23 Dec 1943; TMAG G 1311, 1 ♀ (19 mm) and numerous juv, Breona, from well behind Stewart’s house, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 6 Feb 1945; TMAG G 1312, 1 ♂ (20 mm) and numerous juv, Breona, from waterhole draining creek, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 6 Feb 1945; WAM C 11773, 1 ♂ (c. 18 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (c. mm), 1 ♀ (22 mm), 3 juv. ♀♀ (c. 10 – 16 mm), Stewarts Water Hole, Breona, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 8 Jan 1946; WAM C 58164, 1 ♂ (18 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (12 – 14 mm), 1 ♀ (21 mm), 7 juv. ♀♀ (6 – 15 mm), Breona, log behind (north) Stewart’s Cottage, 30 Jan 1947; WAM C 11769, 2 ♂♂ (18 – 22 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (13 – 16 mm), 1 ♀ (21 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (7 – 20 mm), creeks at Breona, Great Lake, 41 ° 47 ' S 146 ° 42 ' E, coll. Mr Stewart et al., 25 Jan 1947; WAM C 11774, 2 ♂♂ (21 – 23 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (17 mm), 1 ♀ (18 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 10 mm), Breona, wells, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 6 Feb 1945; WAM C 58158, 27 juv. ♂♂ (11 – 18 mm), 43 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 17 mm), indet juv. (6 – 7 mm), Breona, Great Lake, puddles near haulage, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 28 Jan 1947; WAM C 11770, 8 ♂♂ (24 – 31 mm), 8 ♀♀ (27 – 42 mm), Brandons [= Brandum], Great Lake, 41 ° 49.6 ' S 146 ° 40.5 ' E, 1034 m asl, Easter 1946; WAM C 11775, 1 juv. ♂ (16 mm, 1 juv. ♀ (16 mm), Reynolds Neck, Great Lake, 41 ° 51.1 ' S 146 ° 41.4 ' E, 1034 m asl, coll. A. Pike, 1935; TMAG G 1630, 4 ♂♂ (22 – 23 mm), 1 ♀ (23 mm), near Shannon Lagoon, 41 ° 59.6 ' S 146 ° 44.1 ' E, pool in swamp, 1040 m asl, coll. J. W. Evans, 13 Dec 1936; TMAG G 131, 2 juv. ♀♀ (15 – 21 mm), mouth of creek, Great Lake, coll. A. W. G. Powell, 29 Mar 1937; NMV J 42435, 2 ♀♀ (25.0 – 36.0 mm), Great Lake, coll. F. E. Burbury, 1942; NMV J 42443, 1 ♀ (24.0 mm), Great Lake, coll. F. F. Wilson, Jan 1933; AM P 99298, 2 juv. ♂♂ (10 – 11 mm), 12 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 14 mm), Sandbanks Tier, 41 ° 50 ' 28.69 " S 146 ° 51 ' 10.95 " E, 1150 m asl, stream from under boulderfield, coll. S. Jarman; QVM 10: 22606, 1 ♀ (34 mm), Lake River Valley, coll. C. Spencer, 1997; WAM C 58156, 33 ♂♂ (18 – 31 mm), 48 juv. ♂♂ (12 – 18 mm), 23 ♀♀ (19 – 34 mm), 174 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 18 mm), 5 miles N of Breona, 41 ° 42.2 ' S 146 ° 43.4 ' E, creek, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 7 Feb 1945; NMV J 42444, 4 juv. ♀♀ (12.0 – 16.0 mm), Ouse River, 5 miles W of Miena, coll. A. Neboiss, 28 Feb 1967; USNM 1277684, 1 juv. ♂ (15 mm), Ouse River, 5 miles W of Miena, coll. A. Neboiss, 28 Feb 1967; TMAG G 6369 (“ spinulae ” and non- “ spinulae ” forms), 8 ♂♂ (19 – 22 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (15 – 17 mm), 10 ♀♀ (18 – 27 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (15 mm), Ouse River, semi creek, 22 Nov 1969; AM P 11873, 1 ♀ (24 mm), 4 – 4 ½ miles S of Miena, in spring off road between Miena and Bothwell, about 20 yards to left of road near old notice on tree, marked “ water ”, 41 ° 59.8 ' S 146 ° 47.2 ' E, coll. J. Waterhouse, c. 1930; TMAG G 6428, 16 ♂♂ (23 – 33 mm), 7 ♀♀ (32 – 35 mm), small stream running into Ouse River on Lake Auga Road, 41 ° 52.61 ' S 146 ° 36.28 ' E, drift sample, 1150 m asl, coll. P. Davies, Nov, 1985; AM P 14158, 6 juv. (slide preparations), near Little Pine Lagoon, 42 ° 00.0 ' S 146 ° 35.7 ' E, 1000 m asl, stream, coll. W. D. Williams, 5 Feb 1963; QVM 10: 13981, 17 ♂♂ (19 – 25 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (18 mm), 7 ♀♀ (22 – 26 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (10 – 18 mm), about 10 miles from Great Lake on Missing Link Road, between Great Lake and Bronte Park, from little stream on S side of McKenzies Tier leading into Little Pine River, 42 ° 02.2 ' S 146 ° 33.0 ' E, coll. Sgt. McIntyre, 1958 viaArthur Fleming; SAMA C 8446, 4 juv. ♂♂ (13 – 18 mm), 2 ♀♀ (36 – 41 mm), 9 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 21 mm), about 10 km N of Bronte Park, 42 ° 04 ' S 146 ° 29 ' E, from small stream above Pine Tier Dam, coll. W. Zeidler, 16 Jul 2001; AM P 99297, 1 ♂ (21 mm), Pine Tier Lagoon, near shore, 42 ° 04.38 ' S 146 ° 29.30 ' E, coll. S. Richter & C. Wirkner, 28 Feb 2006; ZSRO 372, 1 juv. ♂ (11 mm), 7 juv. ♀♀ (6 – 12 mm), Pine Tier Lagoon, near shore, 42 ° 04.38 ' S 146 ° 29.30 ' E, coll. S. Richter & C. Wirkner, 28 Feb 2006; ZSRO, 1 ♀ (38 mm), tributary of Travellers Rest River, coll. A. Richardson, 4 Aug 2016; TMAG G 6321, 2 ♀♀ (21 – 28 mm), Clarence Lagoon, 40 – 50 m from outflow, 42 ° 05.12 ' S 146 ° 18.87 ' E, 980 m asl, coll. D. O’Brien & R. Kirkwood, 30 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6439, 2 ♂♂ (24 – 29 mm), 5 ♀♀ (21 – 36 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (11 – 12 mm), Clarence Lagoon, 42 ° 05.2 ' S 146 ° 19.2 ' E, on scuba, 980 m asl, coll. R. Mawbey 11 Jan 1984; TMAG G 6442, 3 ♂♂ (21 – 23 mm), 2 ♀♀ (26 – 29 mm), Clarence Lagoon, 42 ° 05.12 ' S 146 ° 18.87 ' E, stomach of brook trout, 980 m asl, coll. P. A. Tyler, 5 Aug 1970; TMAG G 6355, 1 ♀ (32 mm), Clarence Lagoon, 42 ° 05.2 ' S 146 ° 19.2 ' E, outflow creek, 980 m asl, in FBA net, coll. R. Mawbey, 13 May 1985; TMAG G 6359, 3 ♂♂ (22 – 24 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (12 mm), 1 ♀ (30 mm; non- “ spinulae ” form), 1 juv. ♀ (13 mm), Clarence Lagoon, near start of Clarence River, 42 ° 05.1 ' S 146 ° 18.9 ' E, rocky shoreline, 980 m asl, coll. W. Fulton, 22 May 1976; TMAG G 6367 (non- “ spinulae ” form), 4 ♂♂ (22 – 26 mm), 6 juv. ♂♂ (18 – 21 mm), 2 ♀♀ (23 – 24 mm), 4 juv. ♀♀ (10 – 21 mm), 2 indet juv. (7 mm), moorland pools draining into Clarence Lagoon, 42 ° 04.42 ' S 146 ° 18.80 ' E, 980 m asl, coll. R. Swain, 21 Dec 1982; TMAG G 6353, 15 juv. ♂♂ (12 – 15 mm), 13 juv. ♀♀ (11 – 14 mm), Silver Plains Creek, Alma Tier, 42 ° 07.19 ' S 147 ° 04.57 ' E, 920 m asl, coll. R. Mawbey, 11 Mar 1979; TMAG G 6360, 1 ♂ (30 mm), 1 ♀ (36 mm), “ The Groves ”, Oatlands, 2 Mar 1969; AM P 14160, 1 ♂ (slide preparation), 1 ♀ (slide preparation), near Tarraleah, 42 ° 17.2 ' S 146 ° 26.3 ' E, 470 m, stream, coll. W. D. Williams, 7 Feb 1963. Mt Field National Park: OM Iv. 1394, 4 ♂♂ (21 – 30 mm), 3 ♀♀ (21 – 32 mm), Mt Field, 4000 ft asl [1200 m]; AM P 97846, 1 ♀ (38 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (16 mm), Tarn Shelf, Rodway Range, coll. M. S. Moulds, 3 Feb 1992; AM P 14159, 4 specimens (slide preparations c. 16 – 18 mm), near Lake Dobson, 42 ° 41 ' S 146 ° 36 ' E, stream, coll. W. D. Williams, 28 Jan 1963; AM P 73058, 1 ♂ (28 mm), Wombat Moor, Mt Field, spring head of small spring fed sphagnum swamp on hillside, 42 ° 40.98 ' S 146 ° 36.48 ' E, TAS- 484, coll. G. Wilson & S. Keable, 4 Mar 2001; AM P 73059, 1 ♂ (25 mm), 3 ♀♀ (19 – 25 mm), Wombat Moor, Mt Field, spring head of small spring fed sphagnum swamp on hillside, 42 ° 40.98 ' S 146 ° 36.48 ' E, TAS- 484, coll. G. Wilson & S. Keable, 4 Mar 2001; AM P 97844, 1 juv. ♂ (15 mm), 9 juv. ♀♀ (6 – 15 mm), spring flowing out of hillside near ski lodge at bottom of walking track skirting Lake Dobson and continuing to Mt Field West, 42 ° 41.11 ' S 146 ° 35.44 ' E, pool among water mosses, with phreatoicidean isopods, hand sieves, 1037 m asl, TAS- 483, coll. G. D. F. Wilson & S. J. Keable, 4 Mar 2001; TMAG G 6405, 10 ♂♂ (25 – 33 mm), 5 ♀♀ (28 – 38 mm), Mawson Plateau, Mt Field, 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 35.1 ' E, 1270 m asl, coll. D. Hamilton, Apr 1970; TMAG G 6371, 1 juv. ♂ (18 mm), Mt Field West, 42 ° 39.5 ' S 146 ° 30.7 ' E, 1400 m asl, coll. M. Fenton, 20 Jan 1971; TMAG G 6401, 2 ♂♂ (27 – 29 mm), 5 ♀♀ (26 – 38 mm), Newdegate Pass, Mt Field, 42 ° 39.5 ' S 146 ° 33.3 ' E, coll. C. Reid, 23 May 1974; TMAG G 6441, 6 ♂♂ (24 – 29 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (9 – 10 mm), 6 ♀♀ (24 – 33 mm), between Mackenzie tarn and James Tarn, 42 ° 40.2 ' S 146 ° 33.7 ' E, small tarn, 1180 m asl, coll. T. Walker, Mar 1972; TMAG G 133, 1 ♀ (29 mm), Lake Fenton, 42 ° 40.4 ' S 146 ° 36.9 ' E, 1006 m asl, coll. Pott, Apr 1936; TMAG G 6375, 3 ♂♂ (29 – 31 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (15 – 25 mm), 1 ♀ (33 mm), Mt Mawson, 42 ° 41.7 ' S 146 ° 35.8 ' E, 1280 m asl, coll. D. Hamilton, Apr 1970; TMAG G 6444, 5 ♂♂ (25 – 29 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (19 mm), 5 ♀♀ (26 – 42 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 22 mm), Mawson Plateau, 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 35.1 ' E, pool with mud bottom, 1267 m asl, coll. T. Walker, Mar 1972; TMAG G 6415, 2 juv. ♀♀ (13 mm), Mawson Plateau, 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 35.0 ' E, pool with rocky bottom, coll. T. Walker, Mar 1972; TMAG G 6384, 4 ♂♂ (25 – 30 mm), 7 ♀♀ (26 – 36 mm), 8 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 20 mm), Mawson Plateau, 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 35.0 ' E, pool with rocky bottom, coll. T. Walker, Mar 1972; TMAG G 6432, 1 ♂ (25 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (20 mm), 1 ♀ (31 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 23 mm), 1 indet juv. (7 mm), W side of Rodway Range, 42 ° 40.2 ' S 146 ° 32.4 ' E, pool with muddy bottom, coll. T. Walker, Mar 1972; TMAG G 6373, 3 indet juv. (7 mm), W side of Rodway Range, 42 ° 40.2 ' S 146 ° 32.4 ' E, pool with muddy bottom, coll. T. Walker, Mar 1972; QVM 10: 43547, 28 ♂♂ (20 – 32 mm), 18 ♀♀ (20 – 41 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (13 mm), Mawson Plateau, Mt Field, 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 35.1 ' E, 1270 m asl, coll. C. Reid, 1975; TMAG G 6314, 7 ♀♀ (25 – 36 mm), Robert Tarn, Tarn Shelf, Mt Field, 42 ° 40.7 ' S 146 ° 34.2 ' E, 1200 m asl, coll. T. Walker, Mar 1972; TMAG G 6372, 10 ♂♂ (25 – 32 mm), 8 juv. ♂♂ (16 – 21 mm), 9 ♀♀ (20 – 32 mm), 11 juv. ♀♀ (10 – 22 mm), Robert Tarn, Tarn Shelf, Mt Field, 42 ° 40.7 ' S 146 ° 34.2 ' E, 1200 m asl, sample 1, tube 1 (2), coll. I. Wilson & J. Ong, 25 Jan 1970; TMAG G 6408, 1 ♂ (31 mm), 1 ♀ (38 mm), Mt Field, midway between Newdegate Pass and Newdegate Tarn, 42 ° 39.6 ' S 146 ° 33.6 ' E, in small tarn, 1200 m asl, coll. I. Wilson & J. Ong, 25 Jan 1970; TMAG G 6423, 1 ♂ (27 mm), Tarn Shelf, Mt Field, pool on lodge side, 42 ° 40.1 ' S 146 ° 33.6 ' E, 1260 m asl, coll. T. Walker, Mar 1972; TMAG G 6386, 3 juv. ♂♂ (15 – 18 mm), 2 ♀♀ (20 – 26 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 17 mm), Lake Dobson Road, 3 miles before Lake, 42 ° 40.8 ' S 146 ° 37.7 ' E, 1000 m asl, coll. R. Swain, 18 Dec 1969; TMAG G 6410, 4 ♂♂ (20 – 29 mm), 6 juv. ♂♂ (10 – 17 mm), 12 ♀♀ (19 – 28 mm), 10 juv. ♀♀ (11 – 14 mm), Tarn Shelf, near James Tarn, 42 ° 40.3 ' S 146 ° 33.8 ' E, small tarn with stream, sample 4, coll. I. Wilson & J. Ong, 25 Jan 1970; TMAG G 6421, 5 ♂♂ (22 – 26 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (13 – 17 mm), 3 ♀♀ (24 – 30 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 18 mm), Tarn Shelf, near Backhouse Tarn, 42 ° 40.1 ' S 146 ° 33.6 ' E, small tarn, sample 5, coll. I. Wilson & J. Ong, 25 Jan 1970; TMAG G 6445, 5 ♂♂ (20 – 21 mm), 6 juv. ♂♂ (13 – 19 mm), 2 ♀♀ (24 – 29 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 15 mm), Newdegate Pass, 42 ° 39.6 ' S 146 ° 33.0 ' E, sample 1, coll. I. Wilson & J. Ong, 25 Jan 1970. Junee-Florentine Karst: QVM 10: 12158, 1 juv. ♀ (20 mm), Rift Cave (JF 34 - 5), Junee, Florentine Valley, 42 ° 44.3 ' S 146 ° 35.6 ' E, 680 m asl, coll. S. M. Eberhard, 4 Jan 1985; TMAG G 6481, 1 juv. ♂ (12 mm), Growling Swallet Cave, Florentine Valley, 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 30.0 ' E, JF 36 - 39, 570 m asl, CV 10, coll. S. Eberhard, 2 Jun 1985; TMAG G 6473, 1 ♀ (41 mm), Growling Swallet Cave (JF 36), Florentine Valley, 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 30.0 ' E, 550 m asl, CV 41, coll. S. Eberhard, 14 Apr 1985. No data: AM P 11897, 2 ♀♀ (31 – 39 mm), Tasmania, coll. B. Plomley via J. Waterhouse, pre 1949; QVM 10: 13484, 1 ♂ (24 mm), 2 ♀♀ (21 – 24 mm), unidentified cave, coll. S. Eberhard,? 1993; QVM 10: 13976, 1 ♀ (31 mm), coll. E. O. G. Scott; USNM 1277686, 1 ♀ (31 mm), from G. M. Thomson, no data.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70401C57FC7E9DFD0D6CF9D0.taxon	description	Description. Eyes with well-developed cornea, pigmented, wider than stalk (epigean forms) to narrower than stalk in some subterranean forms, longer than half length of stalk; stalk with subparallel margins (except in some “ spinose ” specimens). Rostrum narrow in adults, apex blunt. Pleonites with sparsely setose pleural margins, rounded; posterior margin of tergites 5 – 6 setose. Pleuron 1 unarmed. Pleonites 2 – 6 usually with posterior margin of tergite 5 unarmed and pleura 2 – 5 unarmed or with 1 or 2 small spines on pleuron 5; pleonite 6 posterior margin unarmed or minutely spinose, posterolateral margin rounded, with or without minute denticle. Pleonites 2 – 6 of “ spinose ” specimens with pleura 3 – 5 (sometimes also pleuron 2) strongly spinose; posterior margin of tergites 5 – 6 strongly spinose; posterolateral margin produced to distinct spine. Pleonal sternites 3 – 5 with low, median processes between pleopod bases, distinctly bilobed and widest on sternite 3, bilobed on sternite 4, weakly bilobed and narrowest on sternite 5. Telson slightly wider than long to longer than wide (usually slightly longer than wide), pentagonal (usually) to sub-linguiform, widest proximally; lateral margins sinuous in dorsal outline, distally subparallel to convergent; transition from lateral to posterior margin obtusely angular; posterior margin angular to rounded, blunt medially; posterior spine row with 19 – 50 slender, closely spaced spines, (usually) short, evenly graded to distinctly uneven in some “ spinose ” specimens. Antennule inner flagellum about 0.2 × body length (21 articles in holotype); article 7 inner margin obtusely angled in adult males, with 1 long, slender clasping spine at proximal corner; outer flagellum 0.4 – 0.6 × body length (83 articles in holotype) in epigean specimens, 0.4 – 0.9 × body length in subterranean specimens. Antennal flagellum 0.4 – 0.6 × body length (62 – 65 articles in holotype), 0.5 – 0.9 in subterranean specimens; scaphocerite elongate, ovate, lateral spine slightly distal to midlength; apex reaching almost to midlength of distal peduncular article. Right mandibular incisor process with proximal tooth distally undivided to trifurcate, usually bifid. Pleopods 1 – 5 (rarely 1 – 4) with endopod in adults. Adult male pleopod 1 distally widened, scoop-like, lateral margins weakly expanded, not obscuring retinacular lobe in lateral view. Uropodal protopod dorsally unarmed or with 1 – 3 spines; exopod with 2 – 4 (usually 3) movable spines on outer margin near position of partial diaeresis; exopod length about 2.5 – 3.5 times width, as wide as endopod, apex rounded, narrow to relatively broad.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70401C57FC7E9DFD0D6CF9D0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honour of Alastair Richardson, for his many contributions to Tasmanian carcinology and limnology.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70401C57FC7E9DFD0D6CF9D0.taxon	description	Measurements. Male (n = 756) 7 – 37, female (n = 1151) 6 – 55 mm, indet (n = 16) 5 – 7 mm.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70401C57FC7E9DFD0D6CF9D0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Anaspides richardsoni sp. nov. is characterized by the combination of a single antennular clasping spine in adult males (Fig. 19 D), the telson posterior margin with a close-set spine row (Fig. 19 B) and the male pleopod 1 endopod having the retinacular lobe visible in lateral view (Fig. 20 I). Additionally, the pleopod 5 endopod is present in adults (except in some cave specimens from parts of the Mole Creek and Junee-Florentine systems; see below). Anaspides richardsoni is widespread across central Tasmania (Fig. 36) in a wide arc stretching from the West Coast Range in the northwest, eastwards to Cradle Mountain and as far north as Gunns Plains and Mole Creek, across the Central Plateau, and south to Mt Field. It is primarily an epigean species occurring in springs, creeks and lakes, but also caves. As presently understood, Anaspides richardsoni is the most morphologically variable species of the genus. Through the central-eastern (Mt Field east to Oatlands and north to Deloraine) and north-western part of its distributions (West Coast Range to Cradle Mountain and Mt Ossa to Gunns Plains), however, A. richardsoni is relatively uniform morphologically. The pleonites are almost always unarmed (or with few spinules on the posterior margin of pleonite 6), and in specimens from Mount Field to the Great Lake-Deloraine area, the telson is about as long as or little longer than wide, with the posterior margin distinctly angular, approximately right-angled (Fig. 21). The telson in specimens from the far north (Gunns Plains, Loongana, Vale of Belvoir, Mole Creek) and western Central Plateau (Walls of Jerusalem area, Western Lakes) tend to be more elongate and often more acutely angular posteriorly (Figs 21 B, F; 22). Specimens from the Mt Field area at the southern extremity of its range generally have more slender uropods than those from the northeast (most evident in large adults), and a usually bifid proximal tooth on the right mandibular incisor process (Fig. 19 H) compared to the typically trifid condition found in other areas. Populations of A. richardsoni from the peripheries of the main distribution, however, show additional notable variations, particularly those from the far north, the western Central Plateau and the Mole Creek Caves. Specimens from parts of Cradle Mountain and further north (Black Bluff, Vale of Belvoir, Gunns Plains) have a less angular telson than usual, sometimes being almost rounded. At a relatively small size (18 mm) some Cradle Mountain specimens already have a noticeably shortened telson (slightly wider than long; Fig. 21 E), broad uropods and broad scaphocerite compared to size-matched specimens from elsewhere. Few specimens are known from the West Coast Range (Mt Murchison), and are the most westerly specimens examined (Fig. 21 A). All have minimal pleonal spination (at most with few small spines on the posterior margin of pleonite 6). Most known males are juveniles with a single antennular clasping spine, although the largest male has (TMAG G 6411) has one antennular clasping spine on the left and two on the right. The right antennule (peduncle and flagellum), however, is shortened overall and appears abnormal, possibly as a result of developmental irregularities. Smith’s (1909 a) report of A. tasmaniae from Mt Read (near Mt Murchison, West Coast Range) is probably referable to A. richardsoni. A number of specimens of A. richardsoni from the northwestern Central Plateau encompassing the Walls of Jerusalem and Clarence Lagoon east to the Ouse River have strongly spinose pereonites as in A. spinulae from Lake St Clair — the A. “ spinulae ” of O’Brien (1990) (Fig. 22). In these specimens, pleonite 4 – 5 pleura (usually also pleonite 3) and the posterodorsal margins of pleonites 5 and 6 (5 less often so) are prominently spinose and the posterolateral margin of pleonite 6 is usually produced to a prominent spine. The proximal tooth on the right mandibular incisor process is usually trifid. In addition, the telson is often more elongate than usual, with a sometimes somewhat rounded margin on which the posterior spines vary from evenly graded to distinctly uneven in length. Telson spination differs slightly between sampled lakes and the Walls of Jerusalem. Specimens from Lakes Fox and Johnny (Fig. 22 N – S) have relatively uneven telson spination compared to those from Clarence Lagoon (Fig. 22 A – I), Lake Halkyard (Fig. 22 T, U), Jacks Lagoon and most specimens from the Walls of Jerusalem (Fig. 22 J – M), which have more evenly graded telson spines like those of typical epigean forms. It should be noted, however, that most specimens found throughout this area are non-spiny or less-spiny than “ spinulae ” (in which only pleura 4 – 5 and the dorsal margin of pleonite 6 may be spinose, e. g., Jacks Lagoon, QVM 10: 13977). Both spiny and non-spiny forms were found together in tarns and runnels in the Walls of Jerusalem (TMAG G 6396, TMAG G 6379), the vicinity of Lake Fox (Fig. 21 F), the Ouse River (TMAG G 6359) and Clarence Lagoon (TMAG G 6359) (Fig. 22 A – I). The strong similarity in pleonal spination of the most spinose specimens of A. richardsoni to A. spinulae is remarkable, suggesting similar underlying developmental processes. O’Brien (1990), noting a correlation between spininess and lake habitats, suggested that A. spinulae might be a separate lacustrine species or lacustrine ecomorph, given that non-spiny specimens seemed to be from creeks, runnels and tarns. If so, however, it would remain to be explained why A. richardsoni from other lakes, such as Pine Tier Lagoon and Pine Lake are non-spiny, and why spiny forms can also be found together with non-spiny forms in tarns, small creeks, and pools. Both non-spiny and spiny forms are recorded from Clarence Lagoon (Fig. 22 A – I). Additionally, the “ spinulae ” form of A. richardsoni occurs only on the Central Plateau to the east and northeast of the similarly spinose A. spinulae from Lake St Clair, but not in other lake populations of A. richardsoni (e. g., lakes at Mt Field and the West Coast Range such as Lakes Tyndall and Sandra), let alone lake populations of other species of Anaspides such as A. jarmani and A. swaini. The presence of predatory fish, such as trout and Galaxias might be posited to induce a spiny “ defensive ” phenotype in Anaspides as has been observed in Daphnia (Adler & Harvell, 1990). Trout are certainly present in Lake St Clair (A. spinulae sensu stricto), Clarence Lagoon, Lakes Fox, Halkyard and Johnny, but they are also present in more easterly water bodies such as Pine Tier Lagoon, Little Pine Lagoon and Pine Lake in which A. richardsoni shows no such defensive spination. Instead, the distribution of the “ spinulae ” form of A. richardsoni correlates more strongly with geography than ecology, and might reflect phylogeographic genotypic variation. In particular, the relationship between these spinose A. richardsoni and A. spinulae from Lake St Clair warrants further investigation, with A. spinulae differing most fundamentally in having two rather than one antennular clasping spines. Curiously, specimens to the immediate south and west of Lake St Clair, all referrable to A. swaini, do not have the spinose pleon of A. spinulae. Specimens to the immediate east of Lake St Clair from the eastern side of the Traveller Range are non- or minimally spinose as in typical specimens of A. richardsoni. In addition, the telsons of both spiny and non-spiny specimens from the Walls of Jerusalem to the northern tiers (as well as Mole Creek) tend to be more elongated than specimens from elsewhere. More detailed population level studies, currently underway in collaboration with S. Richter and colleagues, are required to further understand these morphological patterns. Anaspides richardsoni has entered subterranean habitats in at least three parts of the periphery of its range (Fig. 23): Mole Creek karsts and Great Western Cave (Gunns Plain) in the north, and the Junee-Florentine system in the south. The single known specimen from Great Western Cave (AM P 99296; Fig. 23 J) is a juvenile male that agrees well with epigean juveniles (e. g., TMAG G 6169); it also represents the northernmost record of Anaspides. Aside from loss of body pigmentation, the specimen exhibits no obvious troglobitic adaptations and has well-developed, pigmented eyes. At Mole Creek, three subterranean forms occur, differing between cave systems. • Form 1 occurs in the Sassafras (Prohibition Cave) and Marakoopa systems (Marakoopa I and Marakoopa II caves) (Figs 23 A – C, 35 F). Apart from reduced body pigmentation, it closely resembles epigean specimens, having well-developed eyes, the outer antennular flagellum 0.4 – 0.6 (usually 0.5 – 0.6) body length, unarmed pleonites except for scattered denticles along the upper posterior margin of pleonite 6, and in having a finelygraded spine row on the posterior margin of the telson. • Form 2 is found in caves in the Mole-Lobster system (Honeycomb Cave, Wet Cave, Herberts Pot and Kellys Pot) (Figs 23 D, 35 E). It resembles Form 1 in telson structure, but has reduced eyes, outer antennular flagella 0.5 – 0.8 (usually 0.6) body length, and more extensive pleonal spination, with denticles on the pleura of pleonites 4 – 5 as well as the dorsal posterior margin of pleonite 6. Form 2, reaches the greatest size of the three forms (> 50 mm), the largest being from Honeycomb Cave. • Form 3 occurs in the Kubla Khan system (Kubla Khan Cave) and an unnamed cave in the Sassafras system (Fig. 23 E, F). It resembles Form 1 in eye development and minimal pleonal spination, but differs from both Forms 1 and 2 in consistently having much more elongate antennular flagella (0.7 – 0.9, usually 0.8) and a more slender telson with longer, more robust spines, somewhat approaching that of A. richardsoni from the Walls of Jerusalem and localities close to Mole Creek such as Western Bluff, and Ironstone Mountain. Additionally, the pleopod 5 endopod is frequently absent in specimens from the Kubla Khan system. One series corresponding to Form 3 (USNM 1277683; Fig. 23 F) was collected from a deep, water filled sink hole in the Mayberry area (near Mole creek), believed to be hydrologically connected to the Kubla Khan system (Iliffe, 1988); the specimens differ from the Kubla Khan specimens only in having more extensive body pigmentation typical of epigean forms, and a slightly wider cornea. Although most common on the surface around Mt Field, A. richardsoni is recorded from the Junee-Florentine system (Rift Cave and Growling Swallet; Fig. 23 G – I) on the basis of two juveniles and an adult female. These specimens agree well with epigean A. richardsoni, including pigmentation (albeit seemingly somewhat reduced) and well-developed eyes, but differ in lacking the pleopod 5 endopod. The right eye of the Rift Cave specimen is deformed, seemingly having been damaged (Fig. 23 I). Two other species of Anaspides occur in caves in the Mt Field area: A. eberhardi (Junee-Florentine karsts including Growling Swallet), which is closely related to A. richardsoni, and A. swaini (Junee- Florentine and Risby’s Basin karsts), which also sometimes occurs on the surface at Mt Field, but is the dominant epigean species to the south and west of the area. Anaspides richardsoni features well-developed secondary sexual characteristics by 18 – 25 mm (usually 20 – 22 mm). The pleopod 5 endopod is the last of the endopods to develop, appearing in juveniles as small as 11 mm to as large as 22 mm, but usually by 15 – 18 mm. The presence of a single male antennular clasping spine is highly consistent, with, in rare cases, a second spine developing on one side, often associated with possible regeneration after damage. The male from Wet Cave, however, is highly aberrant in having two clasping spines on one side, three on the other. In both cases, the normal single clasping spine is present on the proximomedial corner of flagellar article 7, but the additional abnormally and asymmetrically developed spines arise on the anteromedial corner. The abnormal positions and asymmetrical development of the clasping spines in the Wet Cave male indicate that it is aberrant. Anaspides richardsoni is the most taxonomically challenging species of the genus given the range of forms encountered, especially those from the peripheries of its range with distinctive morphologies. These may carry the signature of populations from areas untouched by the Pleistocene glaciations, which otherwise dominated the Central Plateau at the time, or may indicate ongoing differentiation (Andrew, 2005). Further sampling is required to better understand these peripheral populations, especially since some localities, such as Gunns Plain, the West Coast Range and Sandbanks Tier are represented by juveniles or only few specimens. Further sampling is also required in the eastern Great Western Tiers in the vicinity of Deloraine, Great Lake, and Lake Sorell down to the Oatlands area to determine the current extent of occurrence. The specimens from the Oatlands area (Fig. 21 H) are the easternmost records of the genus, although O’Brien (1990) speculated their provenance to be from surrounding hills slightly to the west. Likewise, specimens from Deloraine were speculated to originate from hills slightly to the south (O’Brien, 1990). The known distribution A. richardsoni is discontinuous between the West Coast Range and Cradle Mountain area, and between the Western Lakes and Mt Field. Whether these “ gaps ” are real or owe to lack of sampling remains to be determined. Despite the wide morphological diversity, A. richardsoni is readily diagnosed by the combination of the single antennular clasping spine in adult males and the close-set spine row on the posterior margin of the telson.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70401C57FC7E9DFD0D6CF9D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Wide ranging in central Tasmania, from the West Coast Range and Cradle Mountain in the west to the Central Plateau from Mt Ossa and localities east of Lake St Clair, to Mole Creek and the vicinity of Great Lake, south to Mt Field and as far east as the Oatlands area; 470 – 1455 m asl (epigean), 109 – 520 m asl (subterranean).	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70761C51FC919EFA09E0FCF2.taxon	description	Figs 24 – 28, 36	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70761C51FC919EFA09E0FCF2.taxon	materials_examined	Type station, 42 ° 06.6 ' S 146 ° 12.0 ' E, 3 – 4.5 m, coll. J. H. Wilson & W. D. Williams, 8 Feb 1963. PARATYPES: AM P 14147, 1 juv. ♂ (12 mm), type locality; AM P 14148, 1 ♀ (slide preparation), type locality; AM P 14149, 1 specimen (slide preparation), type locality; AM P 14150, 1 ♀ (slide preparation); AM P 14151, 1 specimen (slide preparation), type locality; AM P 14152, 4 specimens (slide preparation), type locality; AM P 14153, 1 ♀ (slide preparation), type locality; AM P 14154, 4 specimens (slide preparation), type locality; AM P 14155, 1 juv. ♂ (c. 11 mm), type locality; AM P 14156, 1 ♀ (21 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (c. 11 mm), type locality. Other material examined. YPM 9194, 2 ♂♂ (13 – 14 mm), 1 ♀ (15 mm), Lake St Clair, coll. J. H. Wilson, Mar 1961; TMAG G 124, 2 juv. ♂♂ (11 – 13 mm), 5 ♀♀ (9 – 18 mm), Lake St Clair, bottom drag at midnight, coll. A. W. G. Powell, 24 Jul 1937; TMAG G 134, 2 juv. ♂♂ (10 – 12 mm), Cynthia Bay, Lake St Clair, 42 ° 06.6 ' S 146 ° 10.1 ' E, bottom drag, coll. A. W. G. Powell, 26 Aug 1937; AM P 99312, 2 juv. ♂♂ (8 – 9 mm), Lake St Clair, 42 ° 06.75 ' S 146 ° 11.81 ' E, 5 m depth, Lake bottom, towed net, 730 m asl, coll. S. Jarman; AM P 99313, 16 juv. ♂♂ (7 – 9 mm), 11 juv. ♀♀ (7 – 10 mm), Lake St Clair, S of Pumphouse Point, 42 ° 06.38 ' S 146 ° 12.10 ' E, 2 m, weed bed, on scuba, 730 m asl, coll. M. Driessen & J. Andrew; MCZ IZ: 68029, 1 juv. ♂ (9 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (8 mm), Lake St Clair, S of Pumphouse Point, 42 ° 06.38 ' S 146 ° 12.10 ' E, 2 m, weed bed, on scuba, 730 m asl, coll. M. Driessen & J. Andrew, late 1990 s to pre 2005; TMAG G 6325, 1 ♂ (23 mm), 1 ♀ (23 mm), Ida Bay, Lake St Clair, 42 ° 01.7 ' S 146 ° 08.5 ' E, 3 – 7 m, sand & under rocks, stones, plentiful to 7 m, 737 m asl, coll. R. Holmes, 20 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6327, 1 ♀ (22 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (10 – 11 mm), Lake St Clair, 42 ° 01.75 ' S 146 ° 06.94 ' E, 6 m, between rocks & stones, “ No. 4 ”, coll. D. O’Brien, 20 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6328, 1 ♂ (14 mm), 1 ♀ (20 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 11 mm), Lake St Clair, 42 ° 04.63 ' S 146 ° 10.02 ' E, under logs, 6 – 12 m, coll. D. O’Brien & M. Driessen, 20 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6326, 1 juv. ♂ (11 mm), Lake St Clair, 42 ° 05.08 ' S 146 ° 11.76 ' E, 6 m, pebbles and stone outcrops, coll. R. Holmes, 20 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6324, 3 juv. ♂♂ (9 – 10 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 9 mm), Lake St Clair, 42 ° 06.70 ' S 146 ° 11.74 ' E, 3 – 4 m, amongst Isoetes, under stones, rocks, site 9, coll. D. O’Brien, 20 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6323, 2 juv. ♂♂ (10 – 11 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (11 – 12 mm), Lake St Clair, 42 ° 01.04 ' S 146 ° 06.74 ' E, 4 – 6 m, stones and pebbles, coll. R. Holmes, 20 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6329, 1 juv. ♂ (8 mm), 1 ♀ (20 mm), no locality data.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70761C51FC919EFA09E0FCF2.taxon	description	Description. Eyes with large well-developed cornea, pigmented, distinctly wider than stalk, subglobular, longer than half length of stalk; stalk with divergent margins. Rostrum narrow in adults, apex blunt. Pleonites with sparsely setose pleural margins, rounded; pleuron 1 – 2 with 0 – 3 small spines; pleura 3 – 5 prominently spinose. Pleonites 5 – 6 posterior tergal margins prominently spinose, setose. Pleonite 6 posterolateral margin produced to prominent spine, occasionally with secondary spine. Pleonal sternites 3 – 5 with low, median processes between pleopod bases, distinctly bilobed and widest on sternite 3, bilobed on sternite 4, weakly bilobed and narrowest on sternite 5. Telson longer than wide, widest proximally; lateral margins sinuous in dorsal outline, distally convergent; transition from lateral to posterior margin obtusely angular; posterior margin angular to slightly rounded, blunt medially; posterior spine row with 17 – 32 slender, uneven, closely spaced spines, with several longer spines, approximately evenly spaced among shorter spines; rarely with dorsomedian spine above posterior margin. Antennule inner flagellum about 0.2 × body length (22 articles in holotype); article 7 inner margin obtusely angled in adult males, with 2 long, slender clasping spines proximally; outer flagellum 0.5 – 0.6 × body length (67 – 71 articles in holotype). Antennal flagellum 0.3 – 0.5 × body length (49 – 50 articles in holotype); scaphocerite elongate, ovate, lateral spine slightly distal to midlength; apex almost reaching or slightly overreaching apex of distal peduncular article. Right mandibular incisor process with proximal tooth distally bifid or trifid. Pleopods 1 – 5 with endopod in adults. Adult male pleopod 1 distally widened, scoop-like, lateral margins weakly expanded, not obscuring retinacular lobe in lateral view. Uropodal protopod dorsally with 1 or 2 small spines; exopod with 2 – 4 movable spines on outer margin near position of partial diaeresis; exopod length about 3 times width, as wide as endopod, apex rounded, relatively narrow. Measurements. Male (n = 35) 7 – 23 mm, female (n = 36) 7 – 25 mm.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70761C51FC919EFA09E0FCF2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Williams (1965 a) distinguished A. spinulae from A. tasmaniae on the basis of its pronounced pleonal spination, particularly of pleura 3 – 5 and tergites 5 – 6, uneven telson spine row, and apparently unusual ecology — the lacustrine habitat of Lake St Clair. Anaspides tasmaniae (now known to comprise several species) was thought, at the time Williams wrote, to occupy only surface creeks, tarns and streams, but subsequent discoveries from lakes throughout Tasmania refuted that assumption (Williams, 1974). The validity of A. spinulae has been questioned ever since (Williams, 1974; O’Brien, 1990; Jarman & Elliott, 2000). In particular, the observation of a possible “ gradation of increasing spination in a southerly direction across the western portion of the Great Western Tiers ” down to Lake St Clair cast doubt on the validity of A. spinulae (Knott, 1975; O’Brien, 1990). Moreover, Anaspides throughout much of Tasmania show some degree of pleural and tergal spination, including A. tasmaniae from Mt Wellington, further eroding the distinctiveness of A. spinulae (see O’Brien, 1990). Others have accepted a limited range for A. spinulae, from Lake St Clair to Clarence Lagoon (Richardson, 1985; Swain, 2000). The status of A. spinulae has remained debated, partly owing to the seemingly unreliable diagnostic features identified by Williams (1965 a), and partly owing to the inadequate and perhaps misleading original account of the species, in which the holotype was not figured. Review of all available material from Lake St Clair, as well as western Central Plateau specimens reported by Knott (1975) and O’Brien (1990) as A. “ spinulae ” (= A. richardsoni sp. nov.; Fig. 22), indicates that A. spinulae is a valid species. The present concept of A. spinulae emphasizes the male secondary sexual characters in addition to the pleonal spination. Thus, A. spinulae can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the combination of two antennular clasping spines in adult males (Fig. 27 D), prominently spinose pleural margins of pleonites 2 – 5 and posterior tergal margins of pleonites 5 – 6, the prominently spiniform posterolateral angle of pleonite 6 and angular posterior margin of the telson (Figs 25, 27, 28). The cornea of A. spinulae is also proportionally more inflated than any of its congeners at a similar size, being noticeably wider than the stalk (Figs 25 A, 27 A, 28 A, D). Despite A. spinulae being a valid species clearly separated from A. tasmaniae, its taxonomic boundaries remain to be fully circumscribed. The secondary sexual modifications of the male antennule and presence of the pleopod 5 endopod suggest a close relationship to the northern form of A. swaini occurring to the immediate west and south of Lake St Clair. Although Williams (1965 a) hypothesized that A. spinulae survived the Pleistocene glaciation of Lake St Clair in adjacent periglacial lakes or melt-waters, areas currently occupied by A. swaini, A. spinulae might equally have persisted in-situ in deeper parts of the lake during that time. This more easily accounts for the very limited range of the species today, nested between the ranges of A. swaini and A. richardsoni. Knott (1975) alternatively hypothesized A. spinulae to be only a temporary resident in Lake St Clair, being periodically flushed into the lake from adjacent creeks and streams, with its primary habitat being the western Central Plateau. Present results, however, indicate otherwise. The nearest neighbouring Anaspides populations to the immediate south and west (A. swaini) and immediate east (A. richardsoni, eastern side of the Travellers Rest Range) of Lake St Clair have “ normal ”, non-spiny pleonal ornamentation. The strongly spinose forms (A. “ spinulae ” of O’Brien, 1990) occur further afield on the western Central Plateau to the east and northeast of Lake St Clair, and although closely resembling A. spinulae, are referable to A. richardsoni having one instead of two male antennular clasping spines. It is enigmatic that the strongly spinose “ spinulae ” morphology is known only in Anaspides from Lake St Clair and the western Central Plateau, whereas the nearest neighbours to the lake all have “ normal ” pleonal ornamentation. As noted under the account of A. richardsoni, the occurrence of the spiny body form does not have an immediate ecological basis, relating neither to a lacustrine habitat nor presence of fish predators. The observed morphological patterns in Anaspides from west to east of Lake St Clair are presently difficult to interpret, and the limited currently available molecular data are equivocal (Jarman & Elliott, 2000; Andrew, 2005). Thus, the relationship of A. spinulae to neighbouring Anaspides populations, currently assigned to A. swaini and A. richardsoni, respectively, requires more detailed analysis beyond the scope of the present study. Although conceivably more wide ranging, A. spinulae is presently known with certainty only from Lake St Clair. Previous records of A. spinulae from Clarence Lagoon and elsewhere on the Central Plateau are referable to A. richardsoni. Although resembling A. spinulae in pleonal spination, adult males from Clarence Lagoon, like other spiny Central Plateau forms have a single antennular clasping spine, diagnostic of A. richardsoni. It is notable though that the corneas of spiny A. richardsoni from Clarence Lagoon (Fig. 22 F), like true A. spinulae, are proportionally larger and more expanded than size-matched A. richardsoni from elsewhere on the Central Plateau (including a non-spiny specimen from Clarence Lagoon; Fig. 22 A). Anaspides spinulae apparently matures at a smaller size than congeners. Development of antennular modifications begins in juvenile males at 11 – 13 mm, with clasping spines appearing sequentially and with increasing curvature of the proximal portion of the flagellum. By 14 – 15 mm body length, the male secondary sexual characters of A. spinulae are well-developed suggesting sexual maturity. Males of other species of Anaspides do not attain similar development until 18 mm or larger. Possibly also significant is that the largest known specimen of A. spinulae, at 25 mm, is considerably smaller than the largest specimens of congeners (35 mm, A. tasmaniae; 38 mm, A. clarkei; 47 mm, A. eberhardi; 31 mm, A. jarmani; 55 mm, A. richardsoni; 40 mm, A. swaini). Specimens of A. spinulae are in most respects morphologically uniform apart from typical allometric variation in the slenderness of the rostrum (increasingly slender with increasing size), eye size (proportionally larger in smaller specimens), and pleonal spine length (proportionally longest in the smaller specimens). The endopod of pleopod 5 is absent or rudimentary in juveniles up to 10 mm body length; present in all others. Pleonal spination is pronounced, even in the smallest juveniles, with pleural spines always present on pleonites 3 – 5, and those on pleonite 2 appearing at about 20 mm body length. The most significant allometric changes are in the spination of the posterior margin of the telson. The telson spination in the smallest specimens is markedly uneven, with 4 – 6 long spines evenly distributed among the shorter remaining spines (Figs 27 B, 28 C, G, H). With increasing body size, the longer telson spines become shorter and more similar to surrounding spines, as in the holotype, somewhat approaching adults of other epigean species (Figs 25 B, 28 F, I). Similar, albeit less marked changes, are also evident in other species, such as A. richardsoni and A. swaini, indicating a general developmental pattern. Apart from allometric changes, A. spinulae is morphologically uniform, with few other observed variations. The posterolateral spine on pleonite 6 may be accompanied by a secondary spine, and the uropodal protopod and the outer margin of the uropodal exopod have 1 or 2 and 2 – 4 spines, respectively. Unfortunately, Williams’ original characterization of A. spinulae as having a strongly uneven spine row on the telson was misleading, because his accompanying unscaled illustration (Williams, 1965 a: fig. 5 E) was of a small dissected juvenile (estimated c. 10 mm body length; AM P 14152; Fig. 28 G) in which the differences in spine length are most pronounced. At any given size, the posterior telson spines in A. spinulae are less regular in length than in other epigean Anaspides of similar size, but not nearly as pronounced as would be assumed from Williams’ figure. Subsequent reports (e. g., O’Brien, 1990) of telsons “ intermediate ” between A. spinulae and typical A. tasmaniae were based on the implication from Williams’ (1965 a) figure that an adult was depicted. Further, Williams’ (1965 a) description of the pleonal setae of both A. tasmaniae and A. spinulae as spines further clouded distinguishing the two forms. This possibly contributed to some of O’Brien’s (1990) difficulties in distinguishing between what he called A. spinulae, A. “ spinulae ” and A. tasmaniae leading to the strong suggestion that all represent the same species. O’Brien (1990) also reported Central Plateau specimens with “ longer setae … ”, including specimens from Butlers Gorge. As already noted, however, the length of pleonal setae varies allometrically in Anaspides and is shortest in adults, as corroborated in specimens from Butlers Gorge examined herein (referrable to A. swaini). Whereas the posterior telson ornamentation of adult A. spinulae does differ from most other congeners in length and regularity, it is not nearly as marked as originally implied by Williams (1965 a). O’Brien (1990) recorded A. spinulae from around the margins of Lake St Clair at about 1.5 – 15 m depth on multiple substrate types. It apparently does not occur on silted substrates, but is common on stony or pebbled outcrops and among exfoliating sheets of rock on weathering dolerite boulders, with highest densities under rocks, fallen logs and branches, or in Isoetes algal beds.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70761C51FC919EFA09E0FCF2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Presently known only from Lake St Clair; 1.5 – 15 m depth; 737 m asl.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70701C46FF069BDC0935F936.taxon	description	Figs 29 – 36	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70701C46FF069BDC0935F936.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: AM P 73042, ♂ (27 mm), Weld River, 42 ° 48.78 ' S 146 ° 27.49 ' E, 460 m asl, coll. S. Jarman. PARATYPES: AM P 73043, 2 ♀♀ (22 – 28 mm), 12 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 16 mm), 4 indet juv. (5 – 7 mm), type locality. Other material examined. Cradle Mountain Lake St Clair National Park: TMAG G 6370, 1 ♂ (22 mm), 3 ♀♀ (24 – 34 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 17 mm), Mt Byron, rainforest creek flowing from Byron Gap into Lake Petrarch, 42 ° 02.4 ' S 146 ° 03.9 ' E, coll. R. Mawbey et al., 920 m asl, 1970; TMAG G 6378, 4 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 14 mm), just downstream from Lake Petrarch, 42 ° 03.4 ' S 146 ° 06.1 ' E, 880 m, coll. R. Mawbey et al., 29 Sep 1973; TMAG G 6377, 6 juv. ♂♂ (11 – 13 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (10 – 12 mm), Cuvier Valley below Mt Olympus, 42 ° 03.8 ' S 146 ° 06.8 ' E, subterranean pools in rainforest floor, 875 m asl, coll. R. Mawbey et al., 29 Sep 1973; TMAG G 6426, 2 ♂♂ (23 – 28 mm), 6 juv. ♂♂ (14 – 18 mm), 3 ♀♀ (25 – 29 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (15 – 18 mm), Cuvier Valley, below Lake Petrarch, 42 ° 04.8 ' S 146 ° 08.6 ' E, small creek in buttongrass plain, 800 m asl coll. R. Mawbey et al., 28 Sep 1973; TMAG 14388 / G 132, 1 ♂ (22 mm), 2 ♀♀ (21 – 24 mm), “ Lake St. Clair? ”, coll. D. Handley, 1937; TMAG G 126, 5 ♂♂ (14 – 23) mm), 5 ♀♀ (12 – 32 mm), Lake St Clair, coll. D. Turner, Feb 1941; AM P 72844, 1 juv. ♂ (22 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (13 mm), Mt Rufus, from tarn below summit, 42 ° 07.18 ' S 146 ° 06.42 ' E, DP 265344 (8113), 292 - 23, coll. A. Terauds, 16 Feb 1992; AM P 72842, 1 juv. ♂ (18 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (6 – 7 mm), 1 ♀ (30 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (6 – 16 mm), Mt Rufus, 42 ° 07.20 ' S 146 ° 06.43 ' E, 1170 m, stream flowing into Lake St Clair, coll. S. Jarman; AM P 82856, 1 ♂ (19 mm), 1 ♀ (21 mm), Mt Rufus, canal near wooden bridge, 42 ° 09.0 ' S 146 ° 07.2 ' E, JHB T 0201, coll. J. H. Bradbury, 2 Mar 1997; QVM 10: 13979, 1 ♀ (38 mm), Mt Rufus, 42 ° 07.6 ' S 146 ° 06.0 ' E, tarn plateau, 1380 m asl, coll. L. D. Crawford, 23 Sep 1951; TMAG G 6390, 3 ♂♂ (20 – 21 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (17 mm), 6 ♀♀ (20 – 32 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (16 mm), Mt Rufus, 42 ° 07.6 ' S 146 ° 05.9 ' E, 1400 m, coll. B. Knott, 13 Nov 1971. Wentworth Hills: QVM 10: 49166, 1 ♂ (23 mm), 3 ♀♀ (21 – 33 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (13 mm), 8 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 12 mm), Wentworth Hills, 42 ° 12 ' S 146 ° 19 ' E, in flow, coll. B. Mawbey, 28 Mar 1990; QVM 10: 49167, 3 ♂♂ (21 – 25 mm), 1 ♂ juv. (18 mm), 7 ♀♀ (20 – 38 mm), 8 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 19 mm), Wentworth Hills, 42 ° 12 ' S 146 ° 19 ' E, lower soaks, in flow, coll. B. Mawbey, 28 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6311, 2 ♂♂ (22 – 24 mm), 5 ♀♀ (22 – 30 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (10 – 18 mm), 18 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 19 mm), Wentworth Hills, stream draining into Laughing Jack Lagoon, 42 ° 12.47 ' S 146 ° 19.15 ' E, 1030 m asl, coll. D. O’Brien & B. Mawbey, 28 Mar 1990; TMAG G 6313, 2 ♂♂ (21 – 25 mm), 6 ♀♀ (20 – 32 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (11 – 14 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 11 mm), Wentworth Hills, plateau, 42 ° 12.36 ' S 146 ° 18.14 ' E, inflow stream to lagoon, 1100 m asl, coll. D. O’Brien & B. Mawbey, 28 Mar 1990. Butlers Gorge: YPM 9195, 4 ♂♂ (22 – 24 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (12 – 19 mm), 3 ♀♀ (25 – 36 mm), 4 juv. ♀♀ (15 – 18 mm), near Butlers Gorge, 42 ° 16.6 ' S 146 ° 16.3 ' E, 680 m asl, coll. J. H. Wilson, 20 Oct 1964; TMAG G 6406, 5 ♂♂ (18 – 22 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (12 – 15 mm), 2 ♀♀ (21 – 22 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (13 mm), near Butlers Gorge, 42 ° 16.6 ' S 146 ° 16.3 ' E, 680 m asl, coll. P. Tyler, 26 Nov 1963. Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park: TMAG G 6356, 4 ♂♂ (22 – 23 mm), 1 juv. ♂♂ (15 – 18 mm), 2 ♀♀ (23 – 27 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (12 mm), E of Mt Arrowsmith, 42 ° 13.1 ' S 146 ° 05.8 ' E, underground part of stream in rainforest, air temp 8.3 ° C, water temp 6.7 ° C, 800 m asl, coll. A. Richardson, R. Mawbey, B. Knott & P. Suter, 10 Nov 1974; TMAG G 6498, 1 juv. ♀ (8 mm), Capricorn Cave (MR 204 - 24), Mt Ronald Cross karst, 42 ° 13.2 ' S 146 ° 03.7 ' E, stream, dark zone, coll. S. Eberhard, 540 m asl, 27 Jan 1989; TMAG 14396 / G 140, 1 ♂ (22 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 11 mm), Lake Tahune, Frenchmans Cap, 42 ° 16 ' S 145 ° 50 ' E, 1000 m asl, coll. W. J. Fairbridge, Jan 1945; QVM 10: 49053,2 indet juv. (5 – 6 mm), Lake Tahune, Frenchmans Cap, 42 ° 16 ' S 145 ° 50 ' E, outflow creek, drift sample, 1000 m asl, coll. S. Chilcott, 28 Jan 1988; AM P 99165, 2 ♂♂ (23 – 29 mm), 9 ♀♀ (23 – 30 mm), Lake Tahune, Frenchmans Cap, 42 ° 16 ' S 145 ° 50 ' E, 1000 m asl, coll. B. V. Timms, Jan 1989; QVM 10: 13972, 1 ♂ (23 mm), 1 ♀ (25 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (damaged, c. 15 mm), Frenchmans Cap, 42 ° 16.1 ' S 145 ° 49.6 ' E, 1440 m, coll. B. McCausland, 15 Mar 1980; TMAG G 6357, 1 ♀ (27 mm), creek draining into Lake Richmond outflow, King William Range, 42 ° 18.85 ' S 146 ° 11.15 ' E, 740 m asl, coll. A. Richardson & G. French, 28 Jan 1989; TMAG G 6497, 1 juv. ♀ (19 mm), 4 indet juv. (5 – 7 mm), Kutikina Cave (F 34 - 34), Franklin River karst, 42 ° 31.8 ' S 145 ° 46.1 ' E, 60 m asl, coll. S. Eberhard, 23 Mar 1988; TMAG G 6499, 1 ♂ (21 mm), Kutikina Cave (F 34 - 4), 42 ° 31.8 ' S 145 ° 46.1 ' E, stream, 60 m asl, coll. S. Eberhard, 21 Mar 1989; AM P 99306, 1 ♂ (damaged), 1 ♀ (damaged), Lake Rhona, 42 ° 33.2 ' S 146 ° 17.2 ' E, 860 m asl, amongst cobbles near shore, coll. S. Jarman; TMAG G 1360, 4 juv. ♂♂ (18 – 30 mm), 3 ♀♀ (33 – 36 mm), Lake Rhona, Upper Gordon River, below Reed’s Peak, 42 ° 33 ' S 146 ° 17 ' E, 860 m asl, coll. A. P. Andrews & H. D. Barker, 20 Mar 1972; QVM 10: 12144, 1 ♀ (24 mm), Bill Nielson (Rotuli) Cave, Nicholls Range karst, 42 ° 42.3 ' S 145 ° 49.3 ' E, small rocky side stream, 30 m asl, NR 1 - 2, coll. S. Eberhard, 19 Feb 1987; TMAG G 6400, 1 ♀ (25 mm), 13 juv. ♂♂ (8 – 13 mm), 11 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 13 mm), Vale of Rasselas, E of “ The Thumbs ”, 42 ° 40.2 ' S 146 ° 23.0 ' E, buttongrass hole, coll. R. Swain & J. Ong, 17 Feb 1970; TMAG G 6409, 1 ♀ (24 mm), 10 juv. ♂♂ (10 – 13 mm), 17 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 14 mm), Vale of Rasselas, E of “ The Thumbs ”, 42 ° 40.2 ' S 146 ° 23.0 ' E, buttongrass hole, coll. R. Swain & J. Ong, 17 Feb 1970; TMAG G 6412, 1 ♂ (21 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (11 – 13 mm), 4 juv. ♀♀ (7 – 10 mm), Vale of Rasselas, creek running parallel to track from Florentine, 42 ° 41.7 ' S 146 ° 23.8 ' E, buttongrass hole, coll. R. Swain & J. Ong, 17 Feb 1970. Southwest National Park: ZSRO 859, 4 juv. ♂♂ (9 – 11 – 13 mm), 11 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 15 mm), Mueller Road, 2 km behind gate, Weld River, creeks, 42 ° 48.76 ' S 146 ° 24.54 ' E, 1 WP 6, 500 m asl, 24 Feb 2013; TMAG G 6389, 10 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 17 mm), SW of Mt Mueller, Port Davey track, between Scotts Peak Road and “ Damper Inn ”, 42 ° 49.5 ' S 146 ° 23.7 ' E, first patch of rainforest, 580 m asl, coll. R. Swain, I. Wilson & J. Ong, 18 Feb 1970; TMAG G 6364, 16 ♂♂ (19 – 25 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (11 – 16 mm), 17 ♀♀ (19 – 26 mm), 17 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 12 mm), S of Mt Mueller, stream at “ Damper Inn ”, 42 ° 49.8 ' S 146 ° 27.5 ' E, 470 m, coll. R. Swain, I. Wilson & J. Ong, 18 Feb 1970; OM Iv 12886, 2 ♂♂ (20 – 21 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (14 mm), Huon River, 2000 ft asl [600 m]; TMAG G 6388, 1 ♂ (27 mm), 19 juv. ♂♂ (8 – 13 mm), 61 juv. ♀♀ (7 – 15 mm), 10 indet juv. (6 – 7 mm), Port Davey track N of Mt Bowes, tributary of Weld River, 42 ° 50.3 ' S 146 ° 24.6 ' E, 530 m asl, coll. R. Swain, I. Wilson & J. Ong, 18 Feb 1970; TMAG G 128, 3 ♀♀ (11 – 24 mm), Mt Bowes, 42 ° 51.6 ' S 146 ° 24.6 ' E, 956 m asl, Apr 1939; TMAG 14369 / G 113, 4 ♂♂ (24 – 29 mm), 6 ♀♀ (23 – 34 mm), Snowy Mountains, 42 ° 53.4 ' S 146 ° 39 ' E, 2000 ft asl [600 m], coll. C. D. King, 20 Feb 1939; TMAG 14373 / G 117, 4 ♂♂ (25 – 32 mm), 6 ♀♀ (19 – 33 mm), Snowy Mountains, 42 ° 55.5 ' S 146 ° 40.5 ' E, 3000 ft asl [900 m], small Lake, coll. C. D. King, Feb 1939; AM P 56374, 2 juv. ♂♂ (22 – 29 mm), Lake Skinner, Snowy Mountains, 42 ° 57 ' S 146 ° 41 ' E, C. 62 T, small stream at end of track to Lake, coll. W. Ponder et al., 15 Jan 1982; AM P 73044, 2 juv. ♂♂ (17 – 28 mm), 3 juv. ♀♀ (10 – 25 mm), Snowy North, stream flowing into Styx River, 42 ° 53.26 ' S 146 ° 39.30 ' E, 590 m asl, coll. S. Jarman; TMAG G 397, 1 ♀ (40 mm), plateau on summit of Mt Snowy, small pool 3 inches deep, 3500 ft asl [1050 m], coll. J. F. Thompson, 31 Jan 1962; TMAG G 3432, 5 ♀♀ (24 – 33 mm), Lake Skinner, Snowy Mountains, 42 ° 56.8 ' S 146 ° 40.5 ' E, 970 m asl], coll. D. Farnell, 28 Jan 1962; TMAG G 6387, 28 juv. ♂♂ (20 – 27 mm), 8 ♀♀ (25 – 33 mm), 18 juv. ♀♀ (18 – 25 mm), Lake Skinner, Snowy Mountains, 42 ° 56.8 ' S 146 ° 40.5 ' E, 970 m asl, coll. M. Fenton, 29 Nov 1971; TMAG G 130, 2 ♂♂ (32 – 34 mm), 6 ♀♀ (17 – 35 mm), Lake Denison, 42 ° 57.4 ' S 146 ° 41.0 ' E, 1900 ft asl [570 m], coll. C. King, Feb 1936; TMAG G 127, 1 ♂ (25 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (13 – 20 mm), Lake Denison, 42 ° 57.4 ' S 146 ° 41.0 ' E, 1900 ft asl [570 m], coll. C. King, Feb 1939; TMAG G 112, 3 ♂♂ (23 – 27 mm), 9 ♀♀ (22 – 31 mm), Lake Skinner, Snowy Mountains, 42 ° 56.8 ' S 146 ° 40.1 ' E, c. 3000 ft asl [970 m], coll. C. D. King, Feb 1939; TMAG G 6374, 1 ♀ (53 mm), Lake Skinner, Snowy Mountains, 42 ° 56.8 ' S 146 ° 40.5 ' E, 970 m asl, coll. D. Farnell, 28 Jan 1962; TMAG G 6407, 2 ♂♂ (28 – 29 mm), 6 juv. ♂♂ (20 – 22 mm), 10 ♀♀ (23 – 26 mm), 9 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 14 mm), Snowy Mountains, 42 ° 54 ' S 146 ° 42 ' E, tarn, coll. M. Fenton, 19 Nov 1970; TMAG G 6361, 1 juv. ♂ (12 mm), Snowy South, 42 ° 56.7 ' S 146 ° 39.4 ' E, small Lake on slope, 1340 m asl, coll. P. Davies, Apr 1986; NMV J 42439, 1 ♂ (25 mm), 1 ♀ (26 mm), Gordon River, Capt. Sutton, Jan 1949; TMAG G 136, 1 juv. ♀ (18 mm), Lake Pedder [probably near Maria Creek, 42 ° 53.8 ' S 146 ° 17.3 ' E, coll. C. King, Apr 1939; AM P 99307, 2 ♀♀ (damaged), Coronation Peak, 42 ° 54.81 ' S 146 ° 00.68 ' E, tarn, coll. S. Jarman; TMAG G 6316, 1 ♂ (23 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (22 mm), 4 ♀♀ (23 – 31 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (14 – 21 mm), Mt Anne Plateau, 42 ° (25 mm), Deep Thought Cave (MA 10), Mt Anne, 42 ° 56.0 ' S 146 ° 26.5 ' E, at 180 m in, 1000 m asl, coll. S. Eberhard, 12 Jan 1987; TMAG G 6496, 1 ♂ (25 mm), 1 ♀ (29 mm), Deep Thought Cave (MA 10 - 1), Mt Anne, 42 ° 56.0 ' S 146 ° 26.5 ' E, at 180 m in, 1000 m asl, coll. S. Eberhard, 13 Jan 1987; TMAG G 6416, 1 juv. ♀ (9 mm), Search Camp, Mt Anne, 42 ° 56.8 ' S 146 ° 25.4 ' E, 1240 m asl, coll. J. Bludhorn, 4 Mar 1972; TMAG G 6430, 1 juv. ♂ (21 mm), Search Camp, Mt Anne, 42 ° 56.8 ' S 146 ° 25.4 ' E, 1240 m asl, coll. J. Bludhorn, 4 Mar 1972; QVM 10: 49052, 1 ♀ (21 mm), Croaking Lake, Remote Peak, 42 ° 58.07 ' S 146 ° 03.05 ' E, benthos, 820 m asl, coll. S. Chilcott, 13 Nov 1986; TMAG G 6358, 1 ♂ (25 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (16 mm), 1 ♀ (32 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 15 mm), small creek draining into Lake Edgar, 43 ° 02.9 ' S 146 ° 20.7 ' E, 300 m asl, coll. R. Swain et al., 3 Jun 1970; TMAG G 6453, 2 ♂♂ (24 – 25 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (16 – 20 mm), 2 ♀♀ (24 – 28 mm), 3 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 16 mm), Lake Fortuna, Western Arthurs, 43 ° 07.61 ' S 146 ° 13.68 ' E, 1240 m asl, coll. Project Raleigh, Western Arthurs Team, 15 Jan 1987; TMAG G 6354, 2 ♀♀ (21 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (17 mm), Lake Cygnus, Western Arthurs Range, 43 ° 07.80 ' S 146 ° 14.16 ' E, coll. P. Hamr & L. Cook, 7 Nov 1990; TMAG G 6451, 1 juv. ♂ (19 mm), 8 ♀♀ (20 – 29 mm), Lake Cygnus, Western Arthurs Range, 43 ° 07.80 ' S 146 ° 14.16 ' E, coll. Project Raleigh, Western Arthurs Team, 16 Jan 1987; AM P 99311, 1 ♂ (damaged), 1 juv. ♀ (damaged), Square Lake, Western Arthurs, 43 ° 09.08 ' S 146 ° 16.09 ' E, amongst cobbles near shore, 860 m asl, coll. S. Jarman; TMAG G 6322, 1 ♂ (20 mm), 3 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 19 mm), Square Lake, 43 ° 08.59 ' S 146 ° 15.58 ' E, 860 m asl, coll. Western Arthurs Team, Project Raleigh, 17 Jan 1987; TMAG G 6437, 10 ♂♂ (18 – 24 mm), 23 juv. ♂♂ (9 – 17 mm), 27 ♀♀ (19 – 37 mm), 33 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 18 mm), Square Lake, WesternArthurs, 43 ° 08.6 ' S 146 ° 15.6 ' E, 860 m asl, coll. R. Swain, 4 Feb 1971; TMAG G 6447, 2 juv. ♂♂ (15 – 16 mm), 4 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 16 mm), Square Lake, WesternArthurs, 43 ° 08.6 ' S 146 ° 15.6 ' E, 860 m asl, coll. M. Fenton, Jan 1971; NMV J 40508, 4 ♀♀ (24 – 43 mm), Lake Oberon, Western Arthur Ranges, 43 ° 09.1 ' S 146 ° 16.0 ' E, 840 m asl, coll. G. Poore, 28 Feb 1990; AM P 99310, 1 ♂ (damaged), 1 ♀ (damaged), Lake Oberon, 43 ° 08.92 ' S 146 ° 16.10 ' E, amongst cobbles near shore, coll. S. Jarman; AM P 99309, 2 ♀♀ (damaged), Haven Lake, Western Arthurs, 43 ° 10.35 ' S 146 ° 19.92 ' E, coll. S. Jarman; TMAG G 6436, 3 ♂♂ (15 – 18 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (10 mm), 6 ♀♀ (18 – 20 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (12 mm), Haven Lake, Western Arthurs, 43 ° 10.3 ' S 146 ° 20.0 ' E, 900 m asl, coll. M. Fenton, Jan 1971; TMAG G 6417, 1 ♀ (20 mm), Prom Lake, 43 ° 10.0 ' S 146 ° 21.6 ' E, 820 m asl, coll. D. Gotts, 27 Jan 1970; TMAG G 6452, 5 ♀♀ (19 – 26 mm), Lake Ceres, WesternArthurs, 43 ° 08.53 ' S 146 ° 15.07 ' E, 780 m asl, coll. Project Raleigh, Western Arthurs Team, 17 Jan 1987; TMAG G 6425, 9 juv. ♂♂ (15 – 17 mm), 5 ♀♀ (21 – 26 mm), 3 juv. ♀♀ (15 – 17 mm), Lake Sirona, Western Arthurs, 43 ° 10.0 ' S 146 ° 21.6 ' E, 1020 m asl, coll. M. Fenton, Jan 1971; AM P 99308, 1 ♂ (damaged), Lake Picton, 43 ° 09.56 ' S 146 ° 38.23 ' E, coll. S. Jarman; TMAG G 6317, 10 juv. ♂♂ (15 – 28 mm), 20 ♀♀ (24 – 33 mm), 11 juv. ♀♀ (14 – 21), Lake Picton, 43 ° 09.5 ' S 146 ° 38.3 ' E, 900 m asl, 23 Jan 1969; TMAG G 6424, 1 ♂ (23 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (26 – 28 mm), 25 ♀♀ (23 – 36 mm), Lake Picton, 43 ° 09.5 ' S 146 ° 38.2 ' E, 900 m asl, P. Tyler, Jan 1969; NMV J 42445, 1 juv. ♂ (21 mm), 5 ♀♀ (25 – 27 mm), Hanging Lake, near Federation Peak, 43 ° 16.7 ' S 146 ° 27.8 ' E, 1140 m asl, coll. I. Stuart, 17 Jan 1974. Mt Field, Junee-Florentine Karst: TMAG G 6435, 3 ♂♂ (18 – 20 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (12 mm), 1 ♀ (19 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (12 mm), Robert Tarn, Tarn Shelf, Mt Field, 42 ° 40.7 ' S 146 ° 34.2 ' E, sample 1, 1200 m asl, coll. I. Wilson & J. Ong, 25 Jan 1970; TMAG G 8172, 2 ♂♂ (22 – 30 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (14 – 16 mm), Robert Tarn, Tarn Shelf, Mt Field, 42 ° 40.7 ' S 146 ° 34.2 ' E, 1200 m asl, coll. T. Walker, Mar 1972; QVM: 2016: 10: 0003, 1 ♂ (23 mm), Mawson Plateau, Mt Field, 42 ° 41.4 ' S 146 ° 35.1 ' E, 1270 m asl, coll. C. Reid, 1975; QVM 10: 12456, 1 ♀ (28 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (10 – 15 mm), Khazad Dum (JF 4 - 17), Junee-Florentine karst, streamways, 42 ° 42.6 ' S 146 ° 33.6 ' E, 700 m asl, coll. S. M. Eberhard et al., 27 Jun 1989; AM P 99305, 1 ♀ (shrivelled, poor condition, c. 30 mm), Risby Basin Cave (Ray Benders Cave) (RB-X 4), Risby Basin Karst, SW of Maydena, 42 ° 46.6 ' S 146 ° 36.9 ' E, underside of large boulder in stream, dark zone, 998 - 11, coll. A. Clarke, 13 Sep 1998. Arve Valley – Hartz: TMAG G 2214, 1 ♀ (25 mm), Arve Loop Road, Arve Valley, 43 ° 07.7 ' S 146 ° 44.9 ' E, from creek, 390 m asl, coll. R. Shoobridge, 14 Feb 1980; TMAG G 6382, 24 juv. ♂♂ (13 – 28 mm), 8 ♀♀ (26 – 32 mm), 39 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 24 mm), 1 indet juv. (7 mm), Hartz Mountains [almost certainly from northern Hartz], coll. R. Swain & G. Bert, Feb 1970. Wellington Range: TMAG G 6402, 5 ♂♂ (22 – 31 mm), 10 ♀♀ (27 – 34 mm), Myrtle Forest Creek, 42 ° 51.6 ' S 147 ° 10.3 ' E, 440 m asl, coll. R. Swain, Jun 1969; TMAG G 6403, 5 ♂♂ (28 – 33 mm), 14 juv. ♂♂ (17 – 26 mm), 17 ♀♀ (24 – 38 mm), 3 juv. ♀♀ (18 – 21 mm), Myrtle Forest Creek, 42 ° 51.6 ' S 147 ° 10.3 ' E, 440 m asl, coll. R. Swain, Jun 1969; TMAG G 983, 19 ♂♂ (18 – 25 mm), 12 ♀♀ (14 – 26 mm), Sorell Creek, Myrtle Gully [Myrtle Forest], Collinsvale, 42 ° 53.8 ' S 147 ° 15.4 ' E, 400 m asl, coll. museum staff, 9 Dec 1964; TMAG G 6315, 4 ♂♂ (24 – 28 mm), 6 ♀♀ (25 – 32 mm), Myrtle Forest, Collinsvale, 42 ° 51.6 ' S 147 ° 10.3 ' E, 440 m asl, coll. R. Swain, Sep 1969; AM P 4143, 1 ♂ (32 mm), 1 ♀ (34 mm), Mt Wellington, 42 ° 53.8 ' S 147 ° 14.5 ' E, coll. E. A. Briggs, pre 1918; AM P 14772, 2 ♂♂ (24 – 26 mm), 1 juv. ♂ (19 mm), 1 ♀ (21 mm), Mt Wellington, 42 ° 54 ' S 147 ° 14 ' E, from University of Sydney Biology Dept in 1964; AM P 14773, 1 ♂ (36 mm), Mt Wellington, from University of Sydney Biology Dept in 1964, possible Haswell label; AM G 1779, 1 ♂ (24 mm), 3 ♀♀ (24 – 27 mm), 5 juv. ♀♀ (14 – 20 mm), summit of Mt Wellington, 42 ° 54 ' S 147 ° 14 ' E, pres. C. Hedley, pre 1898; AM P 2266, 1 ♂ (34 mm), Mt Wellington, 42 ° 54 ' S 147 ° 14 ' E, pres. E. G. Goddard; AM P 2551, 1 ♂ (32 mm), 4 juv. ♂♂ (19 – 20, 22 mm), 3 ♀♀ (23 – 24 mm), 4 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 20 mm), Mt Wellington, 42 ° 54 ' S 147 ° 14 ' E, coll. T. T. Flynn; USNM 59126 (ex AM P 2551), 2 ♂♂ (24 – 25 mm), Mt Wellington, coll. T. T. Flynn; USNM 78433, 1 ♂ (29 mm), Mt Wellington, snow pools in swamp, from Mel Ward; OM Iv. 1395, 3 ♂♂ (15 – 25 mm), 15 ♀♀ (8 – 28 mm), no data; USNM 25030, 1 ♂ (27 mm), 1 ♀ (25 mm), “ Lakes (4000 ft) Tasmania ”, G. M. Thomson; AM P 9217, 11 juv. ♂♂ (18 – 29 mm), 12 juv. ♀♀ (19 – 27 mm), Wishing Well, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 55.67 ' S 147 ° 14.76 ' E, 1450 feet asl [442 m], coll. C. Anderson, A. Musgrave, G. P. Whitley, 23 Jan 1928; AM P 10724, 2 ♂♂ (19 – 22 mm), 6 juv. ♂♂ (16 – 18 mm), 2 ♀♀ (19 – 24 mm), 13 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 17 mm), Mt Wellington, 42 ° 54 ' S 147 ° 14 ' E, coll. F. D. Manning, Jan 1935; AM P 56375, 1 ♂ (32 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (14 – 18 mm), 1 ♀ (20 mm), 6 juv. ♀♀ (12 – 16 mm), Mt Wellington, small pools (running water) 2500 ft [750 m], coll. J. W. Evans, Dec 1938; AM P 82859, 1 ♂ (24 mm), 2 juv. ♂♂ (9 – 11 mm), 1 ♀ (23 mm), 15 juv. ♀♀ (8 – 12 mm), Mt Wellington, 12 Mar 1997; TMAG G 794, 1 ♂ (23 mm), back of Mt Wellington, coll. G. E. Nicholls, 16 Dec 1933; WAM C 58162, 2 ♀♀ (29 – 34 mm), Mt Wellington, coll. J. Searle; WAM C 367 (ex No. 6613), 3 juv. ♀♀ (16 – 17 mm), Mt Wellington, coll. J. Searle, 29 Jan 1913; SAMA C 473, 2 ♀♀ (shrivelled, previously dried; c. 25 – 26 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (9 – 13 mm), 2 indet juv. (6 mm), North West Bay River, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 55.3 ' S 147 ° 11.2 ' E, 2700 ft [810 m], coll. Prof. Osborn; AM P 9218, 2 ♂♂ (30 – 32 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (20 – 22 mm), 5 ♀♀ (28 – 34 mm), 7 juv. ♀♀ (15 – 23 mm), Fern Tree Glen, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 55.5 ' S 147 ° 15.7 ' E, coll. C. Anderson, A. Musgrave, G. P. Whitley, 23 Jan 1928; TMAG G 6450, 3 ♂♂ (30 – 33 mm), 3 juv. ♂♂ (16 – 22 mm), 6 ♀♀ (26 – 40 mm), 4 juv. ♀♀ (18 – 23 mm), St. Crispins Well, Mt Wellington, 42 ° 55.76 ' S 147 ° 12.57 ' E, 640 m asl, coll. R. Swain, 14 Feb 1971; SAMA C 8445, 1 ♂ (21 mm), 2 ♀♀ (22 – 28 mm), Huonville, creeks, coll. R. T. T. Orford: TMAG G 120, 1 juv. ♂ (c. 17 mm), 1 juv. ♀ (16 mm), “? Orford, east coast, 1926 ”. No data: TMAG, 1 juv. ♂ (14 mm), 2 juv. ♀♀ (16 – 19 mm), label faded, from R. Swain.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70701C46FF069BDC0935F936.taxon	description	Description. Eyes with well-developed cornea, pigmented, wider than and longer than half length of stalk (epigean specimens) to slightly reduced, slightly narrower than stalk, half length of stalk (in some subterranean forms); stalk with subparallel margins. Rostrum narrow in adults, apex blunt. Pleonites with pleura sparsely setose, rounded; pleura 1 – 2 unarmed; pleuron 3 usually unarmed, at most with small serration; pleura 4 – 5 unarmed or with 0 – 3 and 0 – 6 small spines, respectively, usually unarmed or with 1 spine on pleuron 5. Pleonite 5 posterior tergal margin (usually) unarmed or with 3 – 7 small spines either side of midline, setose. Pleonite 6 posterior margin weakly to fully spinose, setose; posterolateral margin setose, rounded, with or without minute denticle. Pleonal sternites 3 – 4 with distinctly bilobed median processes between pleopod bases, widest on sternite 3; sternite 5 with narrow, weakly emarginate lobe. Telson length and width subequal or longer than wide, pentagonal, widest proximally; lateral margins sinuous in dorsal outline, distally subparallel to convergent; transition from lateral to posterior margin obtusely angular; posterior margin angular to slightly rounded, blunt medially; posterior spine row with 19 – 54 slender, evenly graded, closely spaced spines, longest medially. Antennule inner flagellum about 0.2 × body length (19 – 20 articles in holotype); article 7 inner margin obtusely angled in adult males, with 2 long, slender clasping spines proximally; outer flagellum 0.4 – 0.6 × body length (78 – 80 articles in holotype) in epigean specimens, 0.5 – 0.7 × in subterranean specimens. Antennal flagellum 0.3 – 0.4 × body length (57 – 58 articles in holotype) in epigean and subterranean specimens; scaphocerite elongate, ovate, lateral spine slightly distal to midlength; apex reaching as far as midlength of distal peduncular article. Pleopods 1 – 4 or 5 with endopod in adults. Adult male pleopod 1 distally widened, scoop-like, lateral margins expanded, obscuring retinacular lobe in lateral view. Uropodal protopod dorsally unarmed or with 1 or 2 small spines; exopod with 2 – 4 movable spines on outer margin near position of partial diaeresis; exopod length about 2.5 – 3 times width, slightly wider than endopod, apex rounded, narrow to relatively broad. Measurements. Male (n = 433) 6 – 34 mm, female (n = 794) 6 – 40 mm, indet (n = 13) 5 – 7 mm.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70701C46FF069BDC0935F936.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Anaspides swaini is distinguished from other congeners by the combination of the angular posterior margin of the telson, blunt or minutely spinose posterolateral angles of pleonite 6, and the presence of two clasping spines in adult males (Fig. 30 B, C, E). Anaspides swaini ranges widely in southern Tasmania, from the Wellington range in the southeast, southwest to the Snowy and Arthur Ranges, flanking lakes Pedder and Gordon, and north to the vicinity of Lake St Clair (Fig. 36). Three subtly different morphological forms of A. swaini are recognized here. Form 1 (Figs 29 – 31, 32 A – U, 34 A – H), corresponds to A. swaini sensu stricto and has short spines along the upper posterior margins of pleonite 6 (and often pleonite 5 in specimens from the vicinity of Weld River, Vale of Rasselas and caves in the vicinity of Mt Field), 1 – 3 small spines on the pleura of pleonites 4 – 5, no endopod on pleopod 5 (except in specimens from the Vale of Rasselas, and some specimens from Mt Mueller and Federation Peak), and a usually trifid proximal tooth on the right mandibular incisor process. Form 1 has a southern range, essentially around the periphery of Lake Gordon and Lake Pedder, from Lake Rhona to Mt Field (where it may overlap with A. richardsoni) and Mt Mueller to the Snowy Mountains, Federation Peak, the Arthur Ranges and at least as far north as Coronation Peak on the southwestern side of Lake Pedder. Note that the distributional overlap between A. richardsoni and A. swaini at Mt Field is largely epigean versus subterranean, respectively, though the two species are occasionally sympatric in surface waters of Mt Field. Specimens labelled as possibly from “? Orford ” are juvenile A. swaini, with antennular modifications as yet incomplete in the male. As argued by O’Brien (1990), the Orford locality is almost certainly erroneous, being well outside of the known range of A. swaini (Fig. 36). Moreover, the specimens correspond most closely to specimens from the Vale of Rasselas, having a spinose pleonite 6 and pleura 4 – 5 (larger juvenile), and an endopod on pleopod 5. Form 2 (Figs 32 V – Y, 33 K – T, 34 I – U) has a northern range largely beyond Lakes Gordon and Pedder. On the surface, Form 2 ranges from the western vicinity of Lake St Clair including the Cuvier Valley and Mt Rufus south to Butlers Gorge and Wentworth Hills and Frenchmans Cap; it continues further south in caves in the Nicholls Range karst (Bill Nielson) and Franklin River karst (Kutikina), where it is apparently isolated from surface forms (Eberhard et al., 1991). Specimens of Form 3 typically have a few spines on pleonite 6, unarmed pleura 4 – 5 (occasionally 1 or 2 small spines on pleuron 5), presence of the pleopod 5 endopod in adults (variable in specimens from Frenchmans Cap) and a bifid right proximal mandibular incisor tooth. Form 3 (Fig. 33 A – J), has a southeasterly range, stretching from the western and northern Wellington Range, including the North West Bay River catchment of Mt Wellington, to at least the Huonville area; it may overlap with A. tasmaniae at Mt Wellington (see Remarks under account of A. tasmaniae). Form 3 has similarly minimal pleonal spination as Form 2, but usually lacks the pleopod 5 endopod and usually has a trifid right proximal mandibular incisor tooth as in Form 1. Form 3 also frequently has a less angular posterior margin of the telson than Forms 1 and 2. The three forms, however, are not strictly discrete morphologically, with some intergrading in parts of their ranges. For instance, at Lake Tahune and Frenchmans Cap, at the southern end of the epigean range of Form 2 (northern), the condition of the pleopod 5 endopod is variable, being present or absent on one or both sides. Similarly, specimens from the Vale of Rasselas in the northern range of Form 1 (southern) share features of Forms 1 and 2 in the pleonal spination of the former and presence of the pleopod 5 endopod of the latter. In addition, the presence of the pleopod 5 endopod in some specimens from Federation Peak in the southern part of the range of Form 1 is anomalous. Morphological and distributional continuity between Form 1 and Form 2 is consistent with the likely persistence of A. swaini in periglacial lakes formed to the west of Lakes St Clair and King William during the Pleistocene glaciations that dominated most of the Central Plateau and adjacent areas (Kiernan, 1990). These lakes and associated glaciers fed the Franklin and Gordon Rivers in which A. swaini is widespread. Forms 1 and 2 both occur to the west of the biogeographic discontinuity known as Tyler’s Line (Shiel et al., 1989; Mesibov, 1994; Andrew, 2005), and Form 3 to the east. Overall, A. swaini from the southwest generally have a more spinose pleon and usually lack the pleopod 5 endopod whereas northern and southeastern specimens are minimally spinose, and generally with (northern) or without (southeastern) the pleopod 5 endopod. Each of these forms might represent separate species or subspecies, but until more detailed population data are available, they are considered to represent a single wide ranging species. Within the three broad forms of A. swaini identified here, specimens are rather consistent morphologically. The largest Butlers Gorge specimen (female, 36 mm) is aberrant, however, in having a posteriorly rounded rather than angular telson, and the 34 mm female has an abnormal pleopod 5 exopod that is basally trifurcate. A male from Lake Tahune (29 mm, AM P 99165) has the right pleopod 3 endopod developed like the modified pleopod 2 endopod. Two lots of A. swaini labelled as from “ Lake St Clair? ” and “ Lake St Clair ” collected in 1937 and 1941, respectively, are probably from creeks in the vicinity of the lake rather than the lake itself as argued by Nicholls (1947), Williams (1965 a) and O’Brien (1990). All specimens from Lake St Clair proper, including juveniles, exhibit the characteristic pleon and telson spination of A. spinulae. Like other epigean species of Anaspides, A. swaini also occurs in caves (Fig. 34): Mt Anne (Deep Thought Cave), Mt Field (Junee-Florentine and Risby’s Basin systems), Nicholls Range (Bill Nielson Cave), Franklin River karst (Kutikina) and Mt Ronald Cross karst (Capricorn Cave). These subterranean specimens resemble epigean forms, and at most show more elongate antennular flagella, slightly reduced corneal size (Fig. 34 A), and sometimes reduced pigmentation, unlike more strongly cave adapted populations of A. richardsoni and A. jarmani, or obligate troglobites such as A. clarkei and A. eberhardi, with noticeably reduced corneas and pigmentation. Specimens, from Khazad Dum (Fig. 34 E – H) and Risbys Basin caves, presently known only from ♀♀, have a more rounded posterior telson margin, armed pleonite 5 – 6 terga and usually armed pleura as well; they are strongly pigmented as in epigean specimens. Eberhard et al. (1991) delineated three morphological types of telson in Anaspides: a “ normal ” form as exhibited by epigean populations; a “ cave ” type, in which the telson spines are few in number, stout and widely spaced (as in A. clarkei and A. eberhardi); and an “ intermediate ” form, recorded from Capricorn Cave (Fig. 34 S – U) and Deep Thought (Fig. 34 A – D). Re-examination of the “ intermediate ” form specimens showed the Mt Anne telson to be of the “ normal ” type, and the Capricorn Cave specimen to be a very early stage juvenile (with normal spination for its stage) in which the telson ornamentation is yet to be fully developed. No specimens have so far been observed with a telson that could be considered as intermediate between the “ normal ” and “ cave type ”, with the possible exception of an aberrant specimen of A. clarkei with asymmetrically developed spination (Fig. 8 W – Y). Sexual maturity (indicated by development of secondary sexual features) is usually reached by 18 – 23 mm body length in both sexes, typically 20 – 21 mm. Unusually, however, at Lake Picton, parts of the Snowy Range including Lake Skinner, Hartz area, Lake Rhona, and two Mt Wellington localities (St Crispins Well, Wishing Well), secondary sexual characteristics are not expressed until very late, at sizes well above that which individuals are otherwise sexually mature (24 – 33 mm, usually 28 mm body length or above). Additionally, development of secondary characteristics in these immature males seems to be particularly attenuated, with an incomplete complement of antennular clasping spines. Because of their relatively large size, these immature male A. swaini with as yet incomplete antennular modification could be overlooked as A. richardsoni, which has only one antennular clasping spine in adult males. The causes of the late onset of sexual maturity are not known.	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
03CDD45B70701C46FF069BDC0935F936.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southern Tasmania from the Weld River, Snowy Mountains region, Mt Field and Mt Wellington (North West Bay River catchment) to the Western Arthurs, throughout the Franklin-Gordon drainages, north to Lake Rhona and Frenchmans Cap, Mt Rufus and the vicinity of Lake St Clair; 300 – 1440 m asl (epigean), 30 – 1000 m asl (subterranean).	en	Ahyong, Shane T. (2016): The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (7): 313-364, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669
