identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CC87C6FFCDFFDB471BFC9ECF6CDF40.text	03CC87C6FFCDFFDB471BFC9ECF6CDF40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bosmina (Bosmina)	<div><p>SUBGENUS BOSMINA (BOSMINA) BAIRD, 1845</p> <p>Eunica Koch, 1841: 23 (preoccupied name, Huebner, 1819; Lepidoptera).</p> <p>Bosmina Baird, 1845: 149; Baird, 1846: 412.</p> <p>Bosmina (Bosmina) in Lieder, 1957 (manuscript); Lieder, 1962: 317; Lieder, 1983b: 123, 126; De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994: 1818; Taylor et al., 2002: 1494.</p> <p>Bosmina (Sinobosmina) in De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994: 1820.</p> <p>Garbinia Grochowski, 1910: 343.</p> <p>Type species: Monoculus cornutus Jurine, 1820. When Baird (1845) established the genus Bosmina, it was monotypical, containing only a single species Bosmina cornuta (Jurine, 1820). At the same time, the author listed ‘ Lynceus longirostris ? Muller’ as a possible synonym of B. cornuta. Now, B. cornuta is regarded as a junior synonym of B. longirostris.</p> <p>Subgenus diagnosis based on male characters: Distal portion of postabdomen as a tube, not inflated, preanal margin more or less depressed, with relatively long, fine setules. Gonopore opens distally. Postabdominal claw with a sharp terminal spinule. Basal pecten of denticles shifted from postabdominal claw to body of postabdomen, distal pecten consisting of short, robust denticles. Antenna I with relatively thin preaesthetasc portion. Copulatory hook on limb I strongly narrowing distally. On subdistal lobe of limb I, all setae located closely. Seta 2 on limb-I corm, not very short.</p> <p>Comment: Numerous species, forms, and varieties of B. cf. longirostris described from Europe (see Lieder, 1996: 33–34), and from some other areas, were established on characters, such as the curvature of the female antennule, that are subject to significant intra- and interpopulation variability. In some German lakes the morphs coexist, and show overlapping but significant morphological differentiation (Kappes &amp; Sinsch, 2002a, b). These have been regarded as separate species (B. cornuta and Bosmina pellucida Stingelin, 1895) by Kappes &amp; Sinsch (2002a, b, 2005), but it is unknown if these morphs represent spatial polymorphisms, simple morphological polymorphisms, or cryptic invasive species. We lacked genetic evidence for more than one species of B. cf. longirostris in Europe – further studies are needed to assess the species diversity of European longirostris -like morphotypes.</p> <p>At the same time, several other species from the subgenus B. (Bosmina) have been discovered in North America (De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994) and Asia (Kořínek, Saha &amp; Bhattacharya, 1999), although they were initially incorrectly placed in the subgenus Sinobosmina. Recent molecular data (Taylor et al., 2002) and the present analysis on males confirmed the position of B. liederi and B. freyi in the subgenus Bosmina s.s. Moreover, our morphological analysis (see cladogram) indicates that Bosmina tripurae Kořínek, Saha &amp; Bhattacharya, 1999 is also a member of Bosmina s.s. Previous authors (Lieder, 1983b; De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994; Kořínek et al., 1999) assigned species to the subgenus Sinobosmina when the lateral head pore was located near the edge of the head shield. But, the extreme lateral position of the head pore is a peculiarity of B. longirostris only, and B. tripurae has a pore located at a small distance from the edge of the head shield, as in the Sinobosmina. Combined genetic and morphological analyses of more Sinobosmina and Palearctic Bosmina specimens are necessary to further test the reliability of the lhp position for separating Sinobosmina and Bosmina.</p> <p>Unfortunately, we have no males of B. freyi. In addition, there are some other undescribed species in North America (Little et al., 1997; Kim et al., 2006). So, our investigation is only a first step in the revision of the subgenus in North America.</p> <p>Bosmina (Bosmina) longirostris (O. F. Müller, 1776), Figures 1–4</p> <p>Lynceus longirostris O. F. Müller, 1776: 199; O. F. Müller, 1785: 76–77; pl. 10, figs 7, 8.</p> <p>Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Müller) in Baird 1850: 105–106; P. E. Müller, 1867: 146; pl. 3, figs 8, 9; Lilljeborg, 1901: 225–236; pl. 30, figs 13–16; pl. 31, figs 1–18; pl. 32, figs 1–3; Keilhack, 1908: 444–445; figs 4–7; Uéno, 1927: 285–287; pl. 26, fig. 15a–f; Burckhardt, 1941: 130–141; figs 6, 7, 10, 11, 17, 25, 26, 28; Šrámek-Hušek, Strašcraba &amp; Brtek, 1962: 277–280; fig. 101; Margaritora, 1983: 32–34; fig. 18A– G; Margaritora, 1985: 56–60; figs 25, 26; Sars, 1993: 79–80; pl. 61; Alonso, 1996: 248–251; figs 111–112.</p> <p>Bosmina (Bosmina) longirostris (O. F. Müller) in Flössner, 1972: 214–217; figs 100, 101; Lieder, 1983b: 126; figs 1, 7a, 8a; Negrea, 1983: 219–225; figs 88–90. Bosmina longirostris-curvirostris Fischer in Keilhack, 1909: 52; figs 127, 128.</p> <p>Garbinia adriani Grochowski, 1910: 343, text – figs a–b.</p> <p>? Bosmina pellucida Stingelin, 1895: 229, figs 22, 23. Not Bosmina (Bosmina) longirostris in Chiang Siehchin &amp; Du Nan-shan, 1979: fig. 110C; De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994: 1818–1819; fig. 10.</p> <p>Material (males): Belgium. Duck pond near Ghent University, collected on 21 October 1997 by K. Van Damme and 5 November 1997 by A. A. Kotov, AAK 2002-177.</p> <p>Germany. Globsow See, Berlin, collected on 27 October 1998 by M. Abashanin, AAK 2004–027.</p> <p>Norway. A bog lake near Oslo, collected on 7 September 1990 by N. N. Smirnov, AAK 2004–028.</p> <p>Russia (European). Lake Glubokoe, Ruza District, Moscow Area, collected on 1 December 1996 by A. A. Kotov, AAK 2004–043; Sterlazhij Pond, Zvenigorod District, Moscow Area, collected on 10 October 1999 by A. A. Kotov, AAK 2004–008; Istra Water Reservoir, Moscow Area, collected on 30 June 1980 by N. N. Smirnov, AAK 2004–025. A pond near main office of the Teberda Nature Reserve, Karachayevo-Cherkess Autonomous Republic, collected on 1 July 1980 by V. Spiridonov, AAK 2004–022.</p> <p>Iraq. Zafaraniya, collected on 28 January 1974 by N. N. Smirnov, AAK 2004–034.</p> <p>Diagnosis of adult male (Figs 1, 2, 3A–D): Body elongated, humped, head elevated above dorsum of valve, dorsum posteriorly almost straight, posterior margin of valves (pvm) short, almost straight. Head large, anteroventral angle (ave) well-defined, but not projected as a rostral wrinkle; distalmost extremity of head slightly projected as an ocular dome (ocd). Frontal head pore (fhp) somewhat dorsally to base of antenna I, lateral head pore (lhp) immediately near, somewhat inflated lateral edge of head shield (as in female), median head pore (mhp) somewhat posterior to ocular dome. Mucro (muc) relatively long, with ventral incisions; seta kurzi (skz) long, a series on long setae (sav) at anteroventral portion of valve. Postabdomen elongated, its ventral margin (functionally oriented towards the top of the animal because abdomen strongly bent!) straight (vmp), preanal margin (prm) deeply depressed, distalmost portion of preanal margin projected distally, with numerous series of relatively long, fine, setules; anal margin (anm) straight, located in a depression. Postanal portion of postabdomen (pop) as long tube, blunt distally, supplied with groups of distinct denticles. Dorsalmost group (dmg) of few denticles apparently a remainder of proximal pecten of postabdomen in female (but, perhaps there are other denticles that are also homologous with this pecten). A solitary gonopore (gnp) opens distally. Postabdominal claw (pcl) shortened (as compared with female), but relatively slender for the subgenus, bent in middle, with pointed tip supplied with a distal spinule, distal pecten (dip) as a series of relatively robust denticles. Postabdominal setae (pos) shorter than preanal margin of postabdomen. Antenna I jointed with head, slightly S-shaped and regularly arched in anterior view, its base thick, pre-aesthetasc portion (prc) regularly narrowing distally, postaesthetasc (poc) portion thin, almost straight. Antennular sensory seta (ass) very long, located at a short distance from basal end of antenna I; male seta short (aml), located on a small pedestal near its base; nine aesthetascs (aes), slender, subequal in size. Anterior and lateral surface of antenna I with transverse series of small denticles. Antenna II as in female, but with two sensory setae on coxal part (css) (in contrast to female with a single seta), and one of them very long, reaching, or projecting behind, the middle of the basal segment. Distal anterior seta (dbs) of middle size (approximately as long as basal segment of three-segmented branch), located on anterior surface of distal segment, near distal end of distal segment. Limb I with additional groups of setules on posterior (i.e. inner) surface. Outer distal lobe (odl) as an elongated lobe with two setae of different size. Inner distal lobe (idl) strongly inflated, sometimes with a slight, smooth projection on basal portion, its distal portion bottle-shaped, terminating as a long, naked seta. Copulatory hook relatively small, not recurved to a parallel position with the idl, regularly tapering distally, tip of hook as a sharp spine, without setules. Subdistal lobe (sdl) slightly projected, with a single long, bisegmented seta (1′) and two closely located rudimentary setae. Seta 2 relatively long for genus, about half the length of more basal seta. Ejector hooks (ejh) of greatly different size.</p> <p>Postembryonic development: Newborn males (and females) of Bosmina and other Anomopoda moult soon after (from several seconds to minutes) release from the brood pouch, and the first juvenile instar begins (Kotov, 1996, 1997a; Kotov &amp; Boikova, 2001).</p> <p>Juvenile male I (Fig. 4B–H) has a body shape similar to the juvenile female I. Posterior dorsal head pore (dhp) present only in females and males of instar I, fully disappearing in instar II. Postabdomen relatively similar to that in female (Fig. 4A), but with preanal margin slightly depressed, ventral margin somewhat inflated, and paired rudimentary gonoduct visible through cuticle, although gonopore absent. Postabdominal claw as in female, with distal, proximal (pxp) and pre-claw (pcp) pectens on female type. Antennae I fused with rostrum, only a pair of sensory setae (which apparently are parts of antennae I) on ‘rostrum’, frontal head pore at level of these setae. Antenna II with two short sensory setae on coxal portion (in contrast to female with one seta), whereas a rudiment of distal anterior seta on basal segment absent. Limb I with odl of female type, idl (greatly reduced and lacking setae in female) small, subquadrangular, with a rudimentary seta, copulatory hook short and thick, subdistal lobe not projected, with a single seta 1 (as in female).</p> <p>Juvenile male II (Figs 3E–H, 4I–P) has a body shape that is also similar to the juvenile female II, posterior dorsal head pore absent. Postabdomen with concave preanal margin and thick, tube-shaped postanal portion, and rudimentary gonoduct reaching half the length of postanal portion, although gonopore absent. Postabdominal claw shorter than in female II, distal pecten consists of denticles increasing in thickness proximally, proximal pecten shifted from claw lateral surface to postanal portion of postabdomen, consisting of numerous spinules, pre-claw pecten greatly reduced. Antennae I fused with rostrum, which is supplied with a pair of antennular sensory setae and a pair of male setae, somewhat dorsally to first pair, frontal head pore on middle line, dorsal to level of male setae. Antenna II with two sensory setae of unequal size on coxal portion, with a rudimentary distal anterior seta present. Limb I with odl of female type, idl large (but smaller than in adult), elongated, with a seta approximately as long as idl, and another rudimentary seta, copulatory hook longer, but thick, with triangular tip; subdistal lobe projected, with seta 1, and two other setae. Most probably, seta 1 is greatly reduced in size in adult males, whereas only seta 1′ is well developed.</p> <p>As with chydorids, bosminids have two juvenile instars in male development. This instar number is fixed (apparently unaffected by food or other conditions). The transition to the adult (third) instar is usually accompanied by the greatest ontological changes in morphology. Just after this ecdysis, antenna I develops a joint separating it from the head, and all additional setae and hairs strongly increase in size (Lilljeborg, 1901; Kotov, 1996). It is likely that the adult males lack a moult beyond instar III.</p> <p>Comments: Males of B. longirostris have been described several times previously (Sars, 1993; Alonso, 1996), but the postembryonic development remains unknown. Lilljeborg’s (1901) schematic illustrations of the male II habitus were not detailed enough to discuss the development of the male characters.</p> <p>Uéno (1927) found a morphologically typical B. longirostris in Japan. But Tanaka (2000) described an adult male of ‘ B. longirostris ’ from Japan with a strange, extremely short and blunt postabdominal claw, and an exceptionally long copulatory hook on limb I. Populations from Japan must be re-examined; they may belong to another species (there is also a chance of introduction from North America, where the subgenus is more diverse). Chiang Sieh-chin &amp; Du Nan-shan (1979) illustrated the male of B. fatalis or B. tripurae under the name ‘ B. longirostris ’.</p> <p>De Melo &amp; Hebert (1994) reported females of ‘ B. longirostris ’ with very fine and long setules on the base of the postabdominal claw from Hume Lake (California, USA). This determination seems to be dubious: perhaps this population belongs to a species that differs from B. longirostris sp. str. Indeed, our sampling from this location revealed specimens that group in the B. freyi clade. However, we have not compared the setules of specimens from the two sampling dates, and it is possible that we have sampled something different from the ‘ B. longirostris ’ described by De Melo &amp; Hebert (1994).</p> <p>Bosmina (Bosmina) liederi De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994, Figure 5</p> <p>Bosmina (Sinobosmina) liederi De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994: 1823; fig. 13A–C.</p> <p>Material: Artificially obtained males from the addition of MF in laboratory culture, initially from Bass Lake, CA, USA, AAK 2004-092.</p> <p>Differences from B. (B.) longirostris: Body less humped, posterior margin of valve high. Denticles in all series on postanal portion of postabdomen: minute. Postabdominal claw thick, with relatively blunt tip [supplied with a distal spinule, as in B. (B.) longirostris]. Antenna I characteristically S-shaped in anterior view. Antenna II with short sensory setae on coxal portion, and a short distal anterior seta (not reaching distal end of the first endopod segment, or distal end of the second exopod segment).</p> <p>Comments: Unfortunately, only a single population of B. (B.) liederi, well-differentiated from B. (B.) longirostris genetically, and with artificially induced males, was studied. Although Kim et al. (2006) found that artificial induction leads to the appearance of morphologicaly normal, instead of monstrous, males, our list of differences between species must be checked by examination of several other populations of B. (B.) liederi.</p> <p>De Melo &amp; Hebert (1994) erroneously placed this species in the subgenus Sinobosmina, based on information on the mobility of the allozyme products of a few alleles in North American species from different subgenera. Subsequently, Taylor et al. (2002) proposed that B. liederi is a member of the subgenus Bosmina s. str., and the sister species to B. (B.) longirostris. Our expanded sampling of this clade (using specimens from the type region and from Asia) and detailed morphological analyses support the sister-species relationship of B. (B.) liederi and B. (B.) longirostris.</p> <p>Bosmina (Bosmina) tripurae Kořínek, Saha &amp; Bhattacharya, 1999</p> <p>Bosmina cf. japonica Poppe &amp; Richard, 1890 in Kořínek, 1971: 292–294; figs 10F–H, 11A–D.</p> <p>Bosmina tripurae Kořínek et al., 1999: 241–247; figs 1A–D, 2A–F, 3A–G, 4A–D.</p> <p>Not Bosmina japonica Poppe &amp; Richard, 1890: 76–77.</p> <p>Source of information: The description of Kořínek et al. (1999). Some important details (i.e. gonopore position and pattern of denticles on postanal portion of postabdomen) are not described or illustrated.</p> <p>Diagnosis of adult male: Body relatively high, not humped, dorsum in posterior half slightly convex, posterior margin especially high. Head large, anteroventral angle well defined, but not projected; distalmost extremity of head slightly projected as an ocular dome. Frontal head pore somewhat dorsal to base of antenna I, lateral head pore at a small distance from lateral edge of head shield (as in female). Mucro relatively long, seta kurzi long, a series of long setae at the anteroventral portion of valve. Postabdomen elongated, its ventral margin slightly convex, preanal margin moderately depressed, distalmost portion of preanal margin (dorsodistal angle) not projected distally, with numerous series of relatively long, fine, setules; anal margin straight, not within a depression. Postanal portion massive, blunt distally, supplied with groups of denticles of pattern unclear from the author’s illustrations. Dorsalmost group of about seven or eight denticles, a remainder of a proximal pecten of the postabdominal claw, apparently continues as a distal pecten on postabdominal claw. Gonopore not illustrated. Postabdominal claw relatively thin, slender, regularly curved, with distal spinule, and with distal pecten as a series of robust denticles. Antenna I articulated at the attachment site to the head, probably straight in anterior view, its pre-aesthetasc portion regularly narrowing distally, post-aesthetasc portion thin, almost straight. Antennular sensory seta short, located at a distance from base; male seta short, located on a minute pedestal. Antenna II with two sensory setae on coxal part, which are shorter than sensory setae of B. (B.) longirostris. Distal anterior seta short, as long as basal segment of four-segmented branch. Limb I with additional groups of setules on inner surface. Strongly inflated idl, with a slight projection on basal portion, its distal portion bottle-shaped, terminating as a long, naked seta. Copulatory hook relatively small, recurved to a parallel position with the idl, regularly tapering distally, tip of hook blunt, with a ridge. Subdistal lobe large, with single long seta and two closely located rudimentary setae. Ejector hooks different in size by 1.5 times.</p> <p>Comments: The species was first described as B. cf. japonica Poppe &amp; Richard, 1890 from India (Kořínek, 1971), but Kořínek stated that the male of this animal is markedly different from males of B. (B.) longirostris and B. (S.) fatalis. Kořínek et al. (1999) described the adult male of this species, and placed it in the subgenus Sinobosmina, based on the position of the lateral head pore, structure of male postabdomen, and copulatory hook. But, according to our re-evaluation of the genus system, we reveal that this species is a primitive member of the subgenus Bosmina sp. str., instead of Sinobosmina. Most of the differentiation of B. (B.) tripurae from B. (B.) longirostris, i.e. unhumped body, high posterior margin, massive postanal portion of postabdomen, absence of an anal depression, proximal pecten apparently continues as distal pecten on postabdominal claw, short sensory setae on coxal part, and short distal sensory seta on basal segment of antenna II, and smaller difference in size of ejector hooks, are apparent plesiomorphies of B. (B.) tripurae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87C6FFCDFFDB471BFC9ECF6CDF40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Ishida, Seiji;Taylor, Derek J.	Kotov, Alexey A., Ishida, Seiji, Taylor, Derek J. (2009): Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (1): 1-51, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00475.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00475.x
03CC87C6FFC5FFC044C0F94FCCA3DF4A.text	03CC87C6FFC5FFC044C0F94FCCA3DF4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bosmina (Sinobosmina) in De Melo & Hebert, 1994: 1820	<div><p>SUBGENUS BOSMINA (SINOBOSMINA) LIEDER, 1957 SENSU LIEDER, 1962</p> <p>Bosmina Sinobosmina Lieder, 1957: manuscript name; Lieder, 1962: 317; Lieder, 1983b: 126–127; Taylor et al., 2002: 1494.</p> <p>Not Bosmina (Sinobosmina) in De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994: 1820.</p> <p>Type species: Bosmina fatalis Burckhardt, 1924 (Lieder, 1962). It is necessary to say that Lieder’s (1957) dissertation, which is regarded as a first description of the subgenus, is a manuscript only. So, the valid typification was only made in 1962 (Lieder, 1962: 317).</p> <p>Subgenus diagnosis based on male characters: Distal portion of postabdomen as a short tube, not inflated, preanal margin slightly depressed, with relatively long, fine setules. Gonopore opens distally. Postabdominal claw relatively short and thick, without a terminal spinule. Basal pecten of denticles not shifted from postabdominal claw to body of postabdomen, distal pecten consisting of fine denticles. Antenna I with relatively thin pre-aesthetasc portion. Distinct basal projection on idl. On subdistal lobe of limb I, all setae located closely. Seta 2 on limb I not very short.</p> <p>Comment: After removing B. (B.) liederi, B. (B.) freyi (Taylor et al., 2002) and B. (B.) tripurae (see above) from Sinobosmina, Lieder’s (1983b) proposed distribution of the subgenus Bosmina seems to be correct. Burckhardt (1924) described B. fatalis with three different variations (megalolimnetis, cyanopotamia, and supolites), but failed to designate the nominotypical variation. Subsequently, Brehm (1925) and Manujlova (1964) described a form from the subgenus with a very short posterior margin and antenna I pointed anteriorly, Bosmina amemiyai Brehm, 1925 and Bosmina praeliaris Manujlova, 1964.</p> <p>Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis Burckhardt, 1924, Figures 6 and 7</p> <p>Bosmina fatalis Burckhardt, 1924: 235–237, 240–241; fig. 10, 1–17 (except var. cyanopotamia); Burckhardt, 1941: 130–141; figs 5, 19, 24, 30.</p> <p>Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis Burckhardt, in Kořínek, 1971: 289–292; figs 9A–F, 10A–G; Lieder, 1983b: 127; figs 2, 7b, 8b; Kotov, 1997b: 29; fig. 3; Tanaka, 2000: 118–120; figs 7–9.</p> <p>? Bosmina longirostris (Müller) in Chiang Sieh-chin &amp; Du Nan-shan, 1979: fig. 110C.</p> <p>Material: China. Taihu Lake near Shanghai (type locality), Jiantsu Province, collected on 10 September 1993 by Guo Xiaoming, AAK 2004-032; Honqzehu Lake, Jiantsu Province, collected in September– October 1990 by Guo Xiaoming, AAK 2004-030 and AAK 2004-031.</p> <p>Russia. Lake Khanka, Primorski Territory, collected on 28 September 1932 by the Amur Expedition, NNS 1997-196.</p> <p>Diagnosis of adult male (Fig. 6): Body elongated, dorsum posteriorly almost straight, posterior margin of valves short. Head large, anteroventral angle rounder; distalmost extremity of head without ocular dome. Lateral head pore at a distance from lateral edge of head shield, in a bifurcation of reticulation (as in female). Mucro long, seta kurzi long, a series of long setae at anteroventral portion of valve. Postabdomen massive, ventral margin straight to slightly convex, preanal margin slightly concave, dorsodistal angle not projected, anal margin slightly convex, no anal depression. Postanal portion of postabdomen as a tube, but remarkably shorter than in Bosmina sp. str., blunt distally, supplied with a series of small denticles near base of claw. Singular gonopore opens distally. Postabdominal claw short, thick, without distal spinule, distal pecten as a series of small denticles, proximal pecten with more robust denticles. Antenna I articulated at the attachment site to the head, with inflated base, regularly narrowing distally, slightly bent in lateral view. Antennular sensory seta long, located relatively closely to base; male seta short, located on a small pedestal. Antenna II with two sensory setae on coxal part: one of them very long, reaching the middle of the basal segment. Distal anterior seta shorter than basal segment of threesegmented branch. Limb I with a broad idl possessing a distinct process on its basal portion. Distal portion of idl relatively short, terminating in a long, naked seta. Copulatory hook large and thick, slightly tapering, ending with a ridged tip. The hook terminates near the process on the idl, but because of the ridged tip sometimes appears to be truncated. Subdistal lobe projected, with two long setae (it is not fully clear which one is 1 or 1′) and a rudimentary seta. Seta 2 less than half of the length of the more basal seta. Ejector hooks strongly different in size.</p> <p>Postembryonic development: Juvenile male I (Fig. 7B–D) body shape similar to juvenile female I. In contrast with female (Fig. 7A), postabdomen with slightly depressed preanal margin, and remarkably inflated ventral portion, a rudimentary gonoduct only reaches the level of the anus, although the gonopore is absent. Postabdominal claw as in female, with distal, proximal, and pre-claw pectens of the female type. Antenna I fused with rostrum, only a pair of sensory setae on rostrum. Antenna II with two short sensory setae of subequal size on coxal portion, no rudiment of distal anterior seta. Limb I with odl of female type, idl small, subovoid, with a rudimentary seta, copulatory hook short and thick, subdistal lobe not projected, with a single seta 1 (as in female).</p> <p>Juvenile male II (Fig. 7E–G) body shape also similar to juvenile female II. Postabdomen with slightly depressed preanal margin, postanal portion short and massive, rudimentary gonoduct close to tip, as compared with male I, although gonopore absent. Postabdominal claw slightly shorter than in female II, distal pecten with fine setules, proximal pecten with denticles more robust, as compared with female II, pre-claw pecten as a transverse series of setules (in contrast with female, where it continues as the proximal pecten). Antenna I fused with rostrum; antennular sensory seta long, a short male seta somewhat dorsally to it. Antenna II with two sensory setae of different size on coxal portion, and with a rudiment of distal anterior seta present. Limb I with an odl of female type, idl large (but smaller than in the adult), conically narrowing distally, with a seta approximately as long as the idl, and with a second rudimentary seta, copulatory hook longer and thinner than in male II, with a truncated tip, subdistal lobe projected, with two setae of equal size (1 and 1′), and with a small rudimentary third seta. Seta 2 longer than half of the length of the more basal seta.</p> <p>Comments: Previously, adult males were described by Burckhardt (1924, 1941).</p> <p>Bosmina (Sinobosmina) cf. fatalis cyanopotamia Burckhardt, 1924,</p> <p>Figure 8</p> <p>Bosmina fatalis var. cyanopotamia Burckhardt, 1924: 241; fig. 10.</p> <p>Bosmina amemiyai Brehm, 1925: 271–273, text – fig.</p> <p>Bosmina praeliaris Manujlova, 1964: 286–287; fig. 157, 1–9.</p> <p>Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis praeliaris Manujlova in Kořínek, 1971: 292; fig. 10A–G.</p> <p>Bosmina (Sinobosmina) cyanopotamia var. praeliaris Manujlova in Rivier, 1998: 376–380; figs 1–4.</p> <p>Material: Russia. Lake Bolon, Khabarovsk Territory, Far East of Russia, collected on 12 August 1930 by the Amur Expedition, AAK 2004-029; Lake Udil, Far East of Russia, collected on 13 October 1930 by the Amur Expedition, AAK 2004-099.</p> <p>Differences of adult male: It differs from B. (S.) fatalis in the massive anteroventral portion of head, less numerous denticles in proximal pecten on postabdominal claw, antenna I folded against the ventral margin of the body, a finer distal anterior spine on basal segment of antenna II, a shorter seta on idl (less then three lengths of the copulatory hook) and a rudimentary second seta (1 or 1′?) on subdistal lobe.</p> <p>Comments: In the first description of B. praeliaris, Manujlova (1964) schematically illustrated an adult male of Sinobosmina - type. Subsequently, some authors regarded B. praeliaris as a junior synonym or a variation of Bosmina cyanopotamia Buckhardt, 1924 (Lieder, 1983b; Rivier, 1998). Kořínek (1971) said that B. (S.) fatalis has a subspecies B. (S.) fatalis praeliaris. It is demonstrated that anteriorly projected antenna I is only characteristic of summer females from cyanopotamia -like populations, whereas winter females have the ‘normal’ antenna of the fatalis - type (Lieder, 1983b; Rivier, 1998). At the same time, even these winter females have a very short preanal margin (Rivier, 1998), which can be a key character for the discrimination between two forms. We found that the male of B. fatalis cyanopotamia is also different from that of B. fatalis s.s. in a series of traits, although the consistency of these differences is not completely clear. It is quite possible that the former is a subspecies of the latter, if not a separate species, but this idea must be checked by studying further populations and investigating the molecular phylogeny of the Sinobosmina clade.</p> <p>SUBGENUS BOSMINA (LIEDEROBOSMINA) BRTEK, 1997</p> <p>Bosmina (Liederobosmina) nomen novum in Brtek, 1997: 16.</p> <p>Bosmina (Neobosmina) Lieder, 1957: manuscript name; Lieder, 1962: 317; Lieder, 1983b: 127–128; De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994: 1818.</p> <p>Eubosmina (Neobosmina) in Taylor et al., 2002: 1494.</p> <p>Type species: Bosmina hagmanni Stingelin, 1904 (Lieder, 1962).</p> <p>Subgenus diagnosis based on male characters: Distal portion of postabdomen remarkably inflated, preanal margin from slightly depressed to convex, with relatively long, fine setules. Gonopore opens subdistally. Postabdominal claw long, without a terminal spinule. Basal pecten of denticles not shifted from postabdominal claw to body of postabdomen, consisting of thin spines, distal pecten consisting of fine setules. Antenna I with widened pre-aesthetasc portion, normally additionally expanded near aesthetascs. On subdistal lobe of limb I there is a small seta located at a distance from two others. Seta 2 on limb I is short.</p> <p>Comment: Neobosmina Lieder, 1957 sensu Lieder, 1962 is a junior homonym of Neobosmina Cameron, 1906 (Insecta: Hymenoptera) (Brtek, 1997). Instead of the Lieder’s taxon, the name Liederobosmina Brtek, 1997 was proposed. Paggi (1979) revised the subgenus in South America, and De Melo &amp; Hebert (1994) revised the subgenus in North America. However, the second paper is subject to criticism: type (or topotype) material was not studied, and so De Melo &amp; Hebert’s determinations of species were very provisional.</p> <p>Our reconsideration of the Liederobosmina systematics in North and South America will be published in a separate paper. At this point we only have males of Bosmina meridionalis Sars, 1904 and B. hagmanni. Bosmina (Liederobosmina) meridionalis Sars, 1904, Figures 9 and 10</p> <p>Bosmina meridionalis Sars, 1904: 63–632; pl. 34, fig. 3a–c.</p> <p>Bosmina (Neobosmina) meridionalis Sars in Kořínek, 1971: 286–289; fig. 8A–F; Kořínek, 1983: 89–90; figs 104–107; Kořínek, Sacherová &amp; Havel, 1997: 15; figs 2C, 4F.</p> <p>Bosmina (Neobosmina) chilensis Daday in Lieder, 1983b: 128 (part).</p> <p>Material: Australia. Rainbow Lake, Kosciusko National Park, New South Wales, collected in April 1991 by V. F. Matveev, AAK 1998-048; Stock Dam near Anakie, Queensland, collected on 18 July 1974 by B. V. Timms, AAK 2004-035; waterhole 22 km from Pedrika on road to Dalhousie, South Australia, collected on 04 May 1976 by W. Zeidler, SAM C5860; dam 35 km North of William Creek, South Australia, collected in May 1976 by W. Zeider, SAM C5939.</p> <p>Diagnosis of adult male (Fig. 9): Body relatively high, dorsum regularly arched from anteriormost point to posterodorsal angle, posterior margin of valves high. Head with distinct anteroventral angle, although no wrinkle there, anterior portion of rostrum straight, an ocular dome absent. In anterior view, rostrum truncated, frontal head pore opens immediately on rostral ‘fold’ (anteroventral angle of head). Lateral head pore at a great distance from lateral edge of head shield. Mucro long, seta kurzi short, a series of long setae at anteroventral portion of valve. Postabdomen massive, ventral margin humped, preanal margin characteristically convex, dorsodistal angle slightly projected, anal margin straight. Postanal portion of postabdomen short, conical, blunt distally, without spinules except for a pre-claw group of up to two spinules, but sometimes this group is completely reduced. Gonoduct thick, gonopore opens on dorsal side, on anterior ‘slope’ of ventral margin, far from distal end of postabdomen. Postabdominal claw long, slender, without a distal spinule, distal pecten as a series of minute setules, proximal pecten with few relatively large denticles. Antenna I regularly bent in lateral view, in anterior view, its pre-aesthetasc portion thick, with concave inner margin, whereas distal half thin, straight, regularly narrowing distally. Antennular sensory seta long, male seta short, located on a minute pedestal. Antenna II with two short sensory setae on coxal part. Distal anterior seta long, reaching half of second segment of endopod. Limb I bears idl with a relatively small basal portion supplied with a low hillock, and a conical distal portion terminating as a long, naked seta. Copulatory hook relatively large and thick, not recurved to a parallel position with the idl, tip of hook incised. Subdistal lobe large, with a long seta, a rudimentary seta near it, and another rudimentary seta at a distance from the two aforementioned setae.</p> <p>Postembryonic development: Juvenile male I (Fig. 10A–D) body shape similar to juvenile female I. Postabdomen with convex preanal margin and inflated ventral portion, a rudimentary gonoduct terminating far from the level of the anus, although the gonopore is absent. Postabdominal claw long, with distal and proximal pectens on female type. Antenna I fused with rostrum, only a pair of long antennular sensory setae on rostrum. Antenna II with two short sensory setae on coxal portion, whereas there is no rudimentary distal anterior seta. Limb I with idl small, subovoid, with a single rudimentary seta, copulatory hook short and thick, subdistal lobe not projected, with a single seta 1 (as in female).</p> <p>Juvenile male II (Fig. 10E– J) with body shape as in juvenile female II. Postabdomen with slightly convex preanal margin, ventral side inflated, rudimentary gonoduct does not reach the level of the anus, although located closer to anus than in male I. Postabdominal claw long, distal pecten with fine setules, proximal pecten with few slender spinules, pre-claw pecten absent. Antenna I fused with rostrum, with a long sensory seta and a short male seta at the same level. Antenna II with two short antennular sensory setae on coxal portion, and a rudimentary distal sensory seta on the basal segment. Limb I with idl large (but smaller than in the adult), its distal portion subquadrangular, with a seta shorter, as in adult, and a second rudimentary seta; copulatory hook robust, with blunt tip bearing fine setules, subdistal lobe small, with two setae of different lengths, and a small rudimentary third seta at a distance from the aforementioned pair.</p> <p>Comments: Most probably, there is only a single species of B. (Liederobosmina) in Australia [although recently a representative of B. (Bosmina) has been found; A. A. Kotov, unpubl. data]. Kořínek (1971, 1983) schematically illustrated the adult male of this species, similar to that described above, including the characteristic convex preanal margin.</p> <p>Bosmina (Liederobosmina) cf. hagmanni Stingelin, 1904, Figures 11 and 12</p> <p>Bosmina hagmanni Stingelin, 1904: 582–583; pl. 20, figs 5, 6.</p> <p>Bosmina (Neobosmina) hagmanni Stingelin in Kořínek, 1971: 286; fig. 7C; De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994: 1818; fig. 8A, B.</p> <p>Eubosmina hagmanni (Stingelin) in Deevey &amp; Deevey, 1971: 209–213; pl. 1, fig. 4a, b; pl. 4, figs 1–6. Bosmina (Neobosmina) chilensis Daday in Lieder, 1983b: 128 (part).</p> <p>Eubosmina (Neobosmina) hagmanni Stingelin in Taylor et al., 2002: 1491.</p> <p>Material: Brazil. Lago Cristalino, Amazonas, collected on 20 September 1974 by G.-O. Brandorff, AAK 1999- 066; Rio Negro near Manaus, Ponta Negra, Amazonas, collected on 26 March 1974 by G.-O. Brandorff, AAK 2002-136; Rio Tapajyz, Pará, collected on 14 January 1948 by V. Koste, AAK 2002-139; Lago Timby, Tapajys region, Pará, collected on 11 January 1948 by V. Koste, NMK 0860.</p> <p>Short diagnosis of adult male: Dorsum of valves slightly concave in posterior half, posterior margin very short. Reticulation distinct, with a sculpture consisting of minute depressions within each cell. Ocular dome present, rostrum in anterior view rounded, rostral wrinkle or fold more or less developed. Preanal margin of postabdomen slightly concave, a group of a few robust setules at dorsodistal angle. Postabdominal claw with between eight and ten slender spinules in the proximal pecten. Distal anterior seta on basal segment of antenna II shorter than basal segment of endopod. Tip of copulatory hook on limb I with two ridges.</p> <p>Comments: This may be a group of cryptic species (V. Kořínek, pers. comm.), so we are not sure about the relationships of our populations with those described by Stingelin (1904). Deevey &amp; Deevey (1971) and then De Melo &amp; Hebert (1994) reported this species as common in North America.</p> <p>Two other South American species</p> <p>Source: Description by Paggi (1979).</p> <p>Differences of Bosmina (Liederobosmina) chilensis Daday, 1902: Bosmina (Liederobosmina) chilensis differs from other species of the subgenus in males having: (1) distinct preocular depression; (2) anteroventral angle of head not elevated, with distinct doubled fold on rostrum; (3) a single incision on tip of copulatory hook; (4) idl with a short seta.</p> <p>Differences of Bosmina (Liederobosmina) huaronensis Delachaux, 1918: Bosmina (Liederobosmina) huaronensis differs from other species of the subgenus in males having: (1) no preocular depression; (2) elevated anteroventral angle of head, without doubled fold on rostrum; (3) two fine ridges on tip of copulatory hook; (4) idl with a long seta.</p> <p>Comments: See key for determination of species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87C6FFC5FFC044C0F94FCCA3DF4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Ishida, Seiji;Taylor, Derek J.	Kotov, Alexey A., Ishida, Seiji, Taylor, Derek J. (2009): Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (1): 1-51, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00475.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00475.x
03CC87C6FFDEFFCA449FF944CC28DDBF.text	03CC87C6FFDEFFCA449FF944CC28DDBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bosmina (Lunobosmina)	<div><p>SUBGENUS BOSMINA (LUNOBOSMINA) TAYLOR ET AL., 2002</p> <p>Eubosmina (Lunobosmina) Taylor et al., 2002: 1494.</p> <p>Type species: Bosmina (Eubosmina) oriens De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994, typified by monotypy, case 68.3 of ICZN (2000).</p> <p>Subgenus diagnosis based on male characters: Distal portion of postabdomen as in female, not inflated, preanal margin slightly depressed, with relatively long, fine setules. Gonopore opens subdistally. Postabdominal claw long, without a terminal spinule. Basal pecten of denticles not shifted from postabdominal claw to body of postabdomen, consisting of thin spines, distal pecten consisting of short, fine setules. Antenna I with widened pre-aesthetasc portion. A seta located at a distance from two others on the subdistal lobe of limb I. Seta 6 on limb I short.</p> <p>Comment: The sole species of the subgenus, B. oriens, has a lateral head pore of the ‘ Eubosmina ’ type. But, B. oriens is the most primitive member of the ‘ Eubosmina –Liederobosmina ’ clade because it has a non-specialized postabdomen (an uninflated and a non-conical distal end with a gonopore located far from the distal end). Because of these traits, the postabdomen of B. oriens is more primitive than those of Eubosmina, Liederobosmina, or Sinobosmina. Also, B. oriens has a primitive, thick tip of the copulatory hook, in contrast to the elaborated tip of Liederobosmina. So, although B. oriens might be the distant sister lineage to Liederobosmina, the subgenus Lunobosmina retains several plesiomorphic characters.</p> <p>Bosmina (Lunobosmina) oriens (De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994)</p> <p>Figures 13–16</p> <p>Eubosmina longispina (Leydig, 1860) in Deevey &amp; Deevey, 1971: 206–209; pl. 1: fig. 3a, b; pl. 3, fig. 3a–d (part).</p> <p>Bosmina (Eubosmina) oriens De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994: 1815–1818, fig. 6G, H.</p> <p>Eubosmina (Lunobosmina) oriens De Melo &amp; Hebert in Taylor et al., 2002: 1494.</p> <p>Type locality: ‘A lake located on the north side of highwayhighway 44, 3 km east of the Rhode Island – Connecticut state line 41°55′N; 71°45′W)’ (De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994), Rhode Island, USA. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.75/lat 41.916668)">This</a> body of water is locally named Bowdish Reservoir.</p> <p>Type material: Holotype. A parthenogenetic female, CMN. Paratypes. ten adult and six juvenile females, CMN.</p> <p>Material</p> <p>Populations containing males: USA. Hell Hollow Pond, Connecticut, AAK 2004-051 (the former artificially induced by adding MF to the culture, see Kim et al., 2006).</p> <p>Canada. Pond on highway 1, 2.9 km east of Little Harbor junction, Newfoundland, collected on 4 September 1984 by D. G. Frey, DGF 7092; Barren Pool, 1.4 km west of Rocky River bridge, west of Colinet, Newfoundland, collected on 9 September 1984 by D. G. Frey, DGF 7121; Fen Pool, east side of road from Cape St. Mary’s to highway 100, Newfoundland, collected on 11 September 1984 by D. G. Frey, DGF 7135a; a body of water near highway 1, Newfoundland, collected in September 1984 by D. G. Frey, DGF 7167-II; bog pool 12, Barrents near Daggett’s Round Pond near Bavline, north of St. John’s, Newfoundland, collected on 24 September 1984 by D. G. Frey, DGF 7186; Pine Hill Pond, Terra Nova National Park, Newfoundland, collected on 30 September 1984 by D. G. Frey, DGF 7202; Peskowesk Lake, east of where canoes are put in, Kefimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, collected on 13 October 1984 by D. G. Frey, DGF 7280.</p> <p>Parthenogenetic populations: USA. Bowdish Resevoir (type locality), Rhode Island, collected in June 2004 by D. J. Taylor &amp; A. A. Kotov, AAK 2005-236 - 237; Hell Hollow Pond, Connecticut, collected in June 2004 by D. J. Taylor &amp; A. A. Kotov, AAK 2005-238 - 239; Fresh Pond, Dennis, Massachusetts, collected in June 2004 by W. Piel &amp; A. A. Kotov, AAK 2005-258; Great Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, collected in June 2004 by W. Piel &amp; A. A. Kotov, AAK 2005-251; Pond 3, Three ponds, Long Island, New York, collected in June 2006 by D. J. Taylor &amp; A. A. Kotov, AAK 2005-209.</p> <p>Canada. Roadside Lake, highway 333, 0.8 km east of East Dover, Nova Scotia, collected on 21 October 1984 by D. G. Frey, DGF 7300.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Adult parthenogenetic female (Fig. 13): Body wide in anterior view, short and wide in lateral view, dorsal margin in general regularly curved from distalmost extremity to posterodorsal angle, posterior margin straight, its height about half of the body height, ventral margin almost straight, with a depression anterior to mucro. Reticulation very obscure, both on head and on valves. Head with well-developed ocular dome, and consequently with a distinct preocular depression that is obvious in lateral view, rostrum blunt, regularly arched. Frontal head pore small, located closely to ventral margin of head (as seen from anterior side), and significantly ventral to level of antennular sensory setae. Median head pore minute, located posteriorly to ocular dome. Fornices well-developed, covering coxal part of antenna II. Lateral head pore small, with a raised ring-like margin, located at a great distance from ventral margin of head shield, above level of mandibular articulation. Compound eye very large. Labrum as a fleshy appendage lacking significant projections, distal labral plate small. Ventral valve margin with a series of stout setae, the bases of which are located on its internal surface, the more anterior setae supplied with long setules. Seta kurzi with small setules, located on internal side of valve anterior to the aforementioned depression near the mucro, which is strong and long even in large adults, with a truncated tip and one or two incisions on the ventral side, sometimes the incisions are completely absent. On inner side of mucro, there are few relatively strong denticles, as a continuation of a series of setules at the posterior valve margin.</p> <p>Thorax relatively long, with six limb pairs, abdomen short, with transverse rows of setules. Postabdomen strongly compressed laterally, with width approximately equal along entire length, and with ventral (functionally dorsal!) margin slightly convex. Preanal margin long, slightly concave, with few groups of setules distally. Sides of postabdomen supplied with series of finer setules. Distal (anal) margin nearly directly truncated, posterodorsal angle as a small projection. Postanal portion as a cylindrical projection bearing paired postabdominal claws. Each claw regularly bent, with three denticles on convex (ventral) margin and two pectens on concave (dorsal) margin: distal pecten consists of fine setules, whereas proximal pecten consists of between seven and nine rather strong, sparsely located teeth. Near the claw on the postanal portion of the postabdomen there is a third, pre-claw pecten of minute denticles. Postabdominal seta shorter than preanal margin, with its distal segment about two times shorter than distal one, supplied with fine, long setules.</p> <p>Antenna I fused with rostrum, rather short, its length from tip to tip of rostrum about 0.3–0.4 body lengths. Antennular (frontal) sensory seta located on rostrum in region of preocular depression. Free (not incorporated in rostrum) part of antenna I consists of a pre-aesthetasc portion, fused with rostrum, and post-aesthetasc portion, the presence of which is a unique synapomorphy of Bosmina. Pre-aesthetasc portion straight, regularly narrowing in anterior view, with an internal spine near a flat site of the aesthetasc bases. Nine aesthetascs that are delicate, slightly differing in size, with the longest somewhat shorter than the pre-aesthetasc free portion. Postaesthetasc portion directed ventrally and somewhat posteriorly, slightly curved in lateral and anterior views. Both portions supplied with crossing series of fine denticles.</p> <p>Antenna II typical for the genus, with six pairs of thoracic limbs, and with morphology indistinguishable from that in other species (Kotov, 1996).</p> <p>Juvenile female (Fig. 14A–F): Body more compressed laterally and more elongated in lateral view, with obvious reticulation. Ocular dome less developed, especially in instar I; median head pore as in adult, posterior dorsal head pore presents in instar I. Lateral head pore closer to mandibular articulation. Mucro long, with several denticles at ventral margin. Antenna I longer (especially its post-aethetasc portion), strongly curved in lateral and anterior view, head pore at level of antennular sensory setae.</p> <p>Ephippial female: In lateral view habitus similar to adult parthemogenetic female, a longitudinal fold on dorsal part of valves of large ephippial females, a median fold on top of dorsum, so dorsum is triangular in cross section.</p> <p>Adult male (Figs 15 and 16): Body relatively high, dorsum posteriorly slightly concave, posterior margin of valves of moderate height. Head large, anteroventral angle projected; distalmost extremity of head with slight ocular dome or without it. Lateral head pore at a long distance from lateral edge of head shield. Mucro long, seta kurzi long, a series of long setae at anteroventral portion of valve. Postabdomen massive, ventral margin straight, preanal margin slightly concave, dorsodistal angle slightly projected, anal margin straight, in a small anal depression. Postanal portion of postabdomen short, conical, blunt distally, supplied with series of fine spinules, spinules in a pre-claw group somewhat larger than rest. Single gonopore opens on dorsal side, far from distal end. Postabdominal claw long, slender, without distal spinule, distal pecten as a series of fine setules, proximal pecten with slender denticles. Antenna I with base not inflated, regularly narrowing distally, characteristically E-shaped. Sensory seta long, male seta long, located on a minute pedestal. Antenna II with two short sensory setae on coxal part. Distal sensory seta long, reaching distal end of basal segment of endopod. Limb I with idl strongly inflated, with a low hillock on the basal portion, and with its distal portion relatively short, terminating as a long, naked seta. Copulatory hook relatively large and thick, not recurved to a parallel position with the idl, tip of hook blunt, with fine setules. Subdistal lobe massive, with a long seta, a rudimentary seta near it, and another rudimentary seta at a distance from the two aforementioned setae.</p> <p>Juvenile male I: Not studied.</p> <p>Juvenile male II (Fig. 14G–M): Body shape as in juvenile female II, with a slight ocular dome. Postabdomen with slightly depressed preanal margin, postanal portion slightly inflated, rudimentary gonoduct that does not reach the level of anus. Postabdominal claw long, distal pecten with fine setules, proximal pecten with slender teeth, pre-claw pecten with fine setules. Antenna I fused with rostrum, with a sensory seta and a short male seta approximately at the same level. Antenna II with two short sensory setae on coxal portion, and a rudiment of distal sensory seta. Limb I with idl large (but smaller than in adult), its distal portion subovoid, with a seta approximately as long as distal portion, and with a second rudimentary seta; copulatory hook robust, with blunt tip, subdistal lobe small, with two setae of equal lengths, and a massive hillock (a rudiment of the third seta).</p> <p>Size: Females, 380–630-Mm long; adult males 465– 510-Mm long.</p> <p>Distribution: This is a species with a relatively local distribution on the Atlantic Coast of the USA and Canada.</p> <p>Comments: The species was briefly described by Deevey &amp; Deevey (1971) as Eubosmina longispina: they illustrated the adult males bearing characteristic E-shaped antenna I (Fig. 15C, D). Later, Kotov (1996) noted that the male described by Deevey &amp; Deevey had a postabdomen of the Neobosmina - type (now Liederobosmina) – very different from the beveled postabdomen of the males from European Bosmina (Eubosmina) longispina. De Melo &amp; Hebert (1994) created a new species based largely on allozyme evidence, without examination of the males. The DNA sequence-based phylogeny of Taylor et al. (2002) indicated a distant relationship of B. oriens with B. longispina, and they created a new subgenus Eubosmina (Lunobosmina) containing B. oriens. However, Taylor et al. (2002) also proposed that the ‘ B. longispina ’ of Deevey &amp; Deevey (1971) was actually B. oriens. Later, Kim et al. (2006) induced males of B. oriens and confirmed that the unusual male antenna I indeed unites B. oriens with B. longispina sensu Deevey &amp; Deevey (1971). Our more detailed analysis of male morphology further supports the opinion that B. oriens is the species that Deevey&amp; Deevey termed North American B. longispina. We note that endemic B. longispina -like species do exist in North America in addition to B. oriens.</p> <p>The morphology of parthenogenetic females of the common North American species of subgenera Eubosmina and Liederobosmina have not been well studied. Previous authors concentrated on such characters as the length of the mucro or of antenna-I (Lieder, 1991), instead of attempting to find other characters that are less vulnerable to the influence of ecological factors. Females of B. oriens are difficult to discern from females of North American Bosmina (Eubosmina) sp. Bosmina oriens does seem to possess a relatively large mucro and relatively strong denticles on its inner side that are absent in the Eubosmina. In contrast, males are easily diagnosed after scoring the characteristic E-shaped antenna I and a unique, primitive postabdomen.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87C6FFDEFFCA449FF944CC28DDBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Ishida, Seiji;Taylor, Derek J.	Kotov, Alexey A., Ishida, Seiji, Taylor, Derek J. (2009): Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (1): 1-51, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00475.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00475.x
03CC87C6FFD4FFF744DBFB30CA4BDC4D.text	03CC87C6FFD4FFF744DBFB30CA4BDC4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bosmina (Eubosmina)	<div><p>SUBGENUS BOSMINA (EUBOSMINA) SELIGO, 1900</p> <p>Bosmina Eubosmina Seligo, 1900: 67; Lieder, 1962: 317; Lieder, 1983a: 202–203; Lieder, 1983b: 128–134; De Melo &amp; Hebert, 1994: 1812 (part, except of oriens). Eubosmina (Eubosmina) in Taylor et al., 2002: 1494.</p> <p>Type species: Bosmina coregoni Baird, 1857. When Seligo (1900) described his new taxon, as well as in his subsequent paper (Seligo, 1928), he discussed many species of Bosmina (Eubosmina), without selecting a type species. Lieder (1962) said that the subgenus includes ‘ B. coregoni s. lat. ’: this sentence can probably be regarded as a typification of this genus-group name by a subsequent author (case 69 of ICZN, 2000).</p> <p>Subgenus diagnosis based on male characters: Postabdomen conically tapering distally, not inflated, preanal margin in general straight, with very short setules. Gonopore opens distally. Postabdominal claw long, without a terminal spinule. Basal pecten of denticles not shifted from postabdominal claw to body of postabdomen, consisting of large, robust teeth, distal pecten consisting of long, fine setules. Antenna I with widened pre-aesthetasc portion. On subdistal lobe of limb I, a seta located at a distance from two others. Seta 2 on limb I very short.</p> <p>Comments: This is the subgenus with the most confusion in the Bosminidae. About 100 (!) described nominal taxa of the genus Bosmina can be attributed to this subgenus. Previous proposals on introgressive hybridization (Lieder, 1956, 1983a, 1996) have lacked evidence, but ecologically plastic characters certainly contribute to the species problem. Now the subgenus needs to be revised.</p> <p>Palaearctic Bosmina (Eubosmina) cf. coregoni Baird, 1857,</p> <p>Figs 17–19</p> <p>Bosmina coregoni Baird, 1857: 21, 24.</p> <p>Previous descriptions with information on males: Norman &amp; Brady, 1867: 7–8; figs 1, 2 (B. longispina); P. E. Müller, 1870: 150–151; pl. 2, figs 3–8; pl. 3, fig. 11 (Bosmina diaphana P.E. Müller, 1867); Stenroos, 1895: 25–26; figs 11–15 (Bosmina brevispina Lilljeborg, 1890 in Sars, 1890); Lilljeborg, 1901: 237– 256; pl. 32, figures 4–13; pl. 33, figs 1–12; pl. 34, figs 1–12; pl. 35, figs 1–9; pl. 36, figs 1–12; pl. 37, figs 1–7 (Bosmina obtusirostris Sars, 1861); 256–259; pl. 37, figs 8–9; pl. 38, figs 1–2 (Bosmina longicornis Schoedler, 1865); 259–269; pl. 38, figures 3–17; pl. 39, figs 1–8; pl. 40, figures 1–10 (B. longispina); 269–274; pl. 40, fig. 11; pl. 41, figs 1–7 (Bosmina insignis Lilljeborg, 1901); 275–284; pl. 41, figs 8, 9; pl. 42, figs 1– 9; pl. 43, figs 1–9; pl. 44, figs 1, 2 (Bosmina mixta Lilljeborg, 1901); 284–298; pl. 44, figs 2–8; pl. 45, figs 1–11; pl. 46, figs 1–6; pl. 47, figs 1–8; pl. 48, figs 1–6 [B. coregoni]; 298–304; pl. 48, figs 7, 8; pl. 49, figs 1–12; pl. 50, figs 1, 2 (Bosmina crassicornis Lilljeborg, 1887); 304–308; pl. 50, figs 3–12; pl. 51, figs 1– 5 [Bosmina globosa Lilljeborg, 1901]; Keilhack, 1904: 564; text – fig. (Bosmina coregoni gibbera Schoedler, 1863); Keilhack, 1908: 448; figs 12, 13 (B. coregoni gibbera); Zykoff, 1906: 479; figs 1, 2 (B. insignis); Keilhack, 1909: fig. 118 (coregoni –lilljeborgii); Apstein, 1910: 11–12; figs 20–21 (Bosmina maritima P. E. Müller, 1867); Burckhardt, 1941: 130–141; figs 3, 4, 12–15, 13′, 15′, 18, 21–23, 29 (B. coregoni); Purasjoki, 1958: 23–26; fig. 4 (Bosmina coregoni maritima P. E. Müller, 1867); Šrámek-Hušek et al., 1962: 280–284; fig. 102 (coregoni morph coregoni, coregoni m. longispina, coregoni m. poppei, coregoni m. longicornis); Semenova, 1970: 50–51; figs a, b, v (B. coregoni); Flössner, 1972: 218–224; figs 102–104 [B. (E.) longispina]; 225–232; figs 106–108 [B. (E.) coregoni]; Sergeev, 1981 (coregoni maritima); Lieder 1983a: 209–211; figs 28–30 [B. (E.) longispina longispina]; 213–214; fig. 64 [B. (E.) mixta kessleri Uljanin, 1874]; 215–216; fig. 88, 94; pl. 3, fig. 2 [B. (E.) mixta cederstroemi Schoedler, 1865]; 223–224; pl. IV, fig. 1 [B. (E.) coregoni thersites]; Negrea, 1983: 227–229; fig 92 [B. (E.) longispina]; Margaritora, 1985: 61–64; fig. 27 (E. coregoni); 64–66, fig. 28 (E. longispina); Sars, 1993: 82–83; pl. 62–63 (B. obtusirostris); Hudec, 1995: 293– 295; pl. 1 [B. (E.) longicornis kessleri]; Kotov, 1996: 188–194; figs 1–5 [B. (E.) longispina]; Lord et al., 2006: pl. 1 [B. (E.) coregoni gibbera].</p> <p>Material</p> <p>‘ Bosmina coregoni sp. str.’: Russia (European). Lake Khotavets, Darwin National Reserve, Vologda Area, collected on 3 October 1994 by V. I. Lazareva, AAK 2004–005; a small un-named lake near Petrokrepost train station, Leningrad Area, collected on 16 September 2004 by A. A. Kotov, AAK M-034.</p> <p>‘ Bosmina coregoni kessleri’: Russia (European). Lake Glubokoe, Ruza District, Moscow Area, collected in September–December of 1994–1998 by A. A. Kotov, AAK 2004-040 - 043.</p> <p>‘ Bosmina longispina’ (including ‘obtusirostris’ and ‘lacustris’ morphs): Norway. MjIIIsa, east side, collected on 8 August 1965 by D. G. Frey, DGF 1632; Gelggojervi, Troms, collected on 27 August 2004 by D. J. Taylor &amp; S. Ishida, AAK M-456.</p> <p>Iceland. A small lake near Asbyrgi, Northern Iceland, collected on 19 August 1977 by N. N. Smirnov (see Kotov, 1996).</p> <p>Ireland. Lough Leane, collected on 7 October 1985 by D. G. Frey, DGF 7628.</p> <p>Finland. Kilpisjärvi, Lapin Lääni, collected on 27 August 2004 by D. J. Taylor &amp; S. Ishida, AAK M-457.</p> <p>Russia (European). Vodoprovodnoe Lake, Verkhnee Yershovskoe Lake, and a small un-named lake, territory of the Belomorskaya Biological Station of Moscow State University, Murmansk Area, collected in August 1995 by A. Yu. Sinev, AAK 2003-006, AAK 2004-018 - 020; Un-named lake 2, Rybachiy Peninsula, Murmansk Area, collected in August 2003 by Y. Galimov, AAK M-394; Lake Kumitchevo, Pinega Region, Arkhangelsk Area, collected on 15 August 2004 by N. Bayanov, NMK 2491; several bog lakes near Petrozavodsk, Karelian Autonomous Republic, collected from July 1970 to July 1971 by Z. I. Fillimonova, AAK 2004-026, NNS 1997-159-160; Ladoga Lake immediately at the source of the Neva River, Leningrad Area, collected on 16 September 2004 by A. A. Kotov, AAK M-031; Rybinsk man-made lake at Mologa station, Yaroslavl Area, collected on 18 October 1994, AAK 2004-021; Lake Dubrovskoje, Darvin Reserve, Vologda Area, collected in September 1994 by V. I. Lazareva, AAK 2004-023.</p> <p>Russia (Asian). Several lakes in tundra, Tareya, Taimyr Autonomous Area, collected in July–August 1969 by Yu. I. Chernov, AAK 1999-051, AAK 2004- 003, AAK 2004-004; a small lake in tundra, Talnakh, Taimyr Autonomous Area, collected on 11 August 1974, AAK 2004-016; Teletskoye Lake near Iogatch, Altai Territory, collected on 1 September 2002 by O. S. Burmistrova, NMK 2516; Lake Leprindo, Chita Area, collected on 27 August 1998 by N. G. Sheveleva, AAK 2004-016.</p> <p>‘ Bosmina crassicornis’: Russia (Asian). Rybinsk Water Reservoir, Yaroslavl Area, collected on 25 September 2007 by V. I. Lazareva, NMK 2685; Bratsk Water Reservoir, Irkutsk Area, collected on 10 November 1998 by N. G. Sheveleva, AAK 2004-017.</p> <p>Diagnosis of adult male (Figs 17A–D, 18G–M, 19): In all studied morphotypes, the male characters are more ‘generalized’ compared with female characters, i.e. (1) body less deep, lacking a hump; (2) if antenna I is very long in the female (B. coregoni gibbera), it is comparatively shorter in the male; by contrast, if the female antenna I is short (B. crassicornis), it is comparatively longer in the male; (3) if mucro is very long in the female (B. longispina), it is comparatively shorter in the male; by contrast, if mucro is short (B. coregoni kessleri) in the female, it is longer in males. In B. crassicornis the female has no mucro, but there is a small mucro in its male. As a result, males of all morphotypes are remarkably more similar in general appearance than are the females.</p> <p>Dorsum from regularly arched from anteriormost point to posterodorsal angle (B. crassicornis) to concave (B. longispina and B. kessleri), posterior margin of valves high. Head with distinct anteroventral angle, anterior portion of rostrum straight or slightly concave, ocular dome absent or ill-defined. In anterior view, rostrum truncated. Lateral head pore at a great distance from lateral edge of head shield. Mucro of different length, seta kurzi short, a series of long setae at anteroventral portion of valve. Postabdomen elongated, with its ventral margin in general straight or slightly convex, preanal margin relatively short, with a slight depression, dorsodistal angle welldefined, anal margin aslant truncated. Postanal angle well-defined, postanal portion of postabdomen slightly narrowing towards distal end, blunt distally, where a single gonopore opens. There are several groups of relatively robust denticles on the postanal and middle portion of the postabdomen. Postabdominal claw long, bent, regularly narrowing distally, distal pecten as a row of numerous, long, fine setules, proximal pecten with several (normally between six and ten) relatively large teeth. Antenna I regularly bent in lateral view; in anterior view, its basal portion thick, with straight or slightly concave, serrated inner margin, wereas distal half thin, regularly bent and narrowing distally. Sensory seta long and male seta long: located on a marked pedestal. Antenna II with two short sensory setae on coxal part. Distal sensory seta short, not reaching distal end of basal segment of endopod. Limb I bears idl with an inflated basal portion, without a hillock basally, and with a conical distal portion terminating as a long, naked seta. Copulatory hook large and thin, not recurved to a parallel position with the idl, tip of hook with two ridges. Subdistal lobe large, with a long seta 1, a rudimentary setae near it, and another rudimentary seta at a distance from the two aforementioned setae; seta 2 very short.</p> <p>Postembryonic development: Juvenile male I (Fig. 18A–C) body shape similar to juvenile female I, and with posterior dorsal head pore present. Postabdomen with slightly convex preanal margin and slightly inflated ventral portion, a rudimentary gonoduct terminating far from the level of the anus, although the gonopore is absent. Postabdominal claw long, with distal and proximal pectens on female type, pre-claw pecten present. Antenna I fused with rostrum, only a pair of long sensory setae on rostrum. Antenna II with two short sensory setae on coxal portion, whereas there is no rudiment of anterior sensory seta. Limb I with idl small, subovoid, with a single rudimentary seta, copulatory hook short and thick, subdistal lobe not projected, with a single seta 1 (as in female).</p> <p>Juvenile male II (Figs 17E, F, 18D–F) body shape as in juvenile female II. Postabdomen with straight to slightly concave preanal margin, ventral side inflated, rudimentary gonoduct reaches the level of the anus. Postabdominal claw long, distal pecten with fine setules, proximal pecten with a few slender spinules, pre-claw pecten with a few spinules. Antenna I fused with rostrum, which has a long sensory seta and a short male seta at the same level. Antenna II with two short sensory setae on coxal portion, and with a rudiment of a distal anterior seta. Limb I with idl large (but smaller than in adult), its distal portion conical, with a short seta and a second rudimentary seta; copulatory hook robust, with blunt tip bearing small denticles, subdistal lobe small, with two setae (1 and 1′) of somewhat different lengths, and a small rudiment of the third seta.</p> <p>Comments. The species status of several of the studied populations is controversial. No specific primary and secondary sexual traits were found in males of the aforementioned ‘species’. It is clear that several forms are very closely related, and the paleolimnology and genetic distances suggest postglacial origins (Haney &amp; Taylor, 2003). Detailed genetic analysis of coexisting morphs and perhaps breeding studies are needed to further assess the species status of this relatively young group.</p> <p>De Melo &amp; Hebert (1994) proposed that B. maritima from North America is a valid species that is genetically distant from other Eubosmina. The presence of this species in North America seems to be a consequence of its introduction from Europe (Haney &amp; Taylor, 2003). It is unknown if the North American B. maritima re-evolved from invading B. (E.) cf. coregoni in North America, or if it represents an independent introduction of a Eurasian morphotype. Presently there are no morphological characters to distinguish saline populations (B. maritima) from B. longispina.</p> <p>Nearctic ‘ Bosmina cf. longispina’</p> <p>Figure 20</p> <p>Material: A pond in Nome, Alaska, USA, collected on 26 September 2003 by D. J. Taylor, AAK 2004-052.</p> <p>Differences of adult male: Male of Nearctic ‘ B. longispina ’ differ from European eubosminids in having: (1) a larger distance between base of antenna I and anteroventral angle of head; (2) very large compound eye; (3) an especially thin distal portion of idl; (4) a depression on the tip of the copulatory hook.</p> <p>Comments: Our note on the difference of Beringian Nearctic males from the Palaearctic males is based on only a single studied Nearctic population. But, there is a chance that we found some traits that are important for the eubosminid systematics beyond female characters. It is possible that the Nearctic ‘ B. longispina ’ belongs to another, undescribed species, as was proposed by Haney &amp; Taylor (2003). If Beringian and Atlantic Nearctic species belong to a single species, then this species must be named Bosmina (Eubosmina) striata Herrick, 1882.</p> <p>Bosmina (Eubosmina) tanakai sp. nov.,</p> <p>Figures 21–24</p> <p>Bosmina coregoni seligoi forma Rühe in Uéno, 1933: 309–310; pl. 10, figs 9, 10.</p> <p>Bosmina coregoni obtusirostris Sars in Uéno, 1938b: 285.</p> <p>Bosmina (Eubosmina) longispina Leydig in Tanaka, 2000: 120–123; figs 10, 11.</p> <p>? Bosmina coregoni Baird in Uéno, 1938a: 15–18, figs 20–33; Uéno, 1968: fig. 1J.</p> <p>Not Bosmina amemiyai Brehm, 1925: 271–273; text – fig.</p> <p>Not Bosmina coregoni yezoensis Uéno, 1933: 310; pl. 10, figs 11 and 12.</p> <p>Etymology: This species is dedicated to Prof. S. Tanaka, a Japanese cladocerologist, who determined this species as B. longispina, but made the first adequate drawings of males of Japanese Eubosmina, and remarked on their differences from European representatives (Tanaka, 2000).</p> <p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=141.36525&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.912434" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 141.36525/lat 40.912434)">Ichiyanagi Numa Pond</a> (40.912434°N, 141.365243°E), Rokkasho Village, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. The type series was collected on 29 November 2006 by S. Ishida.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype: Ephippial female in 90% alcohol, MGU Ml 65. Label of the holotype: ‘ Bosmina tanakai sp. nov., 1 eph. fem. from Ichiyanagi Numa Pond, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, collected on 28 November 2006 by S. Ishida, HOLOTYPE’.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87C6FFD4FFF744DBFB30CA4BDC4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Ishida, Seiji;Taylor, Derek J.	Kotov, Alexey A., Ishida, Seiji, Taylor, Derek J. (2009): Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (1): 1-51, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00475.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00475.x
