taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CE3B5C5337FFAEFE76FAA2FC5AF939.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Hapalotremus albipes Simon, 1903, holotype male, Bolivia (Chaco), MNHN – images and illustrations examined (F. Pérez-Miles and F. Vol pers. comm.). Other material examined Hapalotremus albipes Simon, 1903, three females, Bolivia, P. Klass leg. (SMF 37093), SMF – illustrations examined (F. Pérez-Miles pers. comm.).	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C5337FFAEFE74FDCFFD73FA80.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Representatives of the genus can be distinguished from the remaining Theraphosinae by the presence of reddish or whitish setae (colour of live specimens) on dorsum abdomen, presence of Type III urticating hair, labium wider than long with reduced labial cuspules (from 5 to 7 in H. albipes and H. major), with the exception of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. with 28 labial cuspules in females. It is characterized by the tarsi fully scopulated and divided by rows of setae increasing in width from legs I to IV, with tarsus IV divided by five or six rows of setae. Males of Hapalotremus are also recognized by the following features: tibial apophysis present with two branches, the prolateral bearing a long stiff black thorn on inner side, slightly curved at tip and of similar size to the spur, the retrolateral with a long spine inserted on inner side at the middle of the spur, metatarsus of leg I noticeably curved at base, and male palpal bulb with embolus subcylindrical curved to the retrolateral side with conspicuous subapical keel. Females may be also recognized by the single spermathceal receptaculum.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C5336FFABFE2DFF53FC37FB1F.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 3 AB, 5, Tables 1 – 2) Types Holotype: male: ARGENTINA: Salta province (25 ° 09.513 ' S, 65 ° 36.704 ' W), 20 April 2011, Patricio E. Cavallo, Martin Hüsser and Martin Gamache legs. Found southwest of Salta, near provincial route 33, adjacent to Escoipe River at an altitude of 1496 m, (MLP 19152). Paratype female (MLP 19153): same data as holotype.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C5336FFABFE2DFF53FC37FB1F.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is a patronym in honour of Martin Hüsser (Switzerland) and Martin Gamache (Canada), who participated in the collection and discovery of this new species.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C5336FFABFE2DFF53FC37FB1F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. differ from all other congeners by the colour pattern of live specimens with distinct greenish pubescence between the patella and tarsi of the legs, also on the lateral faces of the abdomen, and by the reddish setae of the urticating setae patch on the dorsal abdomen (Figure 1). From H. albipes by the smaller size of adult males and females; males by the palpal bulb morphology with the thickened and less curved embolus having a blunt subapical keel and less-developed apical keel, and less curved metatarsus I (Figure 2 A, B, E). Females of H. martinorum differ from H. albipes Simon 1903 by the shape of the spermathecae, with the lateral expansions in the base being wider than apical portion; the upper edge is also more rounded (Figure 3 B, C). Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. resembles H. major (Chamberlin 1916) by the reddish setae on the abdomen dorsum but differs from this species by the smaller size and by the male palpal bulb morphology, with thickened and less curved embolus (Figure 2 A, B).	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C5336FFABFE2DFF53FC37FB1F.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype, MLP 19152). Colour in life: legs and palps femora dark, patella to tarsi with lighter pubescence. Carapace ochre, light brown, with margins bearing long pinkish setae. Lateral sides of abdomen with light green pubescence and yellowishreddish setae on dorsum (Figure 1 B). Total length (not including chelicerae or spinnerets) 15.9. Cephalothorax 8.3 long, 7.8 wide. Abdomen 7.5 long, 4.0 wide. Urticating setae type III present, posterior dorsal circular patch. Spinnerets: PMS, 1 long, 0.4 wide; PLS, 0.6 basal, 0.6 middle, 0.3 domed distal. Eyes: tubercle length 0.65, width 0.8. Clypeus 0.3. Anterior eyes row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.21, PME 0.10, PLE 0.13, AME – AME 0.16, AME – ALE 0.07, PME – PME 0.39, PME – PLE 0.06, ALE – PLE 0.10. Fovea: deep straight, 0.8 long. Labium: length 1.1, width 1.25, with 13 cuspules (Figure 2 D). Maxillae: each with 69 and 79 cuspules spread over internal face (Figure 2 D). Sternum: length 3.5, width 3. Chelicerae with 13 large teeth on promargin and 16 small teeth on retromargin. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 1. Tarsi I – IV fully scopulated divided by rows of setae increasing in width from legs I to IV (Figure 2 F). Metatarsi I one-half apical scopulated, II one-third apical scopulated, III one-half apical scopulated, IV one-quarter apical scopulated. Spination. Femora and patellae of I – IV and palp, 0. Tibiae: palp 0; I 1 V, 1 – 1 – 1 R, 1 P; II 2 – 2 – 2 V, 1 – 1 P; III 1 – 1 – 2 V, 1 – 1 R, 1 – 1 P; IV 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 – 2 V, 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 R, 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 P. Metatarsi: I 2 V; II 1 – 1 – 2 V, 1 P, 1 D; III 1 – 1 – 3 V, 1 – 1 – 1 R, 1 P, 1 – 1 – 1 D; IV 1 – 1 – 1 – 2 V, 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 R, 1 – 1 – 1 P. Tarsi I – IV, palps 0. Tibia I with ventral apophysis, the PB bearing a long stiff black thorn on inner side, slightly curved at tip and of similar size to the spur, RB with a long spine inserted on inner side at the middle of the spur (Figure 2 C). Metatarsus I moderately curved (Figure 2 E). Male palpal bulb with embolus subcylindrical, curved 70 ° to the retrolateral side. Prolateral keels present, the subapical keel (SA) conspicuous and blunt, the PS forming the embolus edge distally and pronounced; PI less-developed, apical keel not pronounced, R absent (Figure 2 A, B). Female (paratype, MLP 19153). Colour in life: colour pattern as in male, but patella to tarsi with very light green pubescence, carapace dark, and reddish setae on dorsum more evident than male (Figure 1 A). Total length (not including chelicerae or spinnerets) 25.1. Cephalothorax 9.4 long, 8.6 wide. Abdomen 15 long, 10.8 wide. Urticating setae type III present, posterior dorsal circular patch. Spinnerets: PMS, 1 long, 0.7 wide; PLS, 1 basal, 1 middle, 0.6 domed distal. Eyes: tubercle length 1.5, width 1. Clypeus 0.4. Anterior eyes row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.41, PME 0.19, PLE 0.32, AME – AME 0.36, AME – ALE 0.09, PME – PME 0.69, PME – PLE 0.07, ALE – PLE 0.15. Fovea: deep straight, 1.3 long. Labium: length 1.5, width 2, with 28 cuspules (Figure 9). Maxillae: with 95 and 106 cuspules spread over internal face (Figure 3 A). Sternum: length 4.4, width 4. Chelicerae with 12 large teeth on promargin and 13 small teeth on retromargin. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 2. Tarsi I – IV fully scopulated divided by rows of setae increasing in width from legs I to IV. Metatarsi I one-half apical scopulated, II one-third apical scopulated, III one-quarter apical scopulated, IV one-quarter apical scopulated. Spination. Femora and patellae of II – IV, 0. Femora: palp 1 D; I 1 D. Tibiae: palp 0; I 1 V; II 1 – 1 P; III 1 R, 1 P; IV 1 V. Metatarsi: I 1 – 3 V; II 1 – 1 – 3 V; III 2 V, 1 – 1 – 1 R, 1 - 1 – 1 P; IV 1 D, 1 – 1 – 1 – 2 V, 1 – 1 – 1 P, 1 R. Tarsi I – IV, palps 0. Single spermathecal receptaculum with their lateral extensions in the base, being wider than apical portion, and the upper edge more rounded (Figure 3 B).	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C5336FFABFE2DFF53FC37FB1F.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known only from the type locality (Figure 4). Natural history Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. was found inhabiting high cloud forest in the Yungas eco-region. This region comprises a hotspot of biodiversity in northern Argentina. The mean annual precipitation in this area is above 1000 mm; the mean temperature during April (autumn in southern hemisphere, when specimens were captured) is about 16.4 ° C and the relative humidity during this month is about 82.4 % in the area. Individuals were found at 1496 m above sea level next to the Escoipe River and provincial Route 33 (Figure 5 A, B). The nearest locality to the point where spiders were found is Las Ánimas, at approximately 45 km from Salta city. Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. is a fossorial theraphosid that occupies short burrows or crevices under stones (Figure 5 C). Usually, the stones where individuals were found are covered with mosses and small ferns. This species could inhabit similar habitats as other theraphosids of the high cloud forests, as indicated by Pérez-Miles and Weinmann (2009) for species of Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C5332FFA5FEEBFAEEFD06FEFD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype male: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Itatiaia. Retiro de Itatiaia (Retiro do Ramos, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, about 2200 m). Carlos Moreira leg. 1903. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (1410), not examined. Notes Hapalotremus cyclothorax was described by a single male from Retiro de Itatiaia (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) (Figure 4) and the type material has been listed as “ not located ” in the annotated check list by Silva-Moreira et al. (2010) of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. It is possible that it could be a junior synonym of Cantanduba tuskae Yamamoto et al. (2012), Oligoxystre mineirum Guadanucci 2011 or Magulla obesa Simon, 1892, considering the overlapping of their geographical distributional range in the Atlantic forest (Indicatti et al. 2008; Guadanucci 2011; Yamamoto et al. 2012). However, H. cyclothorax differs from C. tuskae, O. mineirum and M. obesa in the colour pattern, the size of the body and legs and in the shape of the palpal bulb (Mello-Leitão stated in the original description that the male has a bulb with twisted embolus). Another species that overlaps its distributional range with H. cyclothorax is Homoeomma montanum (Mello-Leitão, 1923) (Gerschman de Pikelín and Schiapelli 1972, Yamamoto unpubl. data). Moreover, the type locality (Retiro de Itatiaia) of H. montanum is the same for H. cyclothorax and additionally, both specimens were captured by the same collector, Carlos Moreira (Gerschman de Pikelín and Schiapelli 1972). The length of body and legs of the male H. cyclothorax is consistent with that of H. montanum. The colour pattern with abdomen dark bearing numerous long reddish setae, the tibial apophysis with two branches bearing short apical spines, the bent metatarsus I and the shape of the bulb with a curved embolus are characteristics typical of Homoeomma species (Gerschman de Pikelín and Schiapelli 1972, Yamamoto unpubl. data). For these reasons, Hapalotremus cyclothorax is considered a junior synonym of Homoeomma montanum.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C533CFFA5FE0BFE6CFE60FA49.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype female: Brazil, Pernambuco. Caruaru. Bento Pickel leg. Collected in bromeliads. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (215), not examined. Notes Hapalotremus scintillans was described from a single female from Caruaru (Pernambuco) (Figure 4) and the type material has been listed as “ not located ” in the annotated check list by Silva-Moreira et al. (2010) of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. Considering the type locality and the fact that the specimen was captured from inside bromeliads, H. scintillans could be a junior synonym of Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901 or Pachistopelma rufonigrum Pocock, 1901 (Bertani 2012). Both species had field records indicating a strict dependency on bromeliads occurring in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest (Santos et al. 2004; Bertani 2012). Hapalotremus scintillans was originally described under Dolichothele, but later synonymized by Raven (1985). The general shape of the spermathecae presented by Bücherl et al. (1971) and Schmidt (2002) of other species originally described under Dolichothele, now Hapalotremus exilis, is also consistent with that of Pachistopelma rufonigrum (Bertani 2012). Moreover, the collector of the holotype of H. scintillans, D. Bento Pickel, is the same for the captured holotype of Avicularia pulchra Mello-Leitão, 1933, at Pernambuco state. Recently, Bertani (2012) considered A. pulchra a junior synonym of P. rufonigrum due to its geographical distribution and colour pattern. For these reasons and all the generic characteristics from the original description, Hapalotremus scintillans is a junior synonym of Pachistopelma rufonigrum.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C533CFFA6FE9AF9D8FCAEFC0A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype female: BRAZIL, Paraíba. Probably Campina Grande. Tranqüilino Leitão leg. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (13898), not examined.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C533CFFA6FE9AF9D8FCAEFC0A.taxon	discussion	Remarks Hapalotremus exilis was described by a single female from Campina Grande (Paraíba) (Figure 4) and the type material has been listed as ‘ not located’ in the annotated check list by Silva-Moreira et al. (2010) of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. According to the geographical distribution and many of the morphological characteristics from the original description, such as the small size of the female and the reduced number of labial and maxillary cuspules, together with the shape of the spermathecae presented by Bücherl et al. (1971) and Schmidt (2002) it could be a junior synonym of Oligoxystre (Guadanucci 2011) or Guruyita (Guadanucci et al. 2007) (Ischnocolinae). Unfortunately, the original description does not warrant recognition of the species, and, therefore the identity of H. exilis cannot be confirmed. The species is here considered species inquirenda, pending the finding of the type material or availability and careful examination of material from the type locality.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C533FFFA6FED4FC1BFC99F922.taxon	description	Goniodontium was transferred to Hapalotremus by Raven (1985): 151.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C533FFFA6FED4FC1BFC99F922.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype female: Brazil, Bahia, Villa Nova, Garbo E. leg. Museu Paulista (N. 159), not examined.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
03CE3B5C533FFFA6FED4FC1BFC99F922.taxon	discussion	Remarks Hapalotremus muticus was described by Mello-Leitão in 1923 from a single female collected in Villa Nova, state of Bahia, Brazil (Figure 4). Mello-Leitão noted a reduced number of labial cuspules (of about three or seven) and maxillary cuspules of about 10 – 12. The author also remarked that the tarsi of all legs are scopulated and undivided. The original description does not warrant recognition of the species, and, therefore the identity of H. muticus cannot be confirmed. The species is here considered species inquirenda, pending the finding of the type material or availability and careful examination of material from the type locality.	en	Cavallo, Patricio E., Ferretti, Nelson E. (2014): The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 49 (15): 873-887, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.953226
