taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CE170F9E1FFF99FF5CF9956A2E03CD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (modified from Pleijel & Rouse 2005). Presence of proboscis diaphragm, segmental ventral adhesive papillae, distally knobbed, and slightly curved neuroaciculae, and three to six median neurochaetae with few, basally situated prolonged teeth (“ spurs ”), with abrupt transition to following, much shorter teeth.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E1FFF99FF5CF9956A2E03CD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Micropodarke is regarded as a monotypic genus. Okuda (1938) described M. amemiyai based on an incomplete specimen (10 mm long, 50 chaetigers), collected near Mitsui, Izu Peninsula, Japan. The type species was regarded as a junior synonym of M. dubia (Hessle, 1925) by Imajima & Hartman (1964) and Pleijel & Rouse (2005), and M. trilobata Hartmann-Schröder, 1983 from Australia, also described with an anterior fragment, was also synonymized with M. dubia by Pleijel & Rouse (2005). There are some differences in the relative development of ciliary bands in the first segments, relative size of antennae and palps (some specimens have them of about the same length), and of adhesive glands (some specimens having them as short lobes with blunt, hemispherical tips against others with a projected lobe with conical, blunt tip). The identity of this supposedly widely distributed species must be evaluated with molecular methods and with the study of living specimens to clarify their pigmentation patterns. The following key is based upon the morphological features indicated above and other features.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E18FF9BFF5CFC1A686B0359.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, MZUSP 387, 23 ° 26.20 ' S 41 ° 15.82 ' W, off Rio de Janeiro State, Sta. 6762, subtidal, 146 m depth, 28. II. 1998; paratype, MZUSP 388 (1), 23 ° 49.90 ' S 43 ° 14.40 ' W, off Rio de Janeiro State, Sta. 6741, subtidal, 138 m depth, 15. II. 1998.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E18FF9BFF5CFC1A686B0359.taxon	description	Description. Incomplete individuals; holotype (MZUSP 387) 1.3 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, and 8 chaetigers; paratype (MZUSP 388) 1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, with 11 chaetigers. Coloration whitish, without pigmentation. Body subcylindrical. Prostomium quadrangular, slightly wider than long; anterior margin slightly rounded (Fig. 2 A). Palps located outer to the antennae. Palpophores short, stout; palpostyles globular, slightly longer than palpophores; right one lost on figured paratype (Fig. 1 A). Lateral antennae frontal, digitiform, distally rounded, long as palps. Eyes not seen. Nuchal organs not seen. Proboscidial diaphragm present. Pharynx muscular occupying the first five chaetigers. Pharynx everted in holotype, short, smooth, fringed, with about 30 papillae, small, conical, with ciliate tips (Fig. 1 A). First three segments fused, dorsally reduced. Six pairs of tentacular cirri, most lost; cirrophores short, stout; cirrostyles long, moniliform; first pair dorsolateral, second and third pairs lateroventral; first segment with dorsal tentacular cirri larger, complete, reaching chaetiger 3; ventral cirri slightly shorter than dorsal one. Parapodia subbiramous. Two straight notoaciculae, not protruding (Fig. 1 B). Notochaetae absent. Most dorsal cirri lost; when present, cirrophore stout, short, cirrostyle long, moniliform, about as long as body width (Fig. 1 B). One neuroacicula distally enlarged, rounded, not protruding (Fig. 1 C). Neuropodial pre- and postchaetal lobes entire, liguliform, both of the same length. Ventral cirri digitiform, distally slender, not annulated, inserted subdistally on parapodial lobe, smaller than dorsal cirri (Fig. 1 B). Ventral adhesive papillae paired, rounded, situated postero-laterally to parapodia (Fig. 1 B – D). Neurochaetae about 15 heterogomph falcigers per bundle; blade medium-sized to long, with a long basal spur (prolonged teeth), one-third as long as blade. Supra-acicular neurochaetae bidentate, with unequal teeth, hooded (hood arises from inferior teeth) (Fig. 1 E); subacicular ones without hood, unidentate, with teeth stouter, and a basal arista, finer (Fig. 1 F), and 1 – 2 longer neurochaetae, slender, unidentate, without hood, in central position (Fig. 1 G).	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E18FF9BFF5CFC1A686B0359.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the key to species, M. pleijeli n. sp. is nearest of M. trilobata Hartmann-Schröder, 1983, but differs by having antennae thin, tapered, and palpostyle medially swollen, blunt instead the antennae are thick, blunt, and the palpostyle is medially swollen, tapered. Micropodarke pleijeli n. sp. also differs from M. dubia (Hessle, 1925) by lacking eyes, having a pharynx with more papillae, and by the neurochaetal features. Pleijel and Rouse (2005) mentioned 20 – 25 elongated ciliated papillae, while M. pleijeli n. sp. has about 30; also indicated 3 – 6 neurochaetae in median position having 2 – 4 basal prolonged teeth or “ spurs ”; however M. pleijeli n. sp. has only one spur. Besides, the supra-acicular neurochaetae are bidentate, hooded, and the subacicular ones are unidentate, without hood.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E18FF9BFF5CFC1A686B0359.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Fredrik Pleijel for his contributions to the study of the polychaetes in general, especially in recognition of his many, fine publications on hesionid systematics.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E18FF9BFF5CFC1A686B0359.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil, between São Tomé Cape to Ilha Grande Bay, off Rio de Janeiro State, in 138 – 146 m. This is the first record of Micropodarke for the Atlantic Ocean.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E1AFF9BFF5CFEB16A3101BA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (modified from Pleijel 1998, and Ruta & Pleijel 2006): Hesioninae with eyes, small facial tubercle, and ovoid palpostyles. Ventral proboscis incision present, terminal ring of proboscis with 10 papillae, paired lateral jaws, and median stylet present, proboscis diaphragm absent. Lip glands absent or present (uncertainty). Enlarged dorsal cirri on segments 1 – 5, enlarged ventral cirri on segments 1 – 3, with alternation in orientation / length — non-elevated dorsal cirri on segment 22; elevated dorsal cirri on segments 23, 26 and 30 (Group IIIb 2, see Pleijel 1998: 98, Table 3). Emerging notopodial hooks absent, notochaetae absent. Neuropodial lobes and neurochaetae from segment 3 or 4. Neurochaetal blades with prolonged teeth; tips unidentate. Paired ventral segmental adhesive papillae absent. Median pygidial papillae present.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E1AFF9BFF5CFEB16A3101BA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ruta & Pleijel (2006) revised Syllidia; they described a new species from Hong Kong but regarded all other species as junior synonyms of S. armata, originally described from the Atlantic French coast. The two valid species show interesting differences regarding the development of jaws, and their posterior projections, such that these features could separate other species; because other body features might be more conservative, the modifications of jaws and chaetae should be more widely used to clarify the affinities of different populations or species (see below).	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E1AFF94FF5CFA2769AC0151.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. holotype, MZUSP 506, 24 ° 07.637 ' S 45 ° 51.895 ' W, between Ilha Grande Bay, off Rio de Janeiro State to Santos, off São Paulo State, Sta. 6661, subtidal, 147 m depth, 09. i. 1998; paratypes, MZUSP 504 (1), MZUSP 505 (2), 23 ° 32.765 ' S 44 ° 44.380 ' W, off Ubatuba, SP, Sta. 36 I, subtidal, 43.8 m depth, 10. vi. 2001; paratypes, MZUSP 507 (2), 24 ° 07.637 ' S 45 ° 51.895 ' W, between Ilha Grande Bay, off Rio de Janeiro State to Santos, off São Paulo State, Sta. 6661, subtidal, 147 m depth, 09. i. 1998. Additional material. Argentina. 8 specimens (UERJ 3878), R. V. Mejillon I, Sta. 15 bis, 37 ° 10 ' S 56 ° 14 ' W, off Pinamar, 30 m depth. One specimen (UERJ 3879), Mar del Plata, Escollera Norte, 3 m depth, 16 Aug. 1968. 15 anterior fragments (UERJ 3880), Mar del Plata, Escollera Norte, 3 m depth, 26 Aug. 1965, Bulla, coll. Two specimens (UERJ 3881), Puerto, Mar del Plata, Costanera Norte, 14 Jan. 1968.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E1AFF94FF5CFA2769AC0151.taxon	description	Description. Holotype complete, 3.3 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, 31 chaetigers. Three paratypes complete 1.6 – 6.0 mm long, 0.3 – 0.7 mm wide, 19 – 35 chaetigers. Other two paratypes incomplete with 9 and 15 chaetigers. Body subcylindrical, wider anteriorly, on pharyngeal region (Fig. 2 A), whitish to dark-yellow; brownish ventrally from median to posterior region (Fig. 2 B), sometimes extending to anterior region. Complete specimens with some brownish pigment prostomium, mainly on its posterior margin. Prostomium slightly oval; posterior margin slightly rounded to straight (Fig. 2 A). Lateral antennae digitiform, distally slender, about as long as palps, lost in most specimens (lateral antennae present only in paratype MZUSP 504). Palps biarticulate, latero-frontal, outer to lateral antennae (Fig. 2 A). Palpophores short, robust; palpostyle digitiform, distally blunt, almost as long as palpophores. Two pairs of reddish dorso-lateral eyes in trapezoidal arrange (absent in one paratype); anterior eyes larger, reniform, with lenses; posterior eyes rounded. Nuchal organs distinct, on prostomial postero-lateral margins. Pharynx (everted in holotype), short, smooth, with 10 short, blunt papillae (Fig. 2 A). Pharyngeal region muscular, occupying first nine chaetigers. Jaws black, each with 7 – 10 denticles, posterior outer projection curved, tapered, separated by wide open space from straighter inner projection (Fig. 2 C – D, 3 A – F), and a ventral stylet dark brown, blunt, in the pharynx internal surface. Ventral stylet roughly prismatic or deltoid, with a rather smooth surface. Denticulate margin with a series of teeth, blunt, subconical, pointing dorsally, and their relative size decrease ventrally. First three segments fused, dorsally reduced. Six pairs of tentacular cirri; cirrophore short, robust, cirrostyle moniliform, longer, reaching up to chaetiger 12 when complete. First pair of tentacular cirri dorsal; second dorsolateral, third latero-ventral; most tentacular cirri lost or distally truncated. Parapodia sub-biramous (Fig. 2 E – F). One or two notoaciculae, slender, straight, not protruding. Notochaetae absent. Most dorsal cirri lost or distally truncated; cirrophore short, cirrostyle longer, moniliform; anterior ones extending for about six chaetigers. One or two neuroacicula distally straight, not protruding. Neuropodial prechaetal lobe liguliform; postchaetal lobe subtriangular to rounded, shorter than prechaetal one (Fig. 2 E – F). Ventral cirri digitiform, distally slender, shorter than parapodial lobe on anterior chaetigers, longer on posterior ones, inserted basally and centrally on parapodial lobe; easily lost. Neurochaetae of a single type, about 40 – 50 heterogomph falcigers per bundle; shaft long, blade long or mediumsized, bidentate, marginally serrate; superior neurochaetae (Fig. 2 G) slightly longer than ventral ones (Fig. 2 H). Anal cirri filiform, as long as last six chaetigers. A mature female paratype packed with oocytes, each one 0.1 mm in diameter; eyes, parapodia and chaetae well-developed (MZUSP 504).	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E1AFF94FF5CFA2769AC0151.taxon	discussion	Remarks. As stated above, the jaws could provide useful information to separate similar species as shown in the key below. Each jaw rests on the muscular limit, with a wide, curved outer projection that extends into the pharyngeal cavity as a denticulate rostrum, and a perpendicular inner projection (Fig. 3 A – C). The ventral stylet seems to be more denticles in larger specimens (Fig. 3 D – F), and the dorsalmost tooth is less pigmented than the other teeth along each series. However, more specimens must be studied before finding out any trend between these features.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E1AFF94FF5CFA2769AC0151.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after A. Cecília Z. Amaral, for her contributions to the study of polychaetes from Brazil.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E1AFF94FF5CFA2769AC0151.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil, from Ilha Grande Bay, off Rio de Janeiro State to Northern Argentina, in 43.8 – 147.0 m in Brazilian waters and in 3 – 30 m in Argentinean ones.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E15FF97FF5CFC2C6BA80680.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Ophiodromus roseus Malmgren, 1974, by original designation.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E15FF97FF5CFC2C6BA80680.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (modified from Pleijel 1998; Pleijel et al. 2012): Ophiodrominae with dorsally inserted median antenna; nuchal organs dorsally separated; notochaetae usually from segment 6, include capillaries with two rows of teeth; neurochaetae usually from segment 5; proboscis with terminal ring of papillae present; lip pads usually from segment 4 – 5; proboscis with papillae, and transverse dorsal ridges absent or present.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E15FF97FF5CFC2C6BA80680.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pleijel (1993 a) recognized two European Gyptis species groups in his key based upon their relative prostomial shape, presence of lip glands, and relative insertion of ventral cirri. Thus, G. propinqua, the type species for the genus, grouped with G. mackiei Pleijel, 1993 because both had prostomia as wide as long, lip glands, and ventral cirri inserted subdistally. The other group had a wider than long prostomium, lacked lip glands, and ventral cirri inserted distally; G. ro s e a (Malmgren, 1874) grouped with G. mediterranea Pleijel, 1993, together with Amphiduros fuscescens (Marenzeller, 1875). Pleijel (1993 a: 176) indicated that the only difference between Amphiduros and Gyptis was that the former did not have marginal papillae in the pharynx, although in the key (p. 179) he added that the species of Gyptis had small eyes, acicular notochaetae present and annulated dorsal cirri instead of large eyes, acicular notochaetae absent and non-annulated dorsal cirri as in Amphiduros. In a later paper, Pleijel (1993 b) redescribed G. vittata Webster & Benedict, 1887 and described G. crypta. These two species belong to different groups, such that G. v i t t a t a falls within Gyptis sensu stricto, whereas G. crypta resembles the species in the second above group: Gyptis + Amphiduros. Pleijel (1998) carefully redefined hesionid genera and their phylogenetic affinities. Despite the fact that Amphiduros and Gyptis branched out as sister groups (Pleijel 1998: 102, Fig. 2), his diagnoses were not antagonistic but different, and the presence of pharynx papillae or the ventral cirri insertion were not homogeneously used for diagnosing these two genera. However, for Amphiduros a pharynx without papillae was stated, and in the extended diagnosis he included (Pleijel 1998: 128) “ lip glands absent; … ventral cirri distally inserted on neuropodium ”. Likewise, for the description for Gyptis, a pharynx with 10 or more papillae, “ lips glands absent or present, ” and ventral cirri “ subdistally or distally inserted on neuropodium ” (Pleijel 1998: 132) was also included. Later, Pleijel (2001) revised Amphiduros Hartman, 1959, with Amphidromus setosus Hessle, 1925, as type species, and proposed a new genus Amphiduropsis for Amphiduros axialensis Blake & Hilbig, 1990. He examined living specimens together with museum materials and concluded that just one cosmopolitan species could be recognized, i. e. A. fuscescens, originally described from the Mediterranean Sea. Two Amphiduros species described from Japan: A. izukai (Hessle, 1925: 28 – 29) and A. setosus (Hessle, 1925: 26 – 28) were regarded as junior synonyms of A. pacificus Hartman, 1961 from California; the Japanese species are probably synonyms to each other with the latter as the senior one. He regarded as junior synonyms two species described from Japan: A. izukai (Hessle, 1925: 28 – 29) and A. setosus (Hessle, 1925: 26 – 26) which are probably synonyms to each other with the latter as the senior one, and Amphiduros pacificus Hartman, 1961 from California. This conclusion is remarkable because of some critical factors; for example, Pleijel (2001: 18, Fig. 2) provided some color photographs which show interesting and probably diagnostic differences in several features such as relative pigmentation, prostomial and eyes relative size, dorsal cirri size and shape, pharynx relative length, and stomach wall definition. He also provided SEM plates, and despite the fact that the illustrated objects are not standardized in perspective or relative size, there are other interesting differences. For example, the Australian specimen (p. 22, Fig. 4) has blunt, medially swollen dorsal cirri and subdistally constricted ventral cirri, while the specimen from Los Angeles (p. 23, Fig. 5) has cirriform dorsal cirri and tapered ventral cirri, and the specimen from Banyuls (p. 24, Fig. 6) has slightly swollen dorsal cirri and cirriform or distally constricted ventral cirri. In a more recent contribution, Pleijel et al. (2012) proposed a new genus, Neogyptis, for some species that were formerly included in Gyptis, but lacked lip glands. Their analyses showed that Amphiduros was the sister group to Neogyptis, and that these were far from Gyptis, which grouped with Ophiodromus and Podarkeopsis. It is noteworthy that they found that A. fuscescens and A. pacificus were distinct (contrary to what had been proposed by Pleijel (2001: 25) “ I currently cannot provide decisive evidence for more than a single lineage for the nominal taxa A. fuscensces, A. izukai, A. pacificus, and A. setosus ”), and that they found no “ morphological apomorphies for Neogyptis at the exclusion of Amphiduros. However, the molecular data provide strong support for a sister group relationship between the two taxa ” (Pleijel et al. 2012: 476). Another interesting fact is that they had no material of N. hongkongensis for molecular studies but retained it in the new genus because ventral cirri are inserted distally despite the fact it has lip glands, which are restricted to Gyptis. We think N. hongkongensis should be transferred to Gyptis. However, a formal new combination must rest on the study of type materials and this should be done in the future.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E17FF90FF5CFE996FE503CD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, MZUSP 386, 23 ° 46.955 ' S 45 ° 10.421 ' W, off São Sebastião, SP, Sta. 156 I, subtidal, 39.3 m depth, fine sand, 27. VI. 2002; paratype (1): MZUSP 385 (1), 23 ° 33.745 ' S 45 ° 04.038 ' W, off Ubatuba, SP, Sta. 131 I, subtidal, 23.4 m depth, very fine sand, 23. III. 2002.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E17FF90FF5CFE996FE503CD.taxon	description	Description. Incomplete individuals; holotype 3.5 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, and paratype 2.5 mm long, 1.1 mm wide; both with 10 chaetigers. Body whitish; prostomium, basis of parapodial lobes, palpostyles and cirrostyles yellowish to brownish. Reddish pigmentation present on dorsal basal side of tentacular cirri and on posterior side of first parapodial lobes. Body wider anteriorly, posteriorly tapered. Prostomium rectangular with rounded margin, slightly wider than long (Figs. 4 A – B); anterior prostomium margin with lateral antennae with two minute lateroventral papillae. Palps placed external to antennae; palpophores long, about two-thirds of palp length; palpostyles digitiform, blunt (Fig. 4 A). Lateral antennae inserted frontally, digitiform, slender, about as long as palps (Fig. 4 B); lost in paratype. Median antenna filiform located centrally on prostomium, at the same level as anterior eyes, reaching anterior prostomial margin (Fig. 4 A); lost in holotype. Two pairs of reddish eyes, dorsolateral; anterior pair larger, semicircular, posterior ones punctiform, closer to each other, located near posterior prostomial margin. Nuchal organ ciliated, dorsolateral, on prostomial posterior margins. Pharynx muscular, as long as first 8 chaetigers. Pharynx everted in paratype, with 60 fringed papillae and other 7 – 8 longer papillae, each three times longer than surrounding ones, placed subdistally (Fig. 4 A). Eight pairs of tentacular cirri, biarticulate; cirrophores short, stout, one-fourth as long as cirrostyles; cirrostyle long, digitiform, moniliform, blunt; dorsal ones longer and stouter than ventral ones. First and second pairs of tentacular cirri dorsolateral; third and fourth lateroventral. Chaetae from segment 5. First chaetiger uniramous, only with neurochaetae; following chaetigers biramous. Notopodial lobe conical to subtriangular, shorter than neuropodial lobe (Fig. 4 C). Most dorsal cirri lost, or distally fragmented; cirrophore short, stout, cirrostyle long, smooth. Notoaciculae straight or slightly curved distally, not protruding (Fig. 4 C). Four types of notochaetae: i) One acicular chaeta, stout, distally blunt, central to the bundle (Fig. 4 D); ii) about 10 longer capillary chaetae, denticulate (Fig. 4 E); iii) 1 – 2 medium-sized capillary chaetae, with two basal rows of alternating denticles (Fig. 4 F); and iv) a stout short chaeta, serrated, curved, less than half as long as capillary ones, in inferior position (Fig. 4 G). One neuroacicula, slender, straight or slightly bent, not protruding. Prechaetal lobe long, distally slender; postchaetal lobe rounded, shorter than prechaetal one (Fig. 4 C). Ventral cirri digitiform, distally slender, inserted subdistally on parapodial lobe, extending slightly beyond prechaetal lobe; cirrophore indistinct (Fig. 4 C). Neurochaetae of five types: i) two simple straight chaetae, blunt, striated, margin serrate medially to distally, positioned superiorly in bundle (Fig. 4 H); ii) about five long heterogomph falcigers, at least twice as long as simple ones, blade long, bidentate, margin slightly serrate, positioned medially to superiorly in bundle (Fig. 4 I); iii) about seven striated heterogomph falcigers with medium-sized blades, bidentate, smooth; iv) about two falcigers with short falciform blade, smooth, bidentate, positioned medially to inferior on the bundle (Fig. 4 J); and v) geniculate acicular chaetae, subdistally constricted, tip acute, in inferior position (Fig. 4 K).	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E17FF90FF5CFE996FE503CD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the key, the new species is near of N. mediterranea (Pleijel, 1993) by having pharynx with 20 or more papillae. However, N. nonatoi n. sp. differ by having median antenna blunt, pharynx with 60 papillae, and eyes minute instead of median antenna tapered, pharynx with less than 32 papillae, and eyes large. Neogyptis nonatoi n. sp. also resembles N. crypta (Pleijel, 1993), and N. plurisetis (Hilbig, 1992). Neogyptis nonatoi n. sp. differs from the former by having a few acicular notochaetae with blunt tip, a small number of compound neurochaetae, simple capillary neurochaetae distally curved, and much more slender notopodial and neuropodial lobes. It is distinguishable from N. plurisetis by having five types of neurochaetae. After the study of one paratype of N. plurisetis (USNM 75212), we notice that there is more than one type of neurochaetae, instead of having only falciger chaetae as was indicated in the original description. Besides having compound falcigers, N. plurisetis has only thin simple capillaries, differing from any kind of neurochaetae of N. nonatoi n. sp. Another difference is that the notochaetae of N. plurisetis include 1 – 2 thin smooth capillaries of about the same length as acicular ones. There are less pharyngeal papillae and these are further apart from each other, and more conical and shorter than those of N. nonatoi, which are fringed, longer, more close-set, and additionally have some even longer lateral papillae. Other species can be separated as indicated in the key below.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E17FF90FF5CFE996FE503CD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is dedicated to Prof. Edmundo F. Nonato, who was the first Brazilian polychaetologist, as a modest recognition to his enthusiasm for research that started over 60 years ago! Distribution. Brazil, Ubatuba and São Sebastião, SP, in sediments at 23.4 – 39.3 m depth.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E11FF93FF5CFE026A8307AD.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Oxydromus fasciatus Grube, 1855, by monotypy.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E11FF93FF5CFE026A8307AD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (modified from Pleijel 1998; Parapar et al. 2004): Ophiodrominae with uniform brown pigmentation occasionally with transversal whitish stripes; prostomium rounded to rectangular with facial tubercle, a pair of biarticulate palpi, and bearing three antennae, with the median antenna frontally inserted; six pairs of enlarged tentacular cirri; pharynx without papillae or jaws; prolonged neuropodial lobes; notopodia and notochaetae absent from segments 1 to 5; furcated and capillary simple notochaetae; composed neurochaetae.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E11FF93FF5CFE026A8307AD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Villalobos-Guerrero & Harris (2012) have reinstated Oxydromus over Ophiodromus because the former was erroneously regarded a junior homonym of Oxydromus Schlegel, 1854 (Aves, Gruiformes, Rallidae), which was an incorrect subsequent spelling of Ocydromus Wagler, 1830.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E12FF8FFF5CF9E6699805E6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, MZUSP 491, 23 ° 47.414 ' S 45 ° 21.800 ' W, Engenho d’Água Beach, São Paulo State, intertidal, 27. xi. 1996. Paratypes (10): MZUSP 436 (5), 23 ° 22 ' 29.9 " S 44 ° 53 ' 58.4 " W, Porcos Pequenos Island, Ubatuba, SP, Sta. F 2, intertidal, on algae Sargassum sp., 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 439 (2), 23 ° 05 ' 04 " S 45 ° 18 ' 50 " W, Massaguaçú Island, Caraguatatuba, SP, Sta. F 4, intertidal, on algae Dyctiota sp.; MZUSP 473 (1), 23 ° 24 ' 41 " S 44 ° 55 ' 14 " W, off Ubatuba, SP, Sta. 175 I, subtidal, 7.8 m depth, 19. viii. 2002; MZUSP 481 (1), 23 ° 48 ' 45 " S 45 ° 26 ' 15 " W, São Francisco Beach, SP, 20. v. 2000; MZUSP 493 (1), 23 ° 48 ' 45 " S 45 ° 26 ' 15 " W, Araçá Beach, SP, intertidal, 18. ii. 1997. Additional material. 354 specimens: Baleia Beach, São Sebastião, SP, intertidal, on Sargassum sp. (23 ° 46 ' 27.8 " S 45 ° 40 ' 31 " W): MZUSP 405 (1), Sta. F 9, 14. xi. 2001; MZUSP 417 (2), Sta. F 12, 14. xi. 2001; MZUSP 420 (2), Sta. F 10, 14. xi. 2001; MZUSP 428 (1), Sta. F 5, 14. ix. 2001; MZUSP 435 (3), Sta. F 14, 14. xi. 2001; MZUSP 462 (1), Sta. S 1 T 3 Q 52, 13. xii. 2001; MZUSP 465 (1), Sta. ST 2 Q 3, 12. xii. 2001. Massaguaçú Beach, Caraguatatuba, SP, intertidal on Dictyota sp. or Sargassum sp. (23 ° 35 ' 04 " S 45 ° 18 ' 50 " W): MZUSP 396 (1), Sta. F 5, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 422 (1), Sta. F 4, 27. ix. 2001; MZUSP 423 (1), Sta. F 15, 27. ix. 2001; MZUSP 424 (1), Sta. F 3, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 426 (2), Sta. F 6, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 427 (1), Sta. F 10, 27. ix. 2001; MZUSP 438 (4), Sta. F 2, 28. vii. 2001; 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 441 (1), Sta. F 9, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 444 (2), Sta. F 14, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 447 (1), Sta. F 10, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 448 (2), Sta. F 6, 27. ix. 2001; MZUSP 451 (1), Sta. F 7, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 458 (2), Sta. F 13, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 460 (3), Sta. S 1 T 3 Q 6, 19. ix. 2001; MZUSP 469 (1), Sta. S 1 T 3 Q 5, 19. ix. 2001. Picinguaba Bay, Ubatuba, SP, intertidal, on Sargassum sp. (23 ° 35 ' 04 " S 45 ° 18 ' 50 " W): MZUSP 390 (4), Sta. F 11, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 391 (2), Sta. F 15, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 392 (2), Sta. F 3, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 393 (1), Sta. F 8, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 394 (5), Sta. F 3, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 399 (4), Sta. F 2, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 400 (20), Sta. F 5, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 401 (9), Sta. F 6, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 402 (1), Sta. F 6, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 403 (2), Sta. F 17, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 404 (8), Sta. F 17, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 406 (18), Sta. F 19, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 407 (3), Sta. F 16, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 408 (3), Sta. F 19, 08. iv. 2001; MZUSP 409 (10), Sta. F 9, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 410 (5), Sta. F 15, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 415 (2), Sta. F 13, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 416 (13), Sta. F 12, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 419 (1), Sta. F 14, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 432 (20), Sta. F 14, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 433 (1), Sta. F 14, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 434 (1), Sta. F 14, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 440 (2), Sta. F 7, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 442 (16), Sta. F 10, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 446 (5), Sta. F 9, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 450 (2), Sta. F 14, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 453 (4), Sta. F 18, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 454 (6), Sta. F 6, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 455 (4), Sta. F 3, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 457 (1), Sta. F 11, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 459 (1), Sta. S 1 T 1 Q 2, 17. x. 2001; MZUSP 464 (1), Sta. S 1 T 3 Q 13, 17. x. 2001; MZUSP 466 (1), Sta. S 1 T 1 Q 7, 09. ix. 2001; MZUSP 468 (1), Sta. S 1 T 1 Q 3, 17. x. 2001; MZUSP 472 (1), Sta. S 1 T 2 Q 19, 09. v. 2001. Porcos Pequenos Island, Ubatuba, SP, intertidal on Sargassum sp. (23 ° 22 ' 29.9 " S 44 ° 53 ' 58.4 " W): MZUSP 398 (4), uba, SP, Sta. F 7, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 411 (7), Sta. F 11, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 412 (4), Sta. F 20, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 413 (7), Sta. F 13, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 414 (8), Sta. F 17, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 418 (8), Sta. F 4, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 421 (5), Sta. F 1, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 425 (8), Sta. F 4, 08. x. 2001; MZUSP 429 (1), Sta. F 13, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 430 (3), Sta. F 16, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 431 (1), Sta. F 2, on Dictyota sp., 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 437 (2), Sta. F 19, 18. x. 2001; MZUSP 443 (5), Sta. F 20, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 445 (4), Sta. F 18, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 449 (11), Sta. F 2, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 452 (6), Sta. F 15, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 456 (3), Sta. F 1, 18. x. 2001. Toque Toque Grande Beach, rocky shore, intertidal, São Sebastião, SP (23 ° 50 ' 03.8 " S 45 ° 30 ' 38.4 " W): MZUSP 470 (1), SP, Sta. S 2 T 1 Q 7, 10. iv. 2001; Sta. S 2 T 1 Q 1, 10. iv. 2001. Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba and São Sebastião Beaches, intertidal, rocky shore (23 ° 22 ' 26.6 " S 44 ° 50 ' 20.3 " W – 23 ° 50 ' 11.8 " S 45 ° 30 ' 39.8 " W): MZUSP 461 (3), Sta. S 84 NE, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 476 (1), Sta. S 39 N 1, 09. vi. 2001; MZUSP 477 (1), Sta. S 2 T 2 Q 15, 15. iii. 2001; MZUSP 478 (3), Sta. S 11 N 7, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 480 (1), Sta. N 46 F 1, 18. ix. 2001; MZUSP 482 (1), Sta. N 66 S 33 N 8, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 483 (1), Sta. N 53 S 1 S 11 N 3, 10. iv. 2001; MZUSP 484 (1), Sta. S 11 N 3, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 485 (2), Sta. S 33 N 2, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 486 (1), Sta. S 11 N 7, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 487 (3), Sta. S 87 N 1, 08. vi. 2001; MZUSP 488 (2), Sta. N 60 Q 9, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 489 (2), Sta. N 62 Q 14, 16. iii. 2001; MZUSP 490 (1), Sta. S 11 N 3, 16. iii. 2001. Off São Paulo State, shallow subtidal (23 ° 21 ' 26.2 " S 44 ° 51 ' 57.4 " W – 23 ° 56 ' 596 " S 45 ° 13 ' 881 " W): MZUSP 474 (1), Sta. 178 I, 7.3 m, 19. viii. 2002; MZUSP 475 (1), Sta. 148 i, 30.1 m, 20. v. 2002; MZUSP 494 (1), Sta. 6751 I, 23 ° 06.15 ' S 42 ° 24.40 ' W, 93 m, 16. ii. 1998; MZUSP 495 (1), Sta. 6769 I, 22 ° 02.87 ' S 40 ° 05.93 ' W, 93 m, 02. iii. 1998; MZUSP 496 (2), Sta. 6772 I, 21 ° 51.77 ' S 40 ° 04.49 ' W, 110 m, 02. iii. 1998.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E12FF8FFF5CF9E6699805E6.taxon	description	Description. Complete specimens (n = 50) 0.7 – 10.0 mm long (x = 4.33, sd = 2.47), 0.2 – 1.1 mm wide (x = 0.53, sd = 0.22), 8 – 45 chaetigers (x = 27.96, sd = 9.52). Coloration varying from yellowish to dark brown, without any pattern of pigmentation. Body subcylindrical. Prostomium rounded to subtriangular, as long as wide (Fig. 5 A). Palps biarticulate; palpophores short, stout, cylindrical, one-third as long as palpostyle; palpostyle conical, tapered. Lateral antennae conical, as long as palps. Median antenna conical, short, one-third as long as lateral ones, inserted frontally. Two pairs of large eyes, orange to reddish, lenticulate (rarely eyes without pigmentation); anterior eyes reniform shaped, posterior ones rounded (Fig. 5 A). Nuchal organs distinct, on prostomial posterior margins, mid-dorsally separated. Six pairs of tentacular cirri, long, unequal; first two pairs in segment 1, third pair on segment 2. Tentacular cirri with cirrophores stout, cylindrical, short; cirrostyles long, tapered. First chaetiger in segment 3; segments 3 – 5 (chaetigers 1 – 3) with notopodia more displaced dorsally than following chaetigers, reduced to cirrophores and cirrostyles, and supported by 1 – 3 notoaciculae, not protruding; notochaetae absent (Fig. 6 B – C). From segments 6 – 8 (chaetigers 4 – 6), lateral notopodia shorter than neuropodia, with 1 – 4 notoaciculae x = 2) slender, curved, not protruding (Fig. 6 D – E); notochaetae one or two (x = 1) long, slender furcated chaetae, shaft serrated below shorter tine; longer tine four times length of shorter; superior tine four times longer than inferior one (Fig. 5 D). Neuropodia subtriangular, with 1 – 3, usually 1, stout neuroacicula, straight, not protruding. Neurochaetae falcigers, 4 – 10 supra-acicular, 8 – 16 sub-acicular, bidentate with short to long blades, serrate (Fig. 5 F); medially placed chaetae with longer narrow blades (Fig. 5 E). Dorsal cirri with cirrostyles, weakly annulated; dorsal ones about three times longer than ventral ones. Ventral cirri smooth, about as long as parapodial lobes (Fig. 6 B – E). Pygidium rounded; anal cirri long (Fig. 5 C). Pharynx muscular, coarse, with a subdistal ring, ciliated or fringed; papillae absent. Oocytes about 50 µm in diameter, present from anterior to posterior region of the body. Juveniles or newly settled specimens with 8 chaetigers are 0.7 x 0.2 mm (length x width), have well-developed eyes, cephalic appendages, parapodial lobes and chaetae (MZUSP 439, Fig. 5 A). One specimen, apparently epitokous, has large eyes and long abundant neurochaetae (MZUSP 493, Fig. 5 B).	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E12FF8FFF5CF9E6699805E6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Oxydromus lanai n. sp. resembles O. obscurus (Verrill, 1873) as recorded by Uebelacker (1984), O. pugettensis as recorded by Hilbig (1994), and O. cf. guanicus by Hartman (1951). In the original description of O. obscurus, Verrill (1873) indicated four pairs of eyes with usually two minute additional eyespots. Upon the examination of type material (USNM 9695; 25 specimens), we observed that eyes are apparently absent or, if present, are colorless now. Further, it was not possible to see a mark where the eyes could have been, such as that observed in some of our eye-less specimens. Some cryptic specimens of O. lanai n. sp. found on algae have colorless eyes; however, the epitoke has very large reddish eyes. We found also two types of neurochaetae in O. obscure. Most were compound falcigers of variable lengths, but there was an additional simple neurochaeta, bidentate, marginally fringed, and positioned inferiorly in most parapodia. This was not mentioned in the original description. The pharynx of O. obscurus, when evaginated, is longer, and does not have fringe or papilla on its border, differing from O. lanai n. sp. For Panamanian polychaetes, Fauchald & Reimer (1975: 83) and Fauchald (1977: 16) used the relative development of parapodial lobes to separate O. obscurus (Verrill, 1873) from O. pugettensis (Johnson, 1901), with the former provided with a long postchaetal neuropodial lobe, and the latter with all pre- and postchaetal lobes of the same length. As for their distribution in Panama, O. obscurus was recorded from the Caribbean coast and O. pugettensis for the Pacific coast. However, type localities for both species are in temperate or cold-temperate waters, so both are questionable records for Panamanian beaches. Oxydromus pugettensis has usually two, instead of one, furcate notochaeta, each being long and slender, with shorter tine serrated basally. Further, this species has been regarded as having a wide distribution along the Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Washington to Panama. An incomplete specimen from the Pacific coast of Panama, collected in Paitilla Beach, was identified as O. pugettensis by Fauchald (USNM 061648) and it resembles the Brazilian specimens in having one furcate notochaeta with serrated shaft. It will be necessary to examine more material from the Pacific coast of Panama to determine whether Oxydromus lanai n. sp. occurs there too.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E12FF8FFF5CF9E6699805E6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Paulo C. Lana, in recognition of his enthusiasm and leadership in Brazilian polychaete systematics, and for his many publications.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E12FF8FFF5CF9E6699805E6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo States, in rocky shores and algae (Sargassum sp. and Dictyota sp.), rarely on subtidal bottoms, 0 – 110 m.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E0FFF8EFF5CFF49685B03E5.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Podarkeopsis galangaui Laubier, 1961, by monotypy.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E0FFF8EFF5CFF49685B03E5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (modified from Pleijel 1998): Ophiodrominae with median antennal frontally inserted, median antennal furrows, pharynx with 10 papillae, prolonged neuropodial lobes, notochaetae absent from segments 7 and 8, furcate notochaetae and, possibly, external acicular notochaetae.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E0FFF88FF5CFA9B696A02BD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Paratype, BMNH 1983.957 (1), 27 ° 22 ' 08 " N, 80 ° 13 ’ 46 " W, East of F. P. and L. Electrical generating company, Florida, USA, Stn. 5, Coll. Shipek Grab., R. Gallagher., J. Cobb and C. Futch, 11.5 m depth, 1. iii. 1972; paratypes, BMNH 1983.960 – 963 (3), 27 ° 53 ' 45 " N, 82 ° 37 ' 55 " W, Old Tampa Bay, Pinellas County, Florida, USA, Stn. 5, Coll. dredged, 1 m depth, sand with algae and Diplanthera, 1. vi. 1963; paratypes, ZMUC Pol- 1405 (6), Safety Harbour, Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, 19. vi. 1963; paratype, ZMUC Pol- 1407 (1), Boca Ciega Bay, Florida, 25. ix. 1963; paratypes, ZMUC Pol- 1406 (2), Old Tampa Bay, Florida, 24. vii. 1963; paratype, ZMUC Pol- 1404 (1), Hutchinson Island, W. Florida, USA, Sta. V EJ 73 - 400, v. 1973; paratypes, ZMUC 1983.958 - 959 (2), 27 ° 51 ' 53 " N, 82 ° 27 ' 48 " W, Hillsborough County, Florida, USA, Sta. 9 - 4, depth 3 m, sand, 21. vi. 1963. Additional material. 7 specimens: MZUSP 497 (1), 23 ° 50 ' 44 " S 45 ° 31 ' 36 " W, off São Sebastião, SP, Sta. 105 I, subtidal, 20 m depth, 14. xii. 2001; MZUSP 498 (1), 23 ° 31 ' 39 " S 45 ° 02 ' 21 " W, off Ubatuba, SP, Sta. 127 I, subtidal, depth 14 m, 21. iii. 2002; MZUSP 499 (1), 23 ° 41 ' 42 " S 45 ° 17 ' 39 " W, off Caraguatatuba, SP, Sta. 151 I, subtidal, 15 m depth, 23. v. 2002; MZUSP 500 (1), 23 ° 35 ' 17 " S 45 ° 09 ' 24 " W, off Ubatuba, SP, Sta. 141 I, subtidal, 15 m depth, 16. iv. 2002; MZUSP 501 (1), 23 ° 42 ' 03 " S 45 ° 14 ' 27 " W, off Caraguatatuba, SP, Sta. 150 I, subtidal, depth 20 m, 20. v. 2002; MZUSP 502 (1), 23 ° 56 ' 13 " S 45 ° 17 ' 01 " W, off São Sebastião, SP, Sta. 160 I, subtidal, 30 m depth, 26. vi. 2002; MZUSP 503 (1), 23 ° 24 ' 56 " S 44 ° 51 ' 34 " W, off Ubatuba, SP, Sta. 61 I, subtidal, 15 m depth, 25. viii. 2001.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E0FFF88FF5CFA9B696A02BD.taxon	description	Redescription. Paratypes include complete (34 – 42 chaetigers) or incomplete specimens, one broken in three parts, 8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, 42 chaetigers (BMNH 1983.957); one complete with 38 chaetigers and another incomplete with 32 chaetigers (BMNH 1983.958 - 959); one complete with 34 chaetigers (ZMUC Pol- 1405); two incompletes 4.5 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 24 chaetigers, and 2.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, 16 chaetigers (ZMUC Pol- 1406); one incomplete with 15 chaetigers (ZMUC Pol- 1407); one incomplete 2.7 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, 19 chaetigers. Coloration yellowish, without pigmentation pattern. Body subcylindrical, wider anteriorly, tapered posteriorly. Prostomium quadrangular, slightly wider than long. Median antenna less than half the length of lateral ones; lateral antennae inserted frontally, as large as palpi; left lateral antenna lost (BMNH 1983.960 - 963). Palps located outside lateral antennae; palpophore robust with 2 / 3 of the palp total length, palpostyle digitiform. Two pairs of coalescent eyes; anterior eyes lenticulate, located dorso-laterally near posterior prostomial margins. Nuchal organs distinct, between prostomial posterior margin and peristomium. Pharynx short, with 10 subdistal short, conical papillae. First tentacular segment dorsally reduced. Eight pairs of long tentacular cirri; first pair dorsolateral, second pair lateral, third and fourth ones latero-ventral; largest cirri on segment 2 extending to chaetiger 8; ventral ones smaller. Chaetigers 1 – 4 sub-biramous; following chaetigers biramous. Notopodia short, subtriangular from chaetiger 5. Dorsal cirri lost; cirrophores robust, not extending beyond notopodial lobes; at least three times longer than ventral cirri (BMNH 1983.960 - 963). Notochaetae of three types: i) 1 – 3 smooth acicular, straight or slightly curved, arising from superior part of the bundle; ii) 3 – 5 asymmetrical furcated chaetae, with smaller tine bifid, one-fourth shorter than longer tine, in inferior position in chaetal bundles; iii) some slender capillaries, about twice as long as others, located in middle of the bundle in median to posterior chaetigers. Neuropodial lobes conical, prechaetal lobes subtriangular, postchaetal ones shorter, rounded to subtriangular. Ventral cirri conical, as long as postchaetal lobes. Neurochaetae heterogomph falcigers, bidentate, in several sizes; longer ones located medially in bundle. Pygidium rounded; anus ventral; anal cirri filiform, one broken, the other lost.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E0FFF88FF5CFA9B696A02BD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the following description based on additional material from Brazil, one complete specimen was separated in two parts, 15 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, 52 chaetigers (MZUSP 503), and incomplete specimens had 2.5 – 7.5 x 0.6 – 0.9 mm, 11 – 38 chaetigers. Prostomium rectangular, anteriorly rounded (Fig. 7 A). Median antenna about half as long as lateral ones; lateral antennae one-third shorter than palps. Reddish lenticulate coalescent eyes. Pharynx extending to chaetigers 4 – 5. Eight pairs of long tentacular cirri; the largest cirri — the fourth pair (segment 2 above) — extends to chaetiger 3; most tentacular cirri lost (Fig. 7 A). Chaetigers 1 – 4 sub-biramous (Fig. 7 B), others biramous (Fig. 7 C – D). Notopodia with 1 – 2 aciculae. Dorsal cirri from chaetiger 5; most dorsal cirri lost; cirrophores robust; cirrostyles slender, extending beyond parapodial lobes (Fig. 7 C). Notochaetae of three types: i) 1 – 3 acicular, basally striated, blunt (Fig. 7 E); ii) 4 – 6 asymmetrical furcates, smooth, with one tine bifid, twice as long as shorter tine, slender distally (Fig. 7 F), and iii) 1 – 4 (usually 1) smooth slender capillaries, longer than acicular ones (Fig. 7 G). Neuropodial prechaetal lobes subtriangular, postchaetal ones shorter, bearing 1 – 2 aciculae (Fig. 7 B – D). All 20 – 30 neurochaetae heterogomph falcigers, bidentate, marginally serrate with tiny teeth (Fig. 6 H). Ventral cirri digitiform, easily lost, about as long as the prechaetal lobes (Fig. 7 D). Discussion: In the original description, only two types of notochaetae (acicular and furcate) were included. Type material, however, has a third type of notochaetae — slender simple capillaries, which are almost twice as long as the others, located in median position, justifying here a redescription. One of the incomplete paratypes (BMNH 1983.960 - 963), with only 8 chaetigers on left side, may be different from P. levisfuscina Perkins, 1984, because it has a rounded prostomium, as long as wide, two pairs of large eyes, the anterior eyes without lenses, and median antenna short, about half as long as the lateral ones. Podarkeopsis levifuscina differs from the other members of the genus by having furcate notochaetae with smooth shafts, and with the shorter tine distally slender and the longer distally bifid.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
03CE170F9E0FFF88FF5CFA9B696A02BD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. North Carolina, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Tamiahua Lagoon, Veracruz, Términos Lagoon, Campeche and Brazil (from Ubatuba to São Sebastião, SP), 10 – 189 m. In Brazil, it occurs in 16.2 – 29.0 m, on sandy-mud, mud or sandy bottoms.	en	Rizzo, Alexandra E., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2014): Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 3856 (2): 267-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.2.7
