taxonID	type	description	language	source
7C2A6740852E5B888412EE15AA089933.taxon	description	Description. Large trees, to 30 m tall. Petiole 1.1 - 1.7 (- 2) cm long; petiolule 4 - 5 mm long; leaflets 6 - 9 (- 10.2) x 2.8 - 4 (- 5.1) cm, elliptic, rarely ovate, straight or slightly falcate due to central vein with an angle c. 10 °, apex acute or obtuse, rarely acuminate, base acute along the inner margin and rounded along the outer margin, distance from the inner margin to central vein 7 - 10 mm in the basal region. Flower buds 2.1 - 2.5 cm long; flower 2.2 - 3.1 cm long; hypanthium 7 - 15 mm long; petals 1.1 - 2.0 cm long. Fruit cylindrical, of uniform width, apex mostly rounded and apiculate. Hymenaea courbaril is defined here more narrowly than the circumscription adopted by Lee and Langenheim (1975), as we are proposing the exclusion of the varieties altissima and longifolia and their recognition as distinct species. In this narrower sense, Hymenaea courbaril is characterized by leaflets with slightly convex inner margins and midrib slightly arched, resulting in an elliptic or ovate outline, not or only slightly falcate, apex mostly acute or obtuse (Figure 3). It presents flowers larger than the other species of the Hymenaea courbaril complex, and cylindrical fruits mostly with more than five seeds (Table 4). It has a wide geographical range, mostly in different nuclei of Seasonally Dry Forests in Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, northern South America, Bolivia, and Brazil (from the Amazon region to Parana State in the south). Nomenclatural problems with several names associated with Hymenaea courbaril were not amended by Lee and Langenheim (1975) when they undertook their taxonomic revision of the genus. No formal type for Hymenaea stilbocarpa was cited by Lee and Langenheim (1975), who stated that no specimen was cited in the original description of Hayne (1830). However, Hayne (1830) based Hymenaea stilbocarpa on material collected by Martius, citing " Waescht in Brasilien in Waeldern der Provinzen S. Paulo, Minas Geraes und Bahia (Martius) ". We found a specimen in the M herbarium collected by Martius in the Brazilian state of Sao Paulo (Santana farm) with an attached label indicating that this plant was distributed over the " Prov. Rio de J °., S. Paulo, Minas Geraes, Bahia ", which probably served as the original material for Hayne's description of Hymenaea stilbocarpa. Thus, we are lectotypifying this species with Martius' specimen held in M under the barcode number M- 0215314. Hymenaea confertifolia Hayne was based on material collected by Sellow and Olfers in Brazil (" Waechst in Brasilien (Olfers u. Sellow) "; Hayne 1830: table 9). Lee and Langenheim (1975: 88) stated that this name was based on Sellow 1025 and that the " holotype " in the B herbarium was destroyed. However, as Hayne (1830) did not refer to one particular specimen, all materials collected by Sellow or Olfers that can be linked with Hymenaea confertifolia should be considered syntypes. No such specimens can be found in the B herbarium, and were probably destroyed. A duplicate from B collected by Sellow was found in W annotated as Hymenaea confertifolia, and is designated here as the lectotype of this name. Hymenaea retusa Willd. ex Hayne was published as a homotypic synonym of Hymenaea candolleana (Hayne 1830). It is thus illegitimate under the Article 52 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al. 2011). Hymenaea courbaril var. obtusifolia Ducke was published based on a tree cultivated in the Para Botanical Garden (now Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, state of Para, Brazil). Lee and Langenheim (1975) misinterpreted this as evidence that the holotype was the specimen in the herbarium of this museum (MG). However, Ducke (1925: 47) explicitly stated that " specimina florifera and fructus in herb. Jard. Bot. Rio n. 16.906 ", and thus the RB material should be considered as the holotype of this name. Ducke (1925: 265) did not cite any specimen when describing Hymenaea courbaril var. subsessilis Ducke. Lee and Langenheim (1975) did not explicitly designate a type for this variety, but chose a " representative specimen " collected " in the same general area believed to be the type locality ". We are accepting it as an inferential typification, and the status of this material should be a neotype since no other specimen was refereed in the protologue.	en	Souza, Isys Mascarenhas, Funch, Ligia Silveira, Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci de (2014): Morphological analyses suggest a new taxonomic circumscription for Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). PhytoKeys 38: 101-118, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.38.7408, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.38.7408
4D2F513F2C365F71B76680CE688F6689.taxon	description	Description. Large trees, up to 38 m tall. Petiole 1 - 1.3 (- 1.7) cm long; petiolule 3 - 4 (- 5) mm long; leaflets 4 - 5.7 (- 6.4) x 2 - 2.5 cm, oval, narrow-elliptic or elliptic, strongly falcate, due to central vein with an angle c. 35 °, apex acuminate, rarely acute, base acute along the inner margin and truncate along the outer margin, distance from the inner margin to central vein 4 - 5 mm in the basal region. Flower buds 1.5 - 2.5 cm long; flower 2 - 2.7 cm long; hypanthium 7 - 12 mm long; petals 1.2 - 1.6 cm long. Fruit cylindrical, of uniform width, apex mostly rounded and apiculate. Hymenaea altissima shows the smallest leaflets and flowers in the species group related to Hymenaea courbaril (Table 4). Additionally, its leaflets are strongly falcate due to the strongly curved and displaced midvein, with an abruptly acuminate apex. The base of the leaflet is acute along the inner margin and truncate along the outer margin (Figure 3). The fruits are mostly cylindrical, as in Hymenaea courbaril, but usually shorter than those of this species (4 - 5 vs. 8 - 20 cm long) because they have only one or two seeds, while in Hymenaea courbaril they usually have six or more seeds. This species is restricted to the coastal rain forests of eastern Brazil, from southern Bahia State to Sao Paulo and Parana states. This species was described by Ducke (1935) as Hymenaea altissima. Lee and Langenheim (1974) treated it as a variety of Hymenaea courbaril. Later, these latter authors highlighted the differences between this taxon and the other varieties as having smaller and falcate leaflets and smaller flowers (Lee and Langenheim 1975: 86), but kept it as a variety of Hymenaea courbaril, a position also adopted by Pestana (2010). Our results indicated that the leaf traits of Hymenaea altissima are clearly distinct of those of Hymenaea courbaril and Hymenaea longifolia. These results, together with the distinctive flower and fruit traits and the coherent distribution and habitat data, all give support to the original view of Ducke (1935) in considering it a different species. Lee and Langenheim (1975: 84) stated that the lectotype of Hymenaea altissima was designated by Egler (1963) as the specimen " A. Ducke RB 30306 ". However, Egler (1963: 51) simply indicated that the type should be " Type: RB 23.306 ". We could not track any specimens of Hymenaea in the RB herbarium with the numbers RB 30306 or RB 23306. We encountered, however, a specimen annotated by Ducke as Hymenaea altissima that was collected in the state of " Rio de Janeiro, Avelar " by G. M. Nunes in 1925 and could be linked to the protologue of Hymenaea altissima (Ducke 1935). This specimen is numbered RB 20306, and we are assuming that both Egler (1963) and Lee and Langenheim (1975) erroneously noted the RB number when referring to the lectotype of Hymenaea altissima.	en	Souza, Isys Mascarenhas, Funch, Ligia Silveira, Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci de (2014): Morphological analyses suggest a new taxonomic circumscription for Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). PhytoKeys 38: 101-118, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.38.7408, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.38.7408
5AC2D4F2DB3D5193B4B1361D58E20B67.taxon	description	Description. Medium-sized trees c. 5 - 12 (- 18) m tall. Petiole 2.6 - 3 cm long; petiolule 7 - 8 mm long; leaflets 10.1 - 12.5 (- 15.4) x 4.5 - 6.5 (- 6.9) cm, elliptic, narrow-elliptic, or oblong, not falcate, due to central vein with an angle c. 24 °, apex obtuse or acute, base acute or rounded along the inner margin and rounded or slightly rounded along the outer margin, distance from the inner margin to central vein 10 - 11 mm in the basal region. Flower buds 2.2 - 3.3 cm long; flower 2.6 - 3.8 cm long; hypanthium 9 - 14 mm long; petals 1.3 - 2.1 cm long. Fruit oblongoid, compressed, wider at distal region, apex slightly truncate and apiculate. Hymenaea longifolia, as circumscribed here, is characterized by large leaflets, both longer and wider than those of the related species Hymenaea courbaril and Hymenaea altissima, with longer petioles and petiolules (Table 4). The leaflets are elliptic or oblong with obtuse (rarely acute) apices and rounded bases along the outer margin (Figure 3). This species occurs in Seasonally Dry Forests within the Caatinga and Cerrado phytogeographical domains in northeastern Brazil, from Ceara State to the northern portion of Bahia State. It was first described by Bentham (1870) as Hymenaea splendida var. longifolia, and considered related to Hymenaea courbaril and Hymenaea stilbocarpa because of the glabrous leaflets, but differing from them by having larger leaflets. Lee and Langenheim (1975) treated all these taxa under a more widely circumscribed Hymenaea courbaril, a position not supported by the results presented here. Lee and Langenheim (1975: 86) misinterpreted the specimen Blanchet 3135 (R) as the holotype of Hymenaea splendida var. longifolia. However, when describing this variety, Bentham (1870: 236) cited two syntypes, Blanchet 3135 (" ad Villa da Barra prov. Bahia ") and Gardner 1938 (" Serra da Araripe, prov. Ceara "). Thus, the material cited by Lee and Langenheim (1975) as the holotype should be considered as a lectotype.	en	Souza, Isys Mascarenhas, Funch, Ligia Silveira, Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci de (2014): Morphological analyses suggest a new taxonomic circumscription for Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). PhytoKeys 38: 101-118, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.38.7408, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.38.7408
