identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C18783FFA0FF8BFCA4FB79FE47FA81.text	03C18783FFA0FF8BFCA4FB79FE47FA81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paradentalium choneides Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Paradentalium choneides n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 1 A-D)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Fiji. South of Viti Levu, MUS ORSTOM 10, stn DW 1388, 18°19’S, 178°02’E, 313-446 m, 1 dd holotype (MNHN 22766). — Stn CP 1390, 18°19’S, 178°05’E, 234-361 m, 1 lv paratype (MNHN 22767).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Fiji, south of Viti Levu, 18°19’S, 178°02’E, 313-446 m (MUSORSTOM 10, stn DW 1388).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — From the Greek chone, choneides meaning “as a funnel”, to highlight the apical callus shape.</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Only type material known.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Fiji. Live in 234- 361 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 15.7 mm long, solid, slightly curved, white and polished.Outline irregularly defined by marked growth lines.Six high, smooth, round-edged ribs fading but not disappearing towards anterior aperture except for the dorsal rib that remains clear. Intercostal spaces smooth, straight to concave at apex area to slightly convex at anterior aperture, no secondary ribs. Ribs protruding slightly at apex where there is a funnel-type callus. Shell section hexagonal. Anterior aperture straight, thin-walled, roughly hexagonal in section. Measurements of holotype: L 15.7, W 1.6, w 0.5, arc 0.5 at 9.2 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>The main characters of Paradentalium choneides n. sp. are the protruding ribs at the apex and the funnel-type callus, newly observed for the genus. This apical characteristic is similar to that of the gadilid genus Entalinopsis Habe, 1957. Paradentalium choneides n. sp. resembles P. intercalatum (Gould, 1859) and P. gradile Chistikov, 1979 in overall outline, but P. choneides n. sp. is narrower, the intercostal spaces are smooth instead of longitudinally sculptured and have no secondary ribs, in contrast to the other species (see Chistikov 1979; Scarabino 1995).Another related species, P.hexagonum (Gould, 1859), is larger, and more curved and tapering (see Scarabino 1995: fig. 28g, h).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA0FF8BFCA4FB79FE47FA81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFA3FF8BFF72FA1FFB8BFA20.text	03C18783FFA3FF8BFF72FA1FFB8BFA20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paradentalium danielleae Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Paradentalium danielleae n. sp. (Fig. 1E, F)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Wallis Island. MUSORSTOM 7, stn DW 583, 13°11’S, 176°14’W, 330-365 m, 1 lv holotype (MNHN 22773); 2 lv, 1 dd paratypes (MNHN 22774).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Wallis Island, 13°11’S, 176°14’W, 330-365 m (MUSORSTOM 7, stn DW 583).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named after Danielle Plaçais, a volunteer at MNHN, in recognition for her careful sorting of many expedition samples.</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Only type material known.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Wallis Island. Live at 330 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 37.2 mm long, solid, polished, translucent white, slightly curved.Six smooth, slim primary ribs, the most evident on the dorsal axis, 2 in dorso-lateral positions and the other 3, less evident, ventrally positioned. Intercostal spaces smooth, straight on posterior third of shell to convex anteriorly.Secondary ribs appear close to apex and all vanish in varying degrees towards the oblique anterior aperture, dorsal sculpture remaining longer while the ventral sculpture vanishes completely. Apex simple, anterior shell section roughly circular with vestige of dorsal rib. Measures of holotype: L 37.2, W 2.4-2.6, w 0.6, arc 2 at 14.5 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>The characteristic distribution of the ribs of P.danielleae n. sp. approaches that of P. rudoi Scarabino 1995, from the western Indian Ocean and P. kabati Scarabino, 2008, from Vanuatu. The main differences (summarized in Table 1) include colour, arc, distance of arc from apex and anterior apertures.</p> <p>Family FUSTIARIIDAE Steiner, 1991</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA3FF8BFF72FA1FFB8BFA20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFA3FF8AFC94F9BEFBD2FDA9.text	03C18783FFA3FF8AFC94F9BEFBD2FDA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fustiaria electra Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Fustiaria electra n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 1 H-K)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Fiji. BORDAU 1, stn DW 1469, Lau Ridge (Vatoa), 19°40’S, 178°10’W, 314-377 m, 1 lv holo-</p> <p>type (MNHN 22775); 1 lv paratype (MNHN 22776). — Stn DW 1472, Lau Ridge (Vatoa), 19°40’S, 178°10’W, 262-266 m, 2 dd paratypes (MNHN 22777).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Fiji, Lau Rigde (Vatoa), 19°40’S, 178°10’W, 314-377 m (BORDAU 1, stn DW 1469).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin electrum meaning “amber”, highlighting the colour of the shell.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Fiji. BORDAU 1, stn DW 1469, Lau Ridge (Vatoa), 19°40’S, 178°10’W, 314-377 m, 3 dd. — Stn DW 1471, Lau Ridge (Vatoa), 19°40’S, 178°10’W, 280-296 m, 2 dd.</p> <p>Tonga. BORDAU 2, stn DW 1532, seamount, 21°44’S, 175°20’W, 322- 322 m, 1 dd. — Stn DW 1535, seamount, 21°43’S, 175°18’W, 268 m, 1 lv, 4 dd. — Stn DW 1587, Vava‘u group, 18°37’S, 173°54’W, 309-400 m, 4 dd. — Stn DW 1634, seamount, 21°45’S, 175°20’W, 321-322 m, 1 dd.</p> <p>Wallis Island. MUSORSTOM 7, stn DW 601, 13°19’S, 176°17’W, 350 m, 1 dd. — Stn DW 610, 13°21’S, 176°09’W, 286 m, 1 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Fiji, Wallis Island and Tonga. Live at 268 m, shells to 350 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 28.6 mm long, solid, polished, slowly tapering and gently curved. Entirely coloured dark-yellow to orange. Apex with short projection of internal wall, oblique on dorsal side, a notch on dorsal side and a long regular slit in the ventral side. Shell section circular.</p> <p>Measurements of holotype:L 28.6, W2.8, w 1.05, arc 2 at 11 from the apex</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Fustiaria electra n. sp. most closely resembles F.caesura (Colman, 1958) (holotype AMS C62230, examined) from eastern Australia, the other completely coloured Fustiaria species described from the area, which is clearly more tapering than F. electra n. sp. (see Scarabino 1995: fig. 88g; Lamprell &amp; Healy 1998). Also more tapering are the other three Fustiaria species that exhibit a long ventral slit in the tropical Pacific: F. nipponica (Yokoyama, 1922), the commonest species, which is translucent white and prefers shallow water; F. mariae Scarabino, 2008, which is coloured only on the apical sector; and F. steineri Scarabino, 2008, which is white and polished, characterized by the different wall thickness of the dorsal and ventral sides, and which tapers clearly more rapidly than the other species (see Scarabino 1995: fig. 88e; 2008).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA3FF8AFC94F9BEFBD2FDA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFA2FF8CFC84FD27FDA5FC2D.text	03C18783FFA2FF8CFC84FD27FDA5FC2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fustiaria diaphana Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Fustiaria diaphana n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 1 L-O)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Coral Sea. EBISCO, stn DW 2639, 20°47’S, 161°01’E, 289-294 m, 1 dd holotype (MNHN 22778); 2 dd paratypes (MNHN 22779).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Coral Sea, south of Lansdowne Bank, 20°47’S, 161°01’W, 289-294 m (EBISCO, stn DW 2639).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — The species epithet derives from the Greek, meaning translucent.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Coral Sea. EBISCO, stn DW 2639, 20°47’S, 161°01’E, 289-294 m, 14 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Coral Sea. Shells at 289- 294 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 35.3 mm long, well curved, translucent, very gradually tapering, smooth, growth lines noticeable, thick-walled for ¾ from apex becoming thin-walled and fragile towards the anterior aperture, cross section slightly laterally compressed throughout. Apical and anterior apertures straight, apical callus thick, walls oblique to lumen, ventral side exhibits a vertical</p> <p>A C D</p> <p>J</p> <p>K</p> <p>series of V-shaped threads that continue for a short distance internally in the ventral axis of shell, visible because of the transparency of the shell. Lumen also laterally oval, internal wall extends outside, entire on dorsal side and fissured ventrally. Measurements of holotype: L 35.5, W 1.6-1.51, apex 1.23-1.10, arc 3.6 at 17 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Fustiaria diaphana n. sp. is characterized primarily by its almost parallel sides, resembling some species of Episiphon but clearly differing in the apex and apical callus. As no radular information is available, the allocation of the new species in Fustiaria must be considered tentative but here suggested given the similarity of the apical structure with Fustiaria langfordi (Habe, 1963) and F. vagina Scarabino, 1995 (see Scarabino 1995: fig. 88h, i). Young specimens show the apex slightly oblique, the dorsal side longer and a shallow notch in the ventral axis, resembling F. vagina apical morphology.</p> <p>Family GADILINIDAE Chistikov, 1975</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA2FF8CFC84FD27FDA5FC2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFA4FF8CFF5EFBBBFB74FA81.text	03C18783FFA4FF8CFF5EFBBBFB74FA81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gadilina lauensis Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Gadilina lauensis n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 1G, P-T)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Fiji. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-179.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -179.83333/lat -16.466667)">Lau Ridge</a>, BORDAU 1, stn CP 1400, 16°28’S, 179°50’W, 1004-1012 m, 1 lv holotype (MNHN 22780); 3 dd paratypes (MNHN 22781).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Fiji, Lau Ridge, 16°28’S, 179°50’W, 1004-1012 m (BORDAU 1, stn CP 1400).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — From Lau Ridge, the type locality.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Fiji. Lau Ridge, BOR DAU 1, stn CP 1400, 16°28’S, 179°50’W, 1004-1012 m, 3 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Fiji. Live at 1004-1012 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 58.8 mm long, slender, smooth, polished, translucent, rather strongly curved and thin-walled. Transverse section suboval throughout, slightly flattened on dorsal side and rounded ventrally. Anterior aperture straight, apex with a thick callus and lumen slightly oval.</p> <p>Radula: rachidian tooth slightly curved in section, anterior margin irregular, internal face irregularly rough with a medial knob; lateral teeth wide, head roughly granulose, with three major primary cusps, the central quite pointed, and five small denticles on the internal face; marginal teeth sinusoidal, with a small cusp in the anterior angle connecting with laterals.</p> <p>Measurements of holotype: L 58.8, W 3.42-3.2, w 0.65, arc 5 at 26 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>The most similar species to G. lauensis n. sp. is Gadilina pachypleura (Boissevain, 1906) (syntypes ZMA 3.06.063, ZMA 3.06.064, examined) from Indonesia at 1788-1886 m depth (Boissevain 1906). The new species is more curved and tapering, and has a larger and straighter anterior aperture. Gadilina insolita (Smith, 1894), widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region, has a highly variable shell outline, especially in the morphology of the apical region, from a wide apex and a very thick apical callus with a small lumen to a long tapering apical area without a clear callus (Smith 1894; Scarabino 1995: fig. 95a, b). In young specimens, the vestiges of longitudinal threads are clearly visible in the apical area. Also, the transverse section of the shell varies from roughly oval to triangular with the dorsal side straight in the apical area in extreme forms (V. Scarabino pers. obs.). Gadilina lauensis n. sp. is the third living species known in the genus. The radula of G. insolita (illustrated by Scarabino 1995: fig. 90) is quite similar and confirms that this character is appropriate for identification of the genus.</p> <p>Subfamily EPISIPHONINAE Chistikov, 1975</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA4FF8CFF5EFBBBFB74FA81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFA4FF8EFC8FFA1FFDB9FD08.text	03C18783FFA4FF8EFC8FFA1FFDB9FD08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episiphon kantori Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Episiphon kantori n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 2 D-J)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Solomon Islands. SALOMON 2, stn CP 2189, 08°20’S, 160°02’E, 660-854 m, 1 lv holotype (MNHN 22782); 3 lv paratypes (MNHN 22783).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Solomon Islands, 8°20’S, 160°02’E, 660-854 m (SALOMON 2, stn CP 2189).</p> <p>A B D E</p> <p>F</p> <p>J</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named after Yuri Kantor (Institute of Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow), in recognition for his advice on radulae processing and friendly interactions during his visits to MNHN.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Solomon Islands. SALOMON 1, stn CP 1857, 09°40’S, 160°49’E, 720- 849 m, 16 lv, 28 dd.</p> <p>SALOMON 2, stn CP 2176, 9°10’S, 158°59’E, 579- 875 m, 1 lv, 5 dd. — Stn CP 2179, 08°49’S, 159°43’E, 765-773 m, 25 lv, 31 dd. — Stn CP 2180, 08°48’S, 159°41’E, 708-828 m, 3 lv, 5 dd. — Stn CP 2182, 08°47’S, 157°38’E, 762-1060 m, 8 lv, 48 dd. — Stn CP 2186, 08°17’S, 160°00’E, 487-541 m, 2 lv, 2 dd. — Stn CP 2189, 08°20’S, 160°02’E, 660-854 m, 41 lv, 38 dd. — Stn CP 2193, 08°24’S, 159°27’E, 362-432 m, 6 dd. — Stn CP 2205, 07°43’S, 158°29’E, 391- 263 m, 1 dd. — Stn CP 2214, 07°42’S, 157°44’E, 550-682 m, 1 lv, 2 dd. — Stn CP 2217, 07°49’S, 157°41’E, 1045- 1118 m, 3 dd. — Stn CP 2226, 06°39’S, 156°14’E, 490-520 m, 6 lv, 12 dd. —Stn CP 2241, 06°55’S, 156°21’E, 815-1000 m, 43 lv, 46 dd. — Stn CP 2248, 07°43’S, 156°25’E, 650-673 m, 15 lv, 3 dd. — Stn CP 2268, 07°49’S, 156°53’E, 632-640 m, 1 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Solomon Islands. Live at 487-815 m (richest range 650-815 m), shells at 362-1045 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 8.5 mm long, thread-like outline, regularly curved, slowly tapering, translucent grey.Longitudinally sculptured with 70 striae.Shell section circular. Apex simple with notable protruding callus, lumen small, circular, central. Anterior aperture straight. Microsurface barely granulose. Radula: rachidian tooth with three central projections on the internal face and anterior border curved, smooth.Lateral teeth with pronounced head with an elevated posterior angle, a strong and pointed primary cusp and a secondary denticle at the external border. Marginal teeth noticeably angled with respect to the border adjacent to the laterals.</p> <p>Measurements of holotype: L 8.5, W 0.66, w 0.52, arc 0.45 at 3.6 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Episiphon kantori n. sp. is most similar to Episiphon wallisi n. sp., described below. The present species is longer and less translucent, the apical callus protrudes and is more densely striated. Episiphon wallisi n. sp. has the apical callus flat, only 24 striae and the arc located at the centre of the shell, while in E. joanae n. sp. (below) it is closer to the posterior end.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA4FF8EFC8FFA1FFDB9FD08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFA6FF8EFCB5FEE2FB42F942.text	03C18783FFA6FF8EFCB5FEE2FB42F942.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episiphon indefensum Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Episiphon indefensum n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 3 E-G)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Solomon Islands. SALOMON 2, stn CP 2182, 08°47’S, 159°38’E, 762-1060 m, 1 dd holotype (MNHN 22786); 2 dd paratypes (MNHN 22787).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Solomon Islands, 08°47’S, 159°38’E, 762-1060 m (SALOMON 2, stn CP 2182).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin indefensus (meaning undefended, unprotected) refering to the multiple fractures observed in all specimens studied.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Solomon Islands. SALOMON 2, stn CP 2182, 08°47’S, 159°38’E, 762- 1060 m, 19 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Only known from the type locality. Shells at 762-1060 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 7.9 mm long, well curved with the arc located at posterior ⅓ of shell, slowly tapering, opaque cream. Longitudinally sculptured with 48 fine striae and secondary ones that appear at the posterior ¼ of the shell. Apex simple circular, callus thin, lumen central, circular, large. Anterior aperture straight, circular.</p> <p>Measurements of holotype:L 7.9, W 0.63, w 0.32, arc 0.72 at 3.6 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Breakages and repairs of unknown origin are present in all specimens studied. Compared to E. joanae n. sp. and E. wallisi n. sp., the present new species has an intermediate number of striae, its arc is located posterior, the lumen is much larger due to its thin apical callus. Episiphon truncatum (Boissevain, 1906) (syntypes ZMA 3.06.065-067, examined) from Indonesia (281 m), has almost similar breakages as E. indefensum n. sp. in adult specimens, but is much larger, solid, brilliant, the sculpture consists of encircling wrinkles in the apical sector and the apical section is roughly subtriangular. The apical callus of E. indefensum n. sp. is clearly thin for the genus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA6FF8EFCB5FEE2FB42F942	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFA6FF8EFF5CFC85FB78FEF5.text	03C18783FFA6FF8EFF5CFC85FB78FEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episiphon wallisi Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Episiphon wallisi n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 3 A-D)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Wallis Island. MUSORSTOM 7, stn DW 604, 13°21’S, 176°08’W, 415-420 m, 1 lv holotype (MNHN 22784); 2 lv paratypes (MNHN 22785).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Wallis Island, 13°21’S, 176°08’W, 415-420 m (MUSORSTOM 7, stn DW 604).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named from the type locality.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Wallis Island. MUS ORSTOM 7, stn DW 523, 13°12’S, 176°16’W, 455- 515 m 2 lv, 5 dd. — Stn DW 601, 13°19’S, 176°17’W, 350 m, 14 lv, 18 dd. — Stn DW 604, 13°21’S, 176°08’W, 415-420 m, 5 lv, 22 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Wallis Island. Live at 350- 415 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 6.4 mm long, regularly curved with arc located at the centre of shell, slowly tapering, translucent white. Longitudinally sculptured with 24 fine primary striae and secondary ones on the posterior third. Apex simple, slightly dorsoventrally depressed, callus flat, lumen circular, central. Anterior aperture oblique, thin-walled, slightly depressed dorsoventrally.</p> <p>Measurements of holotype: L 6.4, W 0.57-0.54, w 0.4, arc 0.54 at 3.2 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>See Remarks for Episiphon joanae n. sp. below.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA6FF8EFF5CFC85FB78FEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFA9FF80FF5CFB19FF3CFD08.text	03C18783FFA9FF80FF5CFB19FF3CFD08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episiphon joanae Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Episiphon joanae n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 3 H-J)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Fiji. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-178.16667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -178.16667/lat -19.666666)">Lau Ridge</a>, BORDAU 1, stn DW 1469, 19°40’S, 178°10’W, 392-407 m, 1 dd holotype (MNHN 22788); 2 dd paratypes (MNHN 22789).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Fiji, Lau Ridge, 19°40’S, 178°10’W, 392-407 m (BORDAU 1, stn DW 1469).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named after Joan Pickering (BMNH) for her assistance at the time of Scarabino’s (1995) monograph on Scaphopoda.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Tonga. BORDAU 2, stn DW 1585, 18°33’S, 173°57’W, 578 m, 3 dd.</p> <p>Wallis Island. MUSORSTOM 7, stn DW 604, 13°21’S, 176°08’W, 415-420 m, 2 dd.</p> <p>Vanuatu. MUSORSTOM 8, stn DW 1065, 16°16’S,</p> <p>167°21’E, 360-419 m, 1 lv, 3 dd. — Stn CP 1131-1132, 15°38’S, 167°03’- 167°04’E, 140-182 m, 2 dd.</p> <p>Solomon Islands. SALOMON 2, stn CP 2176, 09°09’S, 158°59’E, 579-875 m, 1 dd. — Stn CP 2184, 09°17’S, 160°00’E, 464-523 m, 2 dd. — Stn CP 2260, 08°04’S, 156°55’W, 399-427 m, 1 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Wallis Island, Tonga. Live at 360 m. Shells at 182- 579 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 11 mm long, well curved, translucent, glossy, section slightly dorsoventrally depressed throughout, dorsal wall thicker than ventral wall. Arc located close to centre of shell. Sculptured by 24 slim ribs, no secondary ribs observed. Apex oblique, ventral side longer, with protruding callus, thicker in ventral side and lumen circular with short projecting pipe, anterior aperture oblique.</p> <p>Radula: rachidian tooth with three central projections on the internal face and anterior border curved, smooth. Lateral teeth with pronounced head with an elevated posterior angle, a strong and pointed primary cusp and a secondary denticle at the external border. Marginal teeth slightly angled.</p> <p>Measurements of holotype: L 7, W 0.7, w 0.3, arc 0.25 at 3 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Episiphon joanae n.sp. has a similar apical outline to E. lacteum n. sp., here described, but is more curved, shiny and translucent and has a well-defined sculpture.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA9FF80FF5CFB19FF3CFD08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFA8FF80FF55FC85FB72FD69.text	03C18783FFA8FF80FF55FC85FB72FD69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episiphon lacteum Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Episiphon lacteum n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 3K, L)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Wallis and Futuna. MUSORSTOM 7, stn DW 538, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-176.66667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -176.66667/lat -12.516666)">Waterwitch Bank</a>, 12°31’S, 176°40’W, 275-295 m, 1 dd holotype (MNHN 22790); 1 dd paratype (MNHN 22791). — Stn DW 569, Waterwitch Bank, 12°30’S, 176°51’W, 300-305 m, 1 dd paratype (MNHN 22792). — Stn DW 610, Wallis Island, 13°21’S, 176°09’W, 286 m, 1 dd paratype (MNHN 22793).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Waterwitch Bank, 12°31’S, 176°40’W, 275-295 m (MUSORSTOM 7, stn DW 538).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin lacteus meaning “milkwhite”.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. EBI- SCO, stn DW 2570, north of Bellona, 20°27’S, 158°45’E, 235-263 m, 1 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — NE of Fiji and and Coral Sea. Shells in 263- 300 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 16 mm long, well curved, arc located at posterior third, milk-white coloured, smooth, polished, slowly tapering. Apex oblique with protruding apical callus and an irregular short central plug. Section circular, anterior aperture straight.</p> <p>Measurements of holotype: L 16, W 1.5, w 9.5, arc 0.64 at 5.2 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>The main distinctive character of this species, which in this regard is similar to Episiphon joanae n. sp., described above, is the obliqueness of the apex and the degree of protuberance of the apical callus, distinguishing both species from all other species in the genus.</p> <p>Order GADILIDA Starobogatov, 1974 Suborder ENTALIMORPHA Steiner, 1992 Family ENTALINIDAE Chistikov, 1979 Subfamily BATHOXIPHINAE Chistikov, 1983 Genus Bathoxiphus Pilsbry &amp; Sharp, 1897</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA8FF80FF55FC85FB72FD69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFA8FF83FCB8FD06FF03FBAC.text	03C18783FFA8FF83FCB8FD06FF03FBAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathoxiphus kathieae Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Bathoxiphus kathieae n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 4 A-E)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Solomon Islands. SALOMON 2, stn CP 2241, 06°55’S, 156°21’E, 815-1000 m, 1 lv holotype (MNHN 22794); 2 lv paratypes (MNHN 22795); 1 lv paratype (BMNH).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Solomon Islands, 06°55’S, 156°21’E, 815-1000 m (SALOMON 2, stn CP 2241).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named after Kathie Way (BMNH) for her kind reception and help during the study of the BMNH scaphopod collections.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Solomon Islands. SALOMON 1, stn CP 1857, 09°40’S, 160°49’E, 720- 849 m, 11 dd. SALOMON 2, stn CP 2176, 09°09’S 158°59’E, 579- 875 m, 17 lv, 39 dd. — Stn CP 2182, 08°47’S, 157°38’E, 762-1060 m, 1 dd. — Stn CP 2241, 06°55’S, 156°21’E, 815-1000 m, 16 lv. — Stn CP 2253, 07°27’S, 156°15’E, 1200-1218 m, 2 dd. — Stn CP 2267, 07°48’S, 156°20’E, 590-600 m, 2 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Solomon Islands. Live at 815 m, shells at 590-1200 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 5.9 mm long, well curved, solid, translucent grey, shell section oval, notably compressed laterally. Longitudinally sculptured with 36 thin ribs beginning close to the smooth apical area, with secondary lines close to the apex and double in number. Dorsal and ventral shell walls at apical area thicker than lateral walls and reflected in the oblique apical callus. Radula: rachidian tooth high with anterior margin simple, rounded, folded inward. Heads of lateral teeth smooth, with 2 sharp primary cusps and, between them, 5 subequal secondary pointed curved cusps; marginal teeth long, slightly curved, with a wide contact area with lateral.</p> <p>Measurements of holotype: L 5.9, W 0.8-06, w 0.3-0.2, arc 0.7 at 3.1 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Bathoxiphus kathieae n. sp. has unique characters for the genus, notably its sculpture and polished surface.The preapical callus is present but the lumen is larger than in other species of Bathoxiphus. The most similar species is B. inexpectatus Scarabino, 1995, from New Caledonia, but this is longer (the holotype measures 11.9 mm) and has a smooth surface. A third species, B. soyomaruae Okutani, 1964, widely distributed through Indo-Pacific bathyal and abyssal depths (Scarabino 1995), is much longer, has some irregular longitudinal undulations, but not ribs, and is particularly compressed laterally. The radula of Bathoxiphus is very similar in the four species grouped under it and is therefore diagnostic. The radula of B. ensiculus (Jeffreys, 1877) from the Atlantic Ocean was illustrated by Chistikov (1983: pl. 1, fig. 1) and that of B. soyomaruae Okutani, 1964, from the West Pacific, by Scarabino (1995: fig. 121b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFA8FF83FCB8FD06FF03FBAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFABFF83FF13FAB8FCAEFB8C.text	03C18783FFABFF83FF13FAB8FCAEFB8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annulipulsellum aenigmaticum Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Annulipulsellum aenigmaticum n. sp. (Fig. 4 F-H)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Solomon Islands. SALOMON 2, stn CP 2189, 08°20’S, 160°02’E, 660-854 m, 1 dd holotype (MNHN 22796); 3 dd paratypes (MNHN 22797).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Solomon Islands, 08°20’S, 160°02’E, 660-854 m (SALOMON 2, stn CP 2189).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin aenigmaticus meaning “mysterious”.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Solomon Islands. SALOMON 2, stn CP 2182, 08°47’S, 157°38’E, 762- 1060 m, 2 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Solomon Islands. Shells in 762- 854 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell 5.7 mm long, solid, well curved. Surface entirely sculptured by transverse encircling wrinkles crossed by 60 longitudinal striae. Section circular, apex simple, preapical callus thick, lumen circular and central.</p> <p>Measurements of holotype: L 5.7, W 0.7, w 0.3, arc 0.4 at 2.7 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>The characteristic transversely wrinkled surface allies this species to Annulipulsellum Scarabino, 1986, a monotypic genus known from abyssal depths from the Atlantic Ocean, although the sectional outline of the wrinkles differs. However, the presence of longitudinal sculpture in the new species clearly distinguishes it from A. euskadii Scarabino, 1986, which only has the transverse sculpture, although the thick apical callus and lumen is also similar (see Scarabino 1986). Nevertheless, no other scaphopod reported in the literature or noted in the field by us, worldwide, has similar sculpture; we refer the present species to Annulipulsellum, pending the discovery of other related species that might permit modification of the generic diagnosis or creation of a new genus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFABFF83FF13FAB8FCAEFB8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFABFF83FF32FB3AFDC7FB2F.text	03C18783FFABFF83FF32FB3AFDC7FB2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gadilimorpha Steiner 1992	<div><p>Suborder GADILIMORPHA Steiner, 1992 Family PULSELLIDAE Boss, 1982</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFABFF83FF32FB3AFDC7FB2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFABFF82FC83FA5FFEBAFD28.text	03C18783FFABFF82FC83FA5FFEBAFD28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boissevainia Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Genus Boissevainia n. gen.</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES. — Boissevainia mossiae n. sp.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named after Maria Boissevain, in recognition of her historical work on the scaphopods of the Siboga Expedition to Indonesia.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS. — Shell medium in size, regularly curved, gradually tapering, and polished white. Sculptured by longitudinal striae at the apex that vanish towards the anterior aperture and notorious growth lines. Apical section slightly laterally compressed with undulate outline due to two wide, flat, round-edged, lateral lobes and thick dorsal and ventral triangular lobes. Preapical callus, thick near apex and reinforce dorsal and ventral lobes of the lumen walls, resulting in a canoe-shaped appearance. Lumen slightly laterally compressed.</p> <p>Radula: unknown.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Recent, tropical Pacific, bathyal.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>The apical structures have not previously been reported in Scaphopoda and are the main characters diagnosing the genus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFABFF82FC83FA5FFEBAFD28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
03C18783FFAAFF82FF4EFCA6FBBFFBED.text	03C18783FFAAFF82FF4EFCA6FBBFFBED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boissevainia mossiae Scarabino & Scarabino 2010	<div><p>Boissevainia mossiae n. sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 4 I-L)</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Fiji. MUSORSTOM 10, stn CP 1341, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=177.73334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 177.73334/lat -16.883333)">Bligh Water</a>, 16°53’S, 177°44’E, 500-614 m, 1 dd holotype (MNHN 22798); 3 dd paratypes (MNHN 22799).</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Fiji, Bligh Water, 16°53’S, 177°44’E, 500-614 m (MUSORSTOM 10 stn CP 1341).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named after Mauricette Bourgeois (aka Mossi), a volunteer at MNHN, who has carefully sorted numerous molluscs samples.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Fiji. MUSORSTOM 10, stn CP 1316, Bligh Water, 17°15’S, 178°22’E, 478- 491 m, 1 dd. — Stn CP 1341, Bligh Water, 16°53’S, 177°44’E, 500-614 m, 6 dd.</p> <p>Vanuatu. MUSORSTOM 8, stn DW 1072, 15°40’S, 167°20’E, 622-625 m, 10 dd.</p> <p>Solomon Islands. SALOMON 2, stn CP 2182, 08°47’S, 157°38’E, 762-1060 m, 3 dd.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji. Shells at 491- 762 m.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Shell medium in size, regularly curved, gradually tapering, and polished white, anterior area of shell translucent.Outline irregular as a result of prominent growth lines. Sculptured by 32 thin longitudinal striae at the apex, vanishing towards the anterior aperture. Apical section slightly laterally compressed and with an undulate outline due to 2 wide, flat, round-edged, lateral lobes and thick dorsal and ventral triangular lobes. Preapical callus thick near apex and reinforcing the dorsal and ventral lobes of the lumen walls, resulting in a canoe-shaped appearance. Lumen slightly laterally compressed.</p> <p>Radula: unknown.</p> <p>Measurements of holotype: L 7.5, W 0.8-0.7, w 0.3, arc 0.6 at 3.4 from apex.</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Boissevainia mossiae n. sp. bears a resemblance to Pulsellum eborascence (Watson, 1879) from Northern Australia, for which a lectotype 5 mm long was selected by Lamprell &amp;Healy (1998:1444) (BMNH 1887.2.9.69) and here examined.However, the latter is more tapering, with the arc situated anteriorly, the striae are finer and more numerous, and the apex is simple, resembling that of Striopulsellum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C18783FFAAFF82FF4EFCA6FBBFFBED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scarabino, Victor;Scarabino, Fabrizio	Scarabino, Victor, Scarabino, Fabrizio (2010): A new genus and thirteen new species of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Zoosystema 32 (3): 409-423, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a3
