taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C287B7053CF11BFF7AF92AAD05B168.taxon	description	Frustules isovalvar. Valves linear to linear elliptic with narrowing obtuse to sagittate apices. Length 184 – 275 μm, 20.0 – 37.5 μm wide, 14 – 15 striae in 10 μm and 14 – 15 areolae in 10 μm. One large longitudinal canal present along each margin. Striae parallel at mid-valve, parallel to weakly convergent at apices (Fig. 1). Axial area linear to linear elliptic from center to apex. Central area round to weakly elliptic, covers approximately 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 of mid-region of valve. In LM, raphe lateral with tightly curved proximal raphe ends and terminal fissures end at laciniae. Observations: — Neidium iridis was found from a single locality (multiple samples) collected from VanDusen Botanical Garden, British Columbia, Canada. The species is identified by its plastid rbc L DNA sequence, large size relative to other Neidium taxa, one longitudinal canal along each margin and the sagittate shape of valve apices. Neidium iridis has a large size range (length, 184 – 275 μm) in this population which is comparable to N. iridis from the type locality and another locality in eastern North America (Hamilton et al. 2019). N. iridis is comparable to N. beatyi but can be distinguished by the valve shape, valve size and number of longitudinal canals.	en	Hamilton, Paul B., Savoie, Amanda M., Sayre, Cynthia M., Skibbe, Oliver, Zimmermann, Jonas, Bull, Roger D. (2019): Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences. Phytotaxa 419 (1): 39-62, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.419.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.419.1.3
03C287B7053FF115FF7AFF18AD6CB100.taxon	materials_examined	Individuals examined for morphological analyses: n = 48, no molecular material recovered. Frustules rectangular. Valves linear elliptic to lanceolate with weak sagittate to cuneate apices (Figs 2 – 5). Valve length 126 – 201 μm, width 18.0 – 27.0 μm. Areolae round to elliptical, striae oblique to weakly radiate at apices, 15 – 18 in 10 μm. Areolae 14 – 18 in 10 μm. Voigt faults distinct on secondary side of valve. Central area small round to transapically expanded, covering 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 the valve width. Axial area linear-elliptical from mid-valve to apex. In LM, raphe filiform and linear-elliptical. Three or more longitudinal canals present along each margin. Central raphe ends small deflected hooks, terminal ends forming bifurcate lacinia. Small terminal hyaline area present at apex. In girdle view, areolae form lineal apical and transapical rows (Fig. 3). In SEM external view, raphe linear with thickened ridges along each side (Figs 6 – 8). Ridges terminate prior to apex (Fig. 11). Proximal ends form distinct small hooks in opposite directions on small central mound. Distal raphe ends form lacinia (Figs 6, 11). Lacinia narrow arrowhead shaped with curved expansion at mantle base (Fig. 11). Axial area scattered with surface depressions. Areolae adjacent to axial area orientated towards axial area and not directly up from valve face (Fig. 8). Areolae around central area larger and more linear elliptic randomly scattered. Areolae depressions on external valve face with recessed finger-forming silicate cribra (Figs 7, 9). Areolae chambered with transapical interconnections (Fig. 12). Areolae around central area sometimes larger than valve face areolae. Three to five longitudinal canals present along each valve margin (Figs 8 – 11). Longitudinal canal flat with valve face (Figs 8, 9). At apex, narrow linear slit-like areolae may open from a longitudinal canal (Figs 10, 11). Internal valve: central area elevated with ghost striae. Helictoglossae linear and interconnected (Fig. 13). Terminal helictoglossae vertical and curl back from terminal nodule (Fig. 14). Longitudinal canals centrally, forming small bulge along valve margin; towards apex one canal extends to hyaline terminal nodule at apex (Figs 14, 15, 17). Longitudinal canals form apical and transapical network of interconnections (Fig. 18). Internally, areolae covered by fine poroid hymenes (Figs 15 – 17). Renilimbia (2 – 6) around areolae along axial area, and longitudinal canals (Fig. 16). Renilimbia randomly scattered around areolae on valve face. Holotype: — CANADA. British Columbia: Vancouver, VanDusen Botanical Garden, J. Holmes, December 28, 2016. Small stream at the end of Livingstone Lake (pond) (CANA! 126257 - 2, fig. 2 holotype specimen circled on slide. Isotype ANSP GC 65328 (circled specimen on slide). Genbank # No DNA results). Etymology: — The specific epithet (beatyi), is linked to the generosity of the Beaty Foundation in supporting the Beaty Botanical Museum, the VanDusen Botanical Garden and the Canadian Museum of Nature. Registration: http // phycobank. org / 102929 Observations: — Neidium beatyi was found from a regional locality (multiple samples) collected from VanDusen Botanical Garden, British Columbia, Canada. The species is identified by its size, 3 – 6 longitudinal canals and shape of valve including apices. Neidium beatyi has a large size range (length, 126 – 207 μm) and is similar to Neidium subampliatum (Grunow) Flower (2005: 54). Flower (2005) elevated the taxon Navicula firma var. subampliata Grunow. (Schmidt 1877, 49: 19) [note: as a typing mistake Neidium firma var. subampliatum] to the rank of species within the genus Neidium. For N. subampliatum he chose a neotype, since a holotype specimen was not available. Neidium subampliatum (specimens) presented by Flower (2005, p. 64, 51 – 55) are significantly smaller than N. beatyi, with one longitudinal canal and the shape form is different (Supplement A). However, the valve morphology of N. subampliatum sensu Flower does not represent the original line drawing of Navicula firma var. subampliata, which is larger relative to other taxa on Schmidt’s original plate. Further, Kobayashi (1968) illustrated a specimen he identified as Neidium iridis var. subampliatum (Grun.) Kobayshi (1968: 102) from the vicinity of Tokyo that is similar to our specimens and the line drawing of Schmidt for N. firma var. subampliata.	en	Hamilton, Paul B., Savoie, Amanda M., Sayre, Cynthia M., Skibbe, Oliver, Zimmermann, Jonas, Bull, Roger D. (2019): Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences. Phytotaxa 419 (1): 39-62, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.419.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.419.1.3
03C287B70531F110FF7AF8DFAB6EB435.taxon	description	Valves linear to linear elliptic with apiculate extended apices (Figs 19 – 30). Valve length 96 – 116 μm, width 20.0 – 23.0 μm. Striae oblique to mildly convergent at apices, 14 – 17 in 10 μm. Areolae round to elliptical, 14 – 16 in 10 μm. Voigt faults on secondary side of valve. Central area transapically expanded, covering 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 the valve width. Linear ghost striation markings present along edge of central area (Figs 21 – 22, 25, 27 – 28). Axial area linear-elliptical from mid-valve to apex. In LM, raphe filiform and linear-elliptical. Three or more longitudinal canals present along each margin. Central raphe ends deflected hooks, terminal ends forming bifurcate lacinia. Small terminal hyaline area present at apex (Fig. 20, arrow). In SEM external view, valves more or less linear with rounded margins (Figs 31, 33). Apices broadly protracted and mantle at apex recessed not forming linear sides (Figs 31, 33). Raphe linear with a broken thickened ridge along primary side and weak to no ridge along secondary side (Figs 32, 34). Proximal raphe ends form distinct small hooks in opposite directions on small central mound (Fig. 32). Distal raphe ends form broad triangular lacinia with curved expansion at mantle base (Figs 33, 35). Axial area with randomly positioned surface depressions (Figs 32, 34). Areolae depressions on external valve face with recessed finger-forming silicate cribra (Figs 34, 36). Three to four flat, longitudinal canals present along each margin (Figs 32, 36). Internal valve: Central area elevated with ghost striae (Fig. 37). Central helictoglossae offset with small silica interconnection. Terminal helictoglossae form vertically on terminal nodule (Figs 38, 39). Canals flat with valve face, all of equal size and form (Figs 40, 41); towards apex canals extends to hyaline terminal nodule at apex (Fig. 38). Areolae chambered with transapical interconnections (Fig. 41 arrow, on mantle). Areolae covered by hymenes (Figs 42, 43). Renilimbia (2 – 6) around areolae along axial area, and longitudinal canals (Fig. 42). Renilimbia also randomly scattered around areolae on the valve face. Copulae open bands, with 2 rows of pores (Figs 43, 44). Type: — CANADA. British Columbia: Vancouver, VanDusen Botanical Garden, J. Holmes, December 28, 2016. Small stream at the end of Livingstone Lake (pond) (holotype: CANA! 126257 - 7, fig. 22 holotype specimen, circled on slide). Isotype ANSP GC 65327 (circled specimen on slide). Genbank # s See table 2. Etymology: — The specific epithet (vandusenense), is recognized for the collection site at the VanDusen Botanical Garden. Registration: http // phycobank. org / 102030 Observations: — Plastid rbc L DNA sequence, size (96 – 116 μm), valve outline, 3 – 4 longitudinal canals, ghost striae along the margins of the central area and recessed mantle margins at the apices identify this taxon. Neidium vandusenense can be compared to N. siveri Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (2007: 179) with a similar valve outline, but N. vandusenense is distinguished by the larger size (64 – 74 μm long, N. siveri), more than one longitudinal canal and the weak oblique striation formation.	en	Hamilton, Paul B., Savoie, Amanda M., Sayre, Cynthia M., Skibbe, Oliver, Zimmermann, Jonas, Bull, Roger D. (2019): Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences. Phytotaxa 419 (1): 39-62, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.419.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.419.1.3
03C287B70535F10DFF7AFB04A98AB22C.taxon	description	Valves elliptic lanceolate to lanceolate with rostrate to broadly apiculate apices (Figs 45 – 55). Valve length 44 – 96 μm, width 14.5 – 20.0 μm. Striae oblique to mildly convergent at apices, 14 – 18 in 10 μm. Areolae round to elliptical, 16 – 19 in 10 μm. Voigt faults on secondary side of valve. Central area transapically expanded, covering 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 valve width. Axial area linear from mid-valve to apex. In LM, raphe filiform and linear-elliptical. One large longitudinal canal present along each margin. Central raphe ends deflected extending ½ to ¾ across central area. Terminal ends forming bifurcate lacinia. In SEM external view, raphe linear, curving to secondary side of valve close to apex (Figs 56, 60, 61). Proximal raphe ends deflected, not hooked on small central mound (Fig. 57). Distal raphe ends form a small triangular lacinia (Figs 60, 61). Axial area straight to linear-elliptic with no surface depressions (Figs 56, 57). One longitudinal canal along each margin with a single row or linear elliptic areolae (Fig. 58). Areolae round to elliptic with no cribra formation evident (Fig. 59). One round to elliptic areola opening from the longitudinal canals all the way to the apex. (Figs 60, 61). Copulae open bands with two rows of pores (Figs, 58, 60, 61). Internal valve: Central area elevated with weak ghost striae. Central helictoglossae offset with silica interconnection (Figs 62, 65, 66). Terminal helictoglossae forms vertically (not recurved) at edge of small terminal nodule (Fig. 64). Canal along each margin elevated from valve face, extending from apex to apex with a single row of linear elliptic areolae (Figs 63, 64, 67). Areolae opening recessed from valve face and covered by hymenes (Fig. 67). Areolae chambered with transapical interconnections (Fig. 68, on mantle). Renilimbia around areolae along axial area, and longitudinal canals. Renilimbia also randomly scattered around areolae on the valve face (Fig. 66, arrows). Type: — CANADA. British Columbia: Vancouver, VanDusen Botanical Garden, J. Holmes, December 28, 2016. Small stream at the end of Livingstone Lake (pond) (holotype: CANA! 126257 - 4, fig. 49 holotype specimen, circled on slide. Isotype ANSP GC 65326 (specimen circled on slide). Genbank # See Table 2. Etymology: — The specific epithet (collare), refers to the narrow neck of the valve approaching the apices. Registration: http // phycobank. org / 102031 Observations: — The elliptic lanceolate valve form with rostrate to apiculate rounded apices is represented in a number of Neidium species. Plastid rbc L DNA sequence, size (47 – 92 μm long), valve outline, one prominent longitudinal canal, weak to no ghost striae along the margins of the central area and formation of the proximal helictoglossae identifies this taxon. Neidium collare can be compared with N. ligulatum Liu et al. (2017: 22) and N. affine var. amphirhynchus (Ehrenberg 1843: 417) Cleve (1894: 68) sensu Liu et al. (2017: 22, figs 204, 207, 216 – 220). There is a continuum of shape changes from narrowing apiculate (N. collare) to rostrate apices (N. affine var. amphirhynchus sensu Liu et al.). Both of these comparable taxa have two clear helictoglossae at the central nodule while, N. collare has a merged helictoglossae formation. The distal helictoglossae are vertically projected against the terminal nodule in N. collare, while N. ligulatum and N. affine var. amphirhynchus sensu Liu et al. have recurved helictoglossae. Neidium ligulatum is at the smaller end of the size spectrum (47 – 64 μm long) with a slightly lower stria count (14 – 18 in 10 μm), while N. affine var. amphirhynchus sensu Liu et al. has a slightly higher stria count (18 – 20 in 10 μm). Genetic studies are required to delineate the relationship between these taxa.	en	Hamilton, Paul B., Savoie, Amanda M., Sayre, Cynthia M., Skibbe, Oliver, Zimmermann, Jonas, Bull, Roger D. (2019): Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences. Phytotaxa 419 (1): 39-62, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.419.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.419.1.3
03C287B70529F10FFF7AFF02A9C8B7AC.taxon	description	Valves linear to linear-elliptic with capitate apices (Figs 69 – 74). Valve length 58 – 70 μm, width 14. – 15.0 μm. Striae mildly oblique throughout, 20 – 22 in 10 μm. Areolae elliptical, 15 – 18 in 10 μm. Voigt faults on secondary side of valve. Central area transapically expanded, covering ½ to ¾ valve width. Axial area linear to linear elliptic from mid-valve to apex. In LM, raphe filiform and linear-elliptical. One longitudinal canal present along each margin. Central raphe ends deflected extending ½ to ¾ across central area. Terminal ends forming bifurcate lacinia. In SEM external view, proximal raphe ends deflected and hooked on small central mound (Fig. 77). Raphe with small thickened ridges mid-way across valve. Distal raphe ends form small triangular lacinia extending to base of mantle (Fig. 78). Axial area straight to linear-elliptic with no surface depressions (Fig. 76). One longitudinal canal along each margin, extending to base of terminal raphe fissure (Fig. 78). Longitudinal canal with two external pores, one on valve face, one on mantle (Fig. 75). Areolae round to elliptical, no cribra occlusions evident. Internal view, helictoglossae at raphe ends not, deflected up, not recurved (Figs 79, 81, 82). Terminal apex without prominent pseudosepta (Fig. 82). Central helictoglossae separate, in linear alignment (Fig. 81). Central area broad with recessed coverings between virgae. Areolae chambered (Fig. 80). Areolae openings round to linear-elliptic, covered by hymenae (Fig. 80, arrow). Renilimbia scattered, primarily around longitudinal canals and axial area (Figs 81, 82). Longitudinal canal with single row of elliptical areolae covered with hymenae. Type: — CANADA. British Columbia: Vancouver, VanDusen Botanical Garden, J. Holmes, December 28, 2016. Small stream at the end of Livingstone Lake (pond) (holotype: CANA! 126257 - 1, fig. 71 holotype specimen circled on slide.). Isotype ANSP GC 65329 (circled specimen on slide). Genbank # See table 2. Etymology: — The specific epithet (lavoieanum) is presented in honour of Dr. I. Lavoie for her exceptional work on ecosystem modelling, diatom ecology, toxicology and teratology. Registration: http // phycobank. org / 102032 Observations: — The linear to linear-elliptic valve form with capitate apices is represented in a number of Neidium species. At present plastid rbc L DNA sequence, size (59 – 70 μm long), one prominent longitudinal canal, and formation of the proximal helictoglossae identifies this taxon. Neidium lavoieanum can be compared with N. longiceps (W. Greg. 1856: 8) R. Ross (1947: 210) from North America (Lefebvre et al. 2017), but separated by larger size (N. longiceps 28 – 47 μm long, 8 – 12 μm wide), and lower stria count (N. longiceps 30 – 36 in 10 μm), and a distinct difference in the rbc L gene. All other morphological features are similar between the two taxa. Another similar taxon is N. angustatum Liu et al. (2017: 11), but N. angustatum is narrower (10 – 11 μm), with a higher stria count (25 – 27 in 10 μm), different striae orientation and the apices are more rostrate than capitate. No DNA metrics are available for comparison. Genetic Analysis The maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses of rbc L sequence data present a broad taxonomic tree across the genus Neidium (Fig. 83, Supplement B). Interestingly, the rbc L genetic divergence among the Neidium taxa examined was relatively low (<1 %), however the genetically identified clades separate well with morphology, indicating that rbc L is conserved among taxa of this genus. The new species described here were between 0.4 to 0.96 % different from their nearest neighbour. For example, Neidium collare (n = 1) was 0.96 % (6 bp different over 625 bp) different from N. bisulcatum (Lagerst. 1873: 31) Cleve (1894: 68). Neidium lavoieanum was separated from N. cf. productum (W. Sm. 1853: 51) Cleve (1894: 69) (Czarnecki culture, UTEX collection) with the smallest difference, 0.40 % (3 bp over 751 bp). Neidium iridis was also present in the creek sample (Lake Victoria, VanDusen Botanical Garden) and was 0.67 % different (5 bp over 750 bp) from N. lavoieanum. These differences are in line with established Neidium species, for example N. fossum and N. longiceps are 0.51 % different (6 bp over 1168 bp). In the ML analysis, the genus Neidium was monophyletic relative to the outgroup taxa included (Neidiomorpha, Luticola and Scoliopleura) and had medium bootstrap support (84 %, Fig. 83). Neidiomorpha binodis and N. binodeformis were associated with Luticola ventricosa and sister to S coliopleura peisonis. Within the genus Neidium, N. hitchcockii was sister to the other species included in this study. A clade including N. fossum Lefebvre & P. B. Hamil. (2015, 214), N. longiceps, N. sacoense Reimer (1959: 29) (Patrick & Reimer 1966: 402, pl 37: 3), and N. promontorium Lefebvre & P. B. Hamil. (2017: 696, 697) had high support (98 %), while many of the other relationships between species were poorly supported in this analysis (Fig. 83).	en	Hamilton, Paul B., Savoie, Amanda M., Sayre, Cynthia M., Skibbe, Oliver, Zimmermann, Jonas, Bull, Roger D. (2019): Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences. Phytotaxa 419 (1): 39-62, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.419.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.419.1.3
