identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C587BDFFBD615CB89AFB70FE2CFF71.text	03C587BDFFBD615CB89AFB70FE2CFF71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptocephalus	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cryptocephalus subgenus  Cerodens Burlini, 1969</p>
            <p> Cerodens Burlini, 1969: 539 [subgenus]. Type species:  Cryptocephalus kocheri Burlini, 1953 [homonym] (=  Cryptocephalus emiliae Burlini, 1956 ), by monotypy. </p>
            <p> Ceropachys Burlini, 1953: 75 [subgenus]. Preoccupied genus name, not  Ceropachys Costa, 1847 [  Coleoptera :  Colydiidae ]. </p>
            <p> Burlini (1953) established the monotypic subgenus  Ceropachys for  C. emiliae Burlini, 1956 (=  C. kocheri Burlini, 1953 ) on the basis of the peculiar shape of the antennomeres (fig. 5a), which in this species are significantly shortened, flattened and angled along the inner margin. Burlini (1969) changed the name to  Cerodens due to homonymy with  Ceropachys Costa, 1847 . In Palaearctic species of  Cryptocephalus antennomeres are mostly cylindrical, but their shape and length is rather variable in some unrelated groups (Vela &amp; Bastazo, 2012). The adaptive significance of this variability, if any, remains unknown. Even if in  C. emiliae this trait could be considered an utmost in a trend of shortening antennal articles, it is questionable that this condition is so distinct as to justify a separation at subgeneric level (fig. 5a vs. figs 5b–h). This species is undoubtedly placed within the  C. sericeus species complex based on molecular data (Gómez-Zurita et al., 2011), thus the subgenus  Cerodens renders  Cryptocephalus s. str. paraphyletic. </p>
            <p> Besides, on the basis of more traditional considerations, it seems inappropriate to keep the subgenus  Cerodens as valid. The recommendations of Platnick (1976) and Wiley (1981) sound particularly suitable for the matter. Supraspecific taxa must express exactly the evolutionary relationships (Wiley, 1981). In the Darwinian paradigm of descent of species by divergence from a common ancestor, “any existing species must have at least one existing or extinct sister species … [therefore] … “monotypic [sub]genera seem impossible as they must always exclude at least one other species that is a descendent of the most recent ancestor (i. e. they must always be paraphyletic)” (Platnick, 1976). Besides, according to Wiley (1981), redundant taxa (i. e. taxa adding no additional evolutionary information) should not be produced. For all these reasons, I consider appropriate to propose  Cryptocephalus subg. </p>
            <p> Cerodens Burlini, 1969 (=  Cryptocephalus subg.  Ceropachys Burlini, 1953 ) as n. syn. of C. subg.  Cryptocephalus s. str. Geoffroy, 1762. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587BDFFBD615CB89AFB70FE2CFF71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sassi, Davide	Sassi, Davide (2014): Taxonomic remarks, phylogeny and evolutionary notes on the leaf beetle species belonging to the Cryptocephalus sericeus complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). Zootaxa 3857 (3): 333-378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3857.3.2
03C587BDFFBE615DB89AFEFEFC59F835.text	03C587BDFFBE615DB89AFEFEFC59F835.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptocephalus azurescens Escalera 1914	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cryptocephalus azurescens Escalera, 1914</p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus azurescens Escalera, 1914: 514 . Type locality: Telouet, Morocco. Lectotype (present designation) in MNCN. </p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus azurescens Escalera, 1914 and  C. teleuticus Escalera, 1914 are poorly known endemic species from the Moroccan Atlas (Lopatin et al., 2010). Escalera (1914) described them based on specimens collected by himself in Glaui (now Telouet, near Ouarzazate). He separated the two species on the basis of ambiguous and generally unstable characters such as the dorsal colour pattern and the pronotal punctation. Kocher (1959), who studied the type series of the two species, kept them apart, but reported that the specimens of  C. telueticus from Central Atlas examined by him had pronotal punctation denser and strigose, which is precisely the aspect used by Escalera for characterizing  C. azurescens . He also acknowledged that in the latter species the colour is very variable, emphasizing the presence of several aberrations (Kocher, 1953). Besides, Kocher reaffirmed the validity of the separation of the two taxa basing his statement on the analysis of an "aberrant" specimen, which he initially attributed to  C. telueticus (Kocher, 1953) . Subsequently, however, Kocher (1959) assigned this specimen to a chromatic form (“ab. vaucheri ”) described by Pic (1950) and attributed by himself to  C. azurescens! Thanks to the courtesy of Dr. Mercedes París (MNCN) I had the opportunity to study the type series of the two species, comparing them with several specimens corresponding to the description of Escalera, from Oukamedien, about 60 kilometers West from the type locality and from where the presence of  C. azurescens (Kocher, 1953) has already been reported. I can confirm both the great variability of colour pattern—metallic blue tints and reddish on dorsal surface are distributed in widely differing proportions—and the instability of the punctation of the pronotum. Besides, the shape of the aedeagal median lobe is not significantly different. For these reasons I propose the following synonymy:  
C. telueticus Escalera, 1914 
n . syn. of  C. azurescens Escalera, 1914 . In order to clarify taxonomic ambiguities I have designated lectotypes of both species, choosing specimens that best match Escalera's original description. Aedeagal shape of the lectotype of  C. azurescens is figured (fig. 1). </p>
            <p> Material examined: Type series of  C. azurescens . Male: Glaui (handwritten, white label) /  azurescens (handwritten, white label) / sintipo (printed, red label) / MNCN cat. Tipos N° 2234 (partly printed, red label) / MNCN _Ent N° Cat. 78236 (printed, grey label) /  Cryptocephalus azurescens Escalera, 1914 LECTOTYPUS D. Sassi des. (printed, red label). </p>
            <p> Male: Glaui (handwritten, white label) / grupo de  baeticus nouv (handwritten, white label) /  azurescens (handwritten, white label) / sintipo (printed, red label) / MNCN cat. Tipos N° 2234 (partly printed, red label) / MNCN _Ent N° Cat. 78235 (printed, grey label) /  Cryptocephalus azurescens Escalera, 1914 PARALECTOTYPUS D. Sassi des. (printed, red label). </p>
            <p> Type series of  C. telueticus . Male: Glaui (handwritten, white label) / grupo de Pareci [?] bleu (handwritten, white label) / telueti (handwritten, white label) / sintipo (printed, red label) / MNCN cat. Tipos N° 2235 (partly printed, red label) / MNCN _Ent N° Cat. 78237 (printed, grey label) /  Cryptocephalus telueticus Escalera, 1914 LECTOTYPUS D. Sassi des. (printed, red label). </p>
            <p> Male: Glaui (handwritten, white label) / sintipo (printed, red label) / MNCN cat. Tipos N° 2235 (partly printed, red label) / MNCN _Ent N° Cat. 78239 (printed, grey label) /  Cryptocephalus telueticus Escalera, 1914 PARALECTOTYPUS D. Sassi des. (printed, red label). </p>
            <p> Female: Glaui (handwritten, white label) / telueti (handwritten, white label) / sintipo (printed, red label) / MNCN cat. Tipos N° 2235 (partly printed, red label) / MNCN _Ent N° Cat. 78238 (printed, grey label) /  Cryptocephalus telueticus Escalera, 1914 PARALECTOTYPUS D. Sassi des. (printed, red label). </p>
            <p> Besides, 23 further specimens of  C. azurescens from the environments of Oukaimeden (Haut Atlas, Morocco) have been also examined by the author (author's collection). </p>
            <p> The synonymic summary of  C. azurescens is as follows: </p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus (Cryptocephalus) azurescens Escalera, 1914 Cryptocephalus azurescens Escalera, 1914: 514 . </p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus rugicollis ab. vaucheri Pic, 1950: 2. </p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus azurescens ab. malhommei Kocher, 1959: 23. </p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus telueticus Escalera, 1914: 515 . n. syn. </p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus telueticus var. pseudobaeticus Burlini, 1959: 196 . n. syn. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587BDFFBE615DB89AFEFEFC59F835	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sassi, Davide	Sassi, Davide (2014): Taxonomic remarks, phylogeny and evolutionary notes on the leaf beetle species belonging to the Cryptocephalus sericeus complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). Zootaxa 3857 (3): 333-378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3857.3.2
03C587BDFFBA6158B89AFF4EFE45FAEC.text	03C587BDFFBA6158B89AFF4EFE45FAEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptocephalus violaceus Laicharting 1781	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cryptocephalus violaceus Laicharting, 1781</p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus violaceus violaceus Laicharting, 1781: 514 . Type locality: Tyrol, Austria. Type: not examined. </p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus violaceus scaffaiolus Burlini, 1961: 94 . Type locality: Lake Scaffaiolo, Italy; Holotype in MSNV. </p>
            <p> Burlini (1961) proposed to consider the Apennine population of  Cryptocephalus violaceus in a restricted area in the vicinity of Modena (near Scaffaiolo Lake) as a subspecies of the nominal form, giving it the name of  C. violaceus scaffaiolus . The morphological trait he considered particularly meaningful is the presence of a fairly deep impression on the male anal sternite (fig. 9). This conformation is lacking or only barely visible in specimens of the nominal form of eastern Alps, Balkans and Central and Eastern Europe (fig. 8). On several occasions I have studied many specimens from the area of lake Scaffaiolus and the adjacent territories and I can confirm the constant presence of the morphological peculiarity pointed out by Burlini. Moreover, I can state that, contrary to what was claimed by Burlini, populations from Abetone (about 12 kilometers east of the lake), also belong to this form. The specimens from Scaffaiolo Lake environments also differ for the aedeagal apex being perfectly straight (not slightly curved ventrally) (fig. 2) and almost always with a thin median longitudinal depression (as in fig. 3). The odd issue, however, is that the same morphological characteristics are also always present in  C. violaceus from France, Spain and western alpine areas, and surprisingly, no author has previously noted these apparent differences between the eastern and western populations of this species. In the area of central Alps, however, intermediate specimens can frequently be found, that is with aedeagal apex only weakly curved, or anal male pit barely perceptible. </p>
            <p> At which taxonomic rank these two forms of  C. violaceus are to be awarded is a question that needs to be clarified. In an analogous biogeographic scenario (Sassi, 2011a) for the clade  C. aureolus /  C. transcaucasicus , I proposed a distinction at specific level, since the two forms, even if showing an area of highly probable hybridization in the Eastern Alps (form " illyricus " sensu Franz, 1949), occur together and are morphologically well differentiated in the neighbourhood of Como, revealing thereby an advanced tendency towards reproductive isolation. With regards  C. violaceus , conversely, detectable transitional forms occur along a fairly wide and relatively deep range of central Alps. I found the occurrence of intermediate forms from Valle d'Aosta (Breuil, Champoluc), Piedmont (Macugnaga), Lombardy along the border with Switzerland (Monte Generoso) and even further east to Val Formazza and Vallunga Tartano, but some specimens with faintly intermediate appearance are also found in Veneto (Monte Baldo). This may suggest a lack of reproductive isolation. It is therefore convenient that the separation of the two taxa, given the undoubted biogeographic interest of this evolutionary process, must be recognized and formally framed at subspecific level. For this reason, it seems appropriate to keep the validity of the epithet of  C. violaceus scaffaiolus Burlini , encompassing in it all the populations from Spain, France, Western Alps and Northern Apennine. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587BDFFBA6158B89AFF4EFE45FAEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sassi, Davide	Sassi, Davide (2014): Taxonomic remarks, phylogeny and evolutionary notes on the leaf beetle species belonging to the Cryptocephalus sericeus complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). Zootaxa 3857 (3): 333-378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3857.3.2
03C587BDFFBA6159B89AFA45FC31FAF0.text	03C587BDFFBA6159B89AFA45FC31FAF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptocephalus zambanellus Marseul 1875	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cryptocephalus zambanellus Marseul, 1875</p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus zambanellus Marseul, 1875: 130 . Type locality: Monzambano, Italy. Type: not examined. </p>
            <p> The taxonomy of  Cryptocephalus sericeus seems rather confusing in determining the status of  Cryptocephalus zambanellus Marseul. This latter taxon has been considered by some authors as a subspecies of  C. sericeus (Warchalowski, 2003, Gómez-Zurita et al., 2011) and by others it was treated as a distinct species (Lopatin et al., 2010; Petitpierre, 2000). It should also be noted that Burlini, who for decades represented the most authoritative entomologist in the study of European  Cryptocephalus , had always considered  C. zambanellus a subspecies of  C. sericeus (Burlini, 1956) . Because of these taxonomic uncertainties I re-examined this issue in detail. On the basis of specimens collected in Italy (Monzambano, near Mantua),  Cryptocephalus zambanellus was described by Marseul (1875) as a species and not as a "variety", as erroneously reported by de Monte (1948). Marseul separated it from  C. sericeus because of the absence of the bituberculate small ridge on the anterior margin of the anal depression that characterizes male specimens of this taxon (fig. 10). Since then, Weise (1881) described and named specimens of  C. sericeus collected near Trieste, in Croatia and Dalmatia as  C. sericeus var. intrusus , distinguished from the nominal form on the basis of the same morphological characters, i. e. the lack of the bituberculate ridge. At that time the author did not know the taxon described by Marseul (1875) and later on he hastened to synonymize  intrusus with  C. zambanellus in "additions and corrections" in a footnote of his following work (Weise, 1893). In the following years  C. zambanellus was deemed alternately as a distinct species (Breit, 1918; Winkler, 1930; Porta, 1934; Zangheri, 1969) or as a "variety" or subspecies of  C. sericeus (Weise, 1906; Clavareau, 1913; Ulrich, 1923; de Monte, 1948; Müller, 1952; Burlini, 1956). </p>
            <p> Besides, de Monte (1948) resurrected the name  intrusus from synonymy with subsp.  zambanellus , proposing it as a distinct subspecies of  C. sericeus for specimens collected from Venezia Giulia only, highlighting peculiarities in the structure of the first sclerite of endophallus and in the shape of the male anal pit. He acknowledged, however, that from some localities (Tolmin, Postojna) there were specimens with ambiguous features. Besides, de Monte reported a rather strong variability in specimens from the Dalmatian coast and from the Velebit. However, he still assigned these latter populations, with some doubt, to  C. sericeus ssp.  zambanellus . </p>
            <p> In more recent times Rozner &amp; Rozner (2008) awarded a specimen collected in the Republic of Macedonia (Kratovo, Zguri-pass,) to the taxon  C. zambanellus . </p>
            <p> After the analysis of several tens of specimens from Venezia Giulia, Slovenia, Croatia and Dalmatian Islands, I feel the situation can be evaluated as follows. I confirm the existence of intermediate specimens, i.e. “  intrusus ” sensu de Monte (1948), between  C. zambanellus and  C. sericeus in populations spread in Italian territories between the valley of Tagliamento river and the state border, on the whole Istrian peninsula up to Rijeka, and on Slovenian territories up to the vicinity of Postojna. It must therefore be noted that the area covered by these intermediate populations joins to the north and east with that of  C. sericeus , and abruptly bisects to the west the range of  C. zambanellus , as the populations of the Dalmatian coast south of Istria should be attributed to the latter taxon (pers. obs., but see also de Monte, 1948; Müller, 1953). On the other hand it is remarkable that  C. zambanellus and C. s ericeus never show transitional forms along the northern and western border area. In Italy,  C. sericeus is reported only from a single locality (Tarvisio) very close to the Austrian border (Burlini, 1956). In France,  C. sericeus can be found at a short distance from the Italian border, being present in the Queyras and Savoye (Lanslevillard) while maintaining the typical habitus. All the Italian specimens I examined, even if collected very close to the French border (i.e. Vinadio, Limonetta, Sampeyre) belong with no doubts to  C. zambanellus . Conversely, transalpine and Central European specimens never reveal morphological characters that match the pattern of the latter form. Considering the broad extent of  C. sericeus ’ range, ambiguous morphological intermediates (“  intrusus ”) occurring in the northeastern part of  zambanellus ' range may be explained with the existence of a moderate area of introgression between two otherwise distinct species that reveal a global well-established genetic isolation. For this reason, I reiterate the opportunity to compose this taxonomic framework: </p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus zambanellus Marseul, 1875: 130 stat. nov.</p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus intrusus Weise, 1881: 183 n. syn.</p>
            <p> Cryptocephalus sericeus intrusus Weise (De Monte, 1948: 471) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587BDFFBA6159B89AFA45FC31FAF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sassi, Davide	Sassi, Davide (2014): Taxonomic remarks, phylogeny and evolutionary notes on the leaf beetle species belonging to the Cryptocephalus sericeus complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). Zootaxa 3857 (3): 333-378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3857.3.2
