identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C42F370C60731EFF66CD11BFEADC43.text	03C42F370C60731EFF66CD11BFEADC43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus	<div><p>Valid Hippocampus species</p><p>Standard institutional codes are used for all specimens cited (see Sabaj-Pérez 2014). We include synonyms and highlight unresolved taxonomic controversies in the annotations for each species. References for the original descriptions of all valid species are included in the bibliography. Primary synonyms (i.e. those for which the type specimens represent the same species) only are given, since any attempt to rationalize subsequent misidentifications by different authors will surely lead to more confusion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C60731EFF66CD11BFEADC43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C60731FFF66CC53BD0FD9B8.text	03C42F370C60731FFF66CC53BD0FD9B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827	<div><p>Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827</p><p>English common names. Bigbelly Seahorse, big-belly seahorse, big-bellied seahorse, eastern potbelly seahorse, pot-bellied seahorse, pot-belly seahorse.</p><p>Syntypes. MNHN 0000-6090, 0000-9207 (dried).</p><p>Type locality. New Zealand.</p><p>Synonyms. H. bleekeri Fowler 1907, H. agnesae Fowler 1907, H. graciliformis McCulloch 1911 . Subgenus synonym: Macleayina Fowler 1907 .</p><p>Distribution. Australia (southeast), New Zealand.</p><p>Notes. H. abdominalis was first described from New Zealand and there is a question as to whether specimens from Australia represent the same species. Studies that have addressed this question do not support the existence of multiple species based on morphological, meristic, and genetic data (357 bp, cyt b) and show more variation within populations than among populations (Appendix A; Armstrong 2001). There is some genetic divergence between Australian and New Zealand populations (814bp cyt b, 624bp CO1, 404bp CR, plus four microsatellite loci), however, the level of divergence (1.4–1.7%, Nickel &amp; Cursons 2012) is below our 2% threshold adopted for this revision. Divergence within New Zealand is 0.7–2.2% without any clear geographical structure (Nickel 2009; Nickel &amp; Cursons 2012). The name H. abdominalis takes precedence with H. agnesae and H. bleekeri being treated as synonyms. Hippocampus graciliformis is a juvenile specimen of H. abdominalis and therefore is also synonymized.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C60731FFF66CC53BD0FD9B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C61731FFF66CC2AB850DE31.text	03C42F370C61731FFF66CC2AB850DE31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus algiricus Kaup 1856	<div><p>H. algiricus Kaup 1856</p><p>English common name. West African Seahorse.</p><p>Holotype. MNHN 0000-6084.</p><p>Type locality. Algeria.</p><p>Synonyms. H. punctulatus Kaup 1856, H. deanei Duméril 1861, H. kaupii Duméril 1870 .</p><p>Distribution. Angola, Benin, Cabinda, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain (Canary Islands), Togo, Western Sahara.</p><p>Notes. The type specimen was sent from Algiers, Algeria by Guichenot who reported this species occurred, albeit ‘very rarely’, in Béjaïa (formerly Bougie) (Guichenot 1850) . No other specimens have been found from Algeria since this time, and we restrict the current distribution of H. algiricus to West Africa . H. algiricus is very closely related to the H. kuda -complex (Teske et al. 2005) and is only 1.3% divergent from H. reidi (Silveira et al. 2014; Casey et al. 2004; Teske et al. 2004; BOLD 2016), but is here retained as a valid separate species due to the geographic distance between the West African and Brazilian coasts (see Discussion for further explanation). Further research is needed to determine the level of connectivity and gene exchange between the two populations. Synonymies were confirmed by examination of all type specimens (Lourie et al. 1999).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C61731FFF66CC2AB850DE31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C62731DFF66CDF0BFF8D815.text	03C42F370C62731DFF66CDF0BFF8D815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus angustus Gunther 1870	<div><p>H. angustus Günther 1870</p><p>English common names. Narrow-Bellied Seahorse, Western Australian seahorse, western spiny seahorse.</p><p>Syntypes. BMNH 1858.12.27.97-103 (7).</p><p>Type locality. Freycinet Harbour, Western Australia.</p><p>Synonyms. H. grandiceps Kuiter 2001; H. hendriki Kuiter 2001; H. multispinus Kuiter 2001; H. erinaceus Günther 1870 .</p><p>Distribution. Australia (north and northwest).</p><p>Notes. Differences of opinion exist as to the number of spiny, striped-snouted, reticulated brown-patterned seahorse species in northern Australia. Morphologically and meristically there is a lot of overlap among the specimens and there are no clear morphological distinctions (Appendix B). Based on our measurements of many of the same specimens that were used to describe H. grandiceps, H. hendriki, and H. multispinus (Kuiter 2001), we find inconsistencies between our counts, and our counts do not uphold the very slight modal differences among the putative species described in Kuiter (2001). Even these differences disappear when all the specimens measured by SL (including ones not measured in Kuiter 2001) are divided regionally, and we therefore treat them as a single, morphologically variable species with the name H. angustus . Eleven barcode sequences are available for specimens from this group (six of which are publicly available): one from Rockingham, south of Perth (identified as H. subelongatus), one from Shark Bay (identified as H. angustus), two from the northwest coast of Western Australia (identified as H. angustus), one from Misool, West Papua (identified as H. cf barbouri) and five from the Torres Strait (identified as H. hendriki and not publicly available). BOLD separates them into three BINs (Barcode Index Number groups): i) H. subelongatus and H. angustus (Shark Bay) (identical sequences), ii) two northwest H. angustus (maximum genetic distance within this group is 0.61%) and iii) H. cf barbouri and H. hendriki (maximum genetic distance within this group is 0.92%). The genetic distance among the groups is 1.28–1.44%, which is below the 2% threshold We have adopted for this revision. If further study suggests that spiny seahorses from Shark Bay (the type locality of H. angustus) are indeed the same as H. subelongatus, H. angustus has chronological priority. If the spiny northern seahorses turn out to be a single species, and distinct from H. angustus, but conspecific with H. erinaceus, the name H. erinaceus would have priority over new species names (those from Kuiter 2001). That said, although the meristic data of H. erinaceus match those of other northern spiny species, it is a much smaller specimen with a relatively short snout. If the northern seahorses turn out to be more than one species, H. erinaceus should be one of the names. See additional notes under H. subelongatus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C62731DFF66CDF0BFF8D815	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C63731DFF66CC59B8F5DE60.text	03C42F370C63731DFF66CC59B8F5DE60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus barbouri	<div><p>H. barbouri Jordan &amp; Richardson 1908</p><p>English common names. Barbour’s Seahorse, zebra-snout seahorse.</p><p>Holotype. USNM 61683. Paratypes: CAS-SU 20205 (2).</p><p>Type locality. Cuyo, Philippines.</p><p>Synonyms. H. arnei Roule 1916 (in part) (and its misspellings H. aimei and H. airnei).</p><p>Distribution. Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi and Borneo), Malaysia (Sabah), Philippines.</p><p>Notes. H. arnei is synonymized, in part, with H. barbouri on the basis of the original morphological description, illustrations, and photographs of the type specimens (Lourie et al. 1999). Note that the specimens of H. arnei are both female, and apparently of two different species, and are not male and female as Roule indicates. Genetic variation (648 bp, CO1) within H. barbouri is approximately 1.1% while the distance to the closest members of the H. angustus clade (from the Torres Strait) is approximately 6.1% (BOLD 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C63731DFF66CC59B8F5DE60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C7C7302FF66CA9BBD3FDC60.text	03C42F370C7C7302FF66CA9BBD3FDC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley 1970	<div><p>H. bargibanti Whitley 1970</p><p>English common names. Bargibant’s Pygmy Seahorse, pygmy seahorse.</p><p>Lectotype. AMS I.15418-001. Paralectotypes: AMS I.15418-002.</p><p>Type locality. Nouméa, New Caledonia.</p><p>Synonyms. None.</p><p>Distribution. Australia, Indonesia, Japan (Izu, Ogasawara and Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia (Borneo), New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu. Notes. H. bargibanti exists in two different colour morphs: grey with pink tubercles, and yellow with orange tubercles.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C7C7302FF66CA9BBD3FDC60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C7D7303FF66C9B8BD1DDCCA.text	03C42F370C7D7303FF66C9B8BD1DDCCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus breviceps Peters 1869	<div><p>H. breviceps Peters 1869</p><p>English common names. Short-head Seahorse, knobby seahorse, short-headed seahorse, short-snouted seahorse. Holotype. ZMB 7082 (missing in 2001).</p><p>Type locality. Adelaide, South Australia.</p><p>Synonyms. H. tuberculatus Castelnau 1875 .</p><p>Distribution. Australia (south and west, Tasmania).</p><p>Notes. Kuiter (2001) recognizes separate species to the west ( H. tuberculatus) and east ( H. breviceps) of the Great Australian Bight. Our data do not show the meristic differences that Kuiter cites in support of this separation (see Appendix C), and there are no genetic data yet available to shed light on the question. Further molecular work is needed to determine whether there exist sufficient differences between these two disjunct populations of H. breviceps to warrant the validity of H. tuberculatus as a distinct species. For now we accept the validity of a single species only.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C7D7303FF66C9B8BD1DDCCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C7D7303FF66CCD5BD33DE3B.text	03C42F370C7D7303FF66CCD5BD33DE3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi 1854	<div><p>H. camelopardalis Bianconi 1854</p><p>English common names. Giraffe Seahorse.</p><p>Type specimen. Unknown (but see BMNH 1920.12.6.2).</p><p>Type locality. Mozambique.</p><p>Synonyms. H. subcoronatus Günther 1866 (in Playfair &amp; Günther 1866) .</p><p>Distribution. Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania.</p><p>Notes. The name H. subcoronatus has barely been used except in Günther’s original description. We synonymize it with H. camelopardalis based on the description, illustration, and our examination of the type specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C7D7303FF66CCD5BD33DE3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C7E7301FF66CD02B812D83A.text	03C42F370C7E7301FF66CD02B812D83A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus capensis Boulenger 1900	<div><p>H. capensis Boulenger 1900</p><p>English common names. Knysna Seahorse, Cape seahorse. Holotype. BMNH 1898.12.17.3.</p><p>Type locality. Knysna Harbour, South Africa. Synonyms. None .</p><p>Distribution. South Africa (Knysna, Keurbooms, and Swartvlei Estuaries).</p><p>Notes. Meristics and genetic evidence (Teske et al. 2005, 2007a; BOLD 2016) suggest that H. capensis is a member of the H. kuda complex. We conservatively retain its status as a distinct species based on the distinctive morphological and ecological characteristics it exhibits and the substantial threats facing these populations (Lockyear et al. 2006; Teske et al. 2007b). The species is the only seahorse known to exclusively inhabit estuaries, and the populations within these estuaries all exhibit genetic differences that warrant them being treated as separate management units (Teske et al. 2003). See the Discussion for further explanation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C7E7301FF66CD02B812D83A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C7F7301FF66C8B0BF6DDE7F.text	03C42F370C7F7301FF66C8B0BF6DDE7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus colemani Kuiter 2003	<div><p>H. colemani Kuiter 2003</p><p>English common names. Coleman’s Pygmy Seahorse. Holotype. AMS I41181- 001. Paratypes: AMS I41181-002. Type locality. Lord Howe Island, Australia. Synonyms. None.</p><p>Distribution. Australia (Lord Howe Island).</p><p>Notes. The original description of H. colemani was based only on the two type specimens (Kuiter 2003) and contained errors (corrected in Lourie &amp; Kuiter 2008). Two additional specimens from Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea, are housed in the NMV and tentatively assigned to H. colemani . However, they are substantially smaller and have body proportions more similar to H. pontohi (Lourie &amp; Kuiter 2008) . Given the relative isolation of Lord Howe Island, the paucity of specimens available for comparisons, and their many shared features, it is possible that the specimens described as H. colemani represent a population of a more widespread species that was subsequently, erroneously, described as H. pontohi . If this were the case (genetic data would be helpful to resolve this question), H. colemani would be the species name retained based on the Principle of Priority (Article 23, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C7F7301FF66C8B0BF6DDE7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C7F7306FF66CE4ABF42D82D.text	03C42F370C7F7306FF66CE4ABF42D82D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus comes Cantor 1849	<div><p>H. comes Cantor 1849</p><p>English common names. Tiger-tail Seahorse, tiger-tailed seahorse. Holotype. BMNH 1982.6.17.9 [ex 1860.3.19.532].</p><p>Type locality. Penang, Malaysia.</p><p>Synonyms. None.</p><p>Distribution. India (Andaman Islands), Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam.</p><p>Notes. BOLD (2016) data suggest that H. comes is most closely related to H. angustus and H. subelongatus from Shark Bay, Western Australia, with a divergence of 2.73%.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C7F7306FF66CE4ABF42D82D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C787306FF66CDF8B875DFCD.text	03C42F370C787306FF66CDF8B875DFCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus coronatus Temminck & Schlegel 1850	<div><p>H. coronatus Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1850</p><p>English common names. Crowned Seahorse.</p><p>Lectotype (designated by Boeseman (1947:195–196)): RMNH D1543 (dry). Paralectotype: RMNH D 1541-42 (2, dry), D1544 (1, dry).</p><p>Type locality. Nagasaki, Japan.</p><p>Synonyms. None.</p><p>Distribution. Japan, South Korea (southeast).</p><p>Notes. Mukai et al. (2000) assessed the mtDNA 12S rRNA divergence of specimens from Sagami Bay, Japan that they identified as H. coronatus . They concluded the samples represented two different taxonomic units, 4.4–4.6% divergent from one another. It is possible that the samples were misidentified and may in fact be H. coronatus and H. sindonis (this is likely based on the photographs in the paper). The paper did not mention H. sindonis . Morphological examination of the seahorses from Sagami Bay is needed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C787306FF66CDF8B875DFCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C797304FF66CD2FB8CBD8A0.text	03C42F370C797304FF66CD2FB8CBD8A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus dahli Ogilby 1908	<div><p>H. dahli Ogilby 1908</p><p>English common name. Lowcrown Seahorse. Holotype. QM I.788.</p><p>Type locality. Moreton Bay, Noosa, southern Queensland, Australia .</p><p>Synonyms. None.</p><p>Distribution. Northern and Eastern Australia.</p><p>Notes. Morphological data for the type specimen of H. dahli have been lost. Specimens from northeast Australia that are classified as H. dahli by Kuiter (2001) are meristically indistinguishable from H. trimaculatus from elsewhere in their range (Appendix D), although they apparently lack the three spots characteristic of H. trimaculatus (data for Lourie et al. 1999). Genetic data (648bp, CO1) from a single specimen identified as H. dahli (not publicly available) suggests a 4.86% divergence between this specimen and others from India to Taiwan, Province of China, Indonesia and the Philippines (BOLD 2016). Further investigation is warranted.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C797304FF66CD2FB8CBD8A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C7A7304FF66CB20B827DA2A.text	03C42F370C7A7304FF66CB20B827DA2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus debelius Gomon & Kuiter 2009	<div><p>H. debelius Gomon &amp; Kuiter 2009</p><p>English common name. Softcoral Seahorse.</p><p>Holotype. NMV A 29864 -001.</p><p>Type locality. Red Sea, Hurghada, Erg Camel, Egypt.</p><p>Synonyms. None.</p><p>Distribution. Egypt (Red Sea).</p><p>Notes. This species is clearly distinguishable from all other seahorses based on morphology and meristic data, but is known from very few specimens/observations. Further research is needed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C7A7304FF66CB20B827DA2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C7A7305FF66CFCFBE16D995.text	03C42F370C7A7305FF66CFCFBE16D995.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus denise Lourie & Randall 2003	<div><p>H. denise Lourie &amp; Randall 2003</p><p>English common names. Denise’s Pygmy Seahorse.</p><p>Holotype. MZB 10920. Paratypes: BPBM 38955 (3); MZB 10921; USNM 368872-73 (1, 3), 370526. Type locality. Banta Island, Indonesia (holotype, and one paratype) ; Palau (other paratypes). Synonyms. None.</p><p>Distribution. Australia (northeast), Indonesia, Malaysia (Borneo), Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu.</p><p>Notes. Some specimens of H. denise from West Papua are red with large white tubercles. It is unclear whether these represent a separate species as specimens have yet to be collected. Further research is needed to understand the range boundaries of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C7A7305FF66CFCFBE16D995	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C7B730AFF66CDBDBD6AD871.text	03C42F370C7B730AFF66CDBDBD6AD871.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810	<div><p>H. erectus Perry 1810</p><p>English common names. Lined Seahorse, northern seahorse, spotted seahorse.</p><p>Neotype. USNM 223087</p><p>Type locality. ‘American seas, coasts of Mexico and West Indies’ (presumably Atlantic coasts) . Neotype from Florida (Gulf of Mexico) , USA.</p><p>Synonyms. H. hudsonius DeKay 1842, H. punctulatus Guichenot 1853, H. marginalis Kaup 1856, H. fascicularis Kaup 1856, H. laevicaudatus Kaup 1856, H. villosus Günther 1880, H. stylifer Jordan and Gilbert 1882, H. brunneus Bean 1906, H. kincaidi Townsend and Barbour 1906, Syngnathus caballus Larranaga 1923 .</p><p>Distribution. Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Azores Islands (though possibly as a vagrant or of anthropogenic origin—see Woodall et al. 2009), Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cura ç ao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos, USA, US Virgin Islands, Venezuela.</p><p>Notes. No type specimen is associated with the original description of H. erectus, and its type locality was not specific, but we here designate a neotype from the centre of its range. Vari (1982) revised the western Atlantic seahorses and made the synonymies, however the morphological variation, particularly in terms of spine development among some specimens, is relatively large. The Brazilian H. erectus forms a genetically distinct clade (648bp, CO1), separate from the Caribbean specimens, however the genetic distance between these clades (1.6%, Silveira et al. 2014) is below the 2% threshold employed in this revision. Boehm et al. (2015) indicate that H. erectus from the Gulf of Mexico to Long Island exist as three genetic subpopulations (based on 11,708 single nucleotide polymorphisms), although an earlier study based on 3840bp (mtDNA cyt b, CO1, CR) and five nuclear loci (aldolase, myh6, rhodopsin, Tmo4c4, S7 intron) gave no evidence to support a distinction on either side of Cape Hatteras (Boehm et al. 2013). Boehm et al. (2015) have recently demonstrated that this species is resident as far north as Long Island . Many records of the species exist from over the Scotian shelf off the east coast of Canada—further research is needed to determine whether they are resident there or if they are vagrant drifters on the Gulf Stream.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C7B730AFF66CDBDBD6AD871	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C74730BFF66CD78B90FD8C1.text	03C42F370C74730BFF66CD78B90FD8C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus fisheri	<div><p>H. fisheri Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903</p><p>English common names. Fisher’s Seahorse. Synonyms. None.</p><p>Holotype. USNM 50625. Paratypes: BPBM 1687, FMNH 3946, MCZ 168879 (never received), CAS-SU 7450, USNM 126534 [ex USBF 1058/USFC 2700].</p><p>Type locality. Kailua, Hawaii (holotype) ; Hilo, Hawaii (paratypes) .</p><p>Distribution. USA (Hawaii).</p><p>Notes. Szabó et al. (2011) confirm the presence, and distinctness, of H. fisheri as a Hawaiian endemic using genetic and morphometric methods. It is&gt;5% divergent from H. kuda (696bp, cyt b) (Szabó et al. 2011). Specimens that were formerly tentatively assigned to H. fisheri from New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island (Lourie et al. 1999, 2004) have subsequently been described as H. jugumus and H. pusillus (Kuiter 2001; Fricke 2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C74730BFF66CD78B90FD8C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C757308FF66C8D5BD24D808.text	03C42F370C757308FF66C8D5BD24D808.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829	<div><p>H. guttulatus Cuvier 1829</p><p>English common names. Long-snouted Seahorse, spiny seahorse, maned seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. guttulatus multiannularis Ginsburg 1937, H. hippocampus microcoronatus Slastenenko1938, H. hippocampus microstephanus Slastenenko 1937, H. longirostris Schinz 1822 .</p><p>Neotype: MNHN-IC 2016-0023.</p><p>Type locality. Nice, France.</p><p>Distribution. Azores Islands, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Georgia, Greece, Isle of Man, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, UK, Ukraine.</p><p>Notes. The name H. ramulosus has frequently been used for the European Long-snouted Seahorse, but see Species Inquirenda below. Schinz (1822) proposed the name H. longirostris (~long-snouted seahorse) for this species in opposition to his H. brevirostris (~short-snouted seahorse). Hippocampus longirostris is given here in synonymy despite its earlier date (as in Lourie et al. 1999), following Ginsburg (1937) who called for its suppression and support of H. guttulatus ‘in accordance with universal usage’. This has been challenged by Vasil’Eva (2007), however, we continue to support Ginsburg’s concept (see also notes under H. hippocampus). Hippocampus bicuspis is similar meristically (Appendix E, and different from the other known species from the region, H. algiricus), but it was found far outside the species’ typical range (in Senegal) and is here treated as a Species Inquirendum. Based on genetic data (991bp cyt b and CR, and five microsatellites) there are four distinct subpopulations of H. guttulatus throughout Europe (Eastern Atlantic, Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea) (Woodall et al. 2015). The most common mtDNA haplotypes were found in all sampled locations, and the average genetic distance among populations was only 0.65%, supporting the conclusion that this is still a single species even though there is likely no current gene flow between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. That said, even the Black Sea population is only 1.06% different from the furthest population in the Bay of Biscay (Woodall et al. 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C757308FF66C8D5BD24D808	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C767309FF66C89DBD38D8E5.text	03C42F370C767309FF66C89DBD38D8E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syngnathus hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758) Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>H. hippocampus (Linnaeus 1758)</p><p>English common names. Short-snouted Seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. Gasterosteus equus Cabrera, Pérez, and Haenseler 1817, Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus 1758, H. heptagonus Rafinesque 1810, H. antiquorum Leach 1814, H. vulgaris Cloquet 1821, H. brevirostris Schinz 1822, H. antiquus Risso 1827, H. europaeus Ginsburg 1937; H. pentagonus Rafinesque 1810 .</p><p>Distribution. Algeria, Albania, Azores, Croatia, France, The Gambia, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Portugal, Senegal, Slovenia, Spain (including the Canary Islands), Turkey, UK, Western Sahara.</p><p>Neotype: BMNH 1872.2.6.3 (but see notes about Linnaeus’ specimens).</p><p>Type locality. Spain / Portugal, eastern Atlantic .</p><p>Notes. Linnaeus had two seahorses in his collection, one of which is the European Short-snouted Seahorse, the other is a distinctly spiny species of unknown identity (SL pers. obs., Maclaine 2015). Linnaeus himself made no distinction between different species of seahorse and gave them only a single name, Syngnathus hippocampus . This species name has been used extensively with the revised generic name for seahorses— Hippocampus) for the Short- Snouted Seahorse over the years, and is consistent with one of Linneaus’ specimens. Vasil’Eva (2007) however, suggests the use of H. hippocampus for the long-snouted European seahorse based on (some of) the meristic data in Linnaeus’ original descriptions. This action would be extremely disruptive to European seahorse nomenclature. We follow CF (Eschmeyer &amp; Fricke 2016) and Maclaine (2015) in recommending that Vasil’Eva’s publication, its neotype designation, and its nomenclatural conclusions be suppressed. Hippocampus hippocampus consists of three distinct genetic units (921 bp cyt b and CR) in the English Channel/ Bay of Biscay, the Mediterranean/Atlantic Europe, and West Africa (Woodall et al. 2011). Hippocampus europaeus does not exhibit meristic or morphological characteristics that distinguish it (Appendix F). The average distance among the populations in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Europe is 0.89%, while the average distance of the West African populations is 1.90% from the above populations (Woodall et al. 2011), and these do tend to have distinctively large coronets (Lourie et al. 1999).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C767309FF66C89DBD38D8E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C777309FF66C8F9BF8EDDF7.text	03C42F370C777309FF66C8F9BF8EDDF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus histrix Kaup 1856	<div><p>H. histrix Kaup 1856</p><p>English common names. Thorny Seahorse, longspine seahorse, spiny seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. curvicuspis Fricke 2004 (in part), H. hystrix Kaup 1856 .</p><p>Distribution. Australia, China (including Province of Taiwan), French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Reunion, Samoa, Seychelles, South Africa, South Korea, Tahiti, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Viet Nam.</p><p>Syntypes. MNHN A-0906, RMNH 1537.</p><p>Type locality. Japan.</p><p>Notes. Five of the eleven specimens used by Fricke (2004) to describe H. curvicuspis were examined previously by the first author who did not find the cited morphological and meristic distinctions that purportedly separate these specimens from H. histrix (Lourie et al. 1999; Appendix G). In addition, one specimen (AMS IB.4155) in the type series appeared to be a member of a different species ( H. spinosissimus) (SL pers. obs.). The wide geographic range of H. histrix (from east Africa to Japan) warrants further investigation, as Song &amp; Mabuchi (2014) suggest that the genetic distance between Indian and Pacific H. histrix is 6.6–6.7% (CO1) and this is also suggested by BOLD (2016) which indicates a 6.13% distinction between specimens from Mozambique / India versus Viet Nam / Japan (648bp CO1). This high degree of divergence indicates the presence of at least one cryptic species across the range. There are no genetic data currently available for H. jayakari, which is morphologically very similar to but replaces H. histrix in the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C777309FF66C8F9BF8EDDF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C70730EFF66C9B8BEB9DBEA.text	03C42F370C70730EFF66C9B8BEB9DBEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus ingens Girard 1858	<div><p>H. ingens Girard 1858</p><p>English common names. Pacific Seahorse, Giant seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. gracilis Gill 1862, H. ecuadorensis Fowler 1922, H. hildebrandi Ginsburg 1933 .</p><p>Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador (including the Malpelo, Cocos and Galapagos Islands), El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, USA (California).</p><p>Lectotype: USNM 982. Paralectotypes: MCZ 35914 [ex USNM 982], UMMZ 118063, USNM 214485 [ex USNM 982] (2).</p><p>Type locality. San Diego, USA.</p><p>Notes. See Fritzsche (1980) for refutations of all three synonyms. Anecdotal reports exist of H. ingens individuals being seen by fishers as far north as Barkley Sound, British Columbia (W. Harstad, pers. comm. 2014; A. Vincent, pers. comm. 2014). Genetic studies indicate low overall diversity within this species relative to other seahorses based on mtDNA cyt b (587 bp, 0.8% Tamura-Nei distance) and control region (340 bp, 1.2% Tamura-Nei distance) and tRNA-pro and control region (428 bp, 0.39% nucleotide diversity (q P) sequences (Sanders et al. 2008; Saarman et al. 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C70730EFF66C9B8BEB9DBEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C70730EFF66CF78B8C3DE0E.text	03C42F370C70730EFF66CF78B8C3DE0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus jayakari Boulenger 1900	<div><p>H. jayakari Boulenger 1900</p><p>English common names. Jayakar’s Seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. None.</p><p>Holotype. BMNH 1900.5.23.1.</p><p>Type locality. Muscat, Oman.</p><p>Distribution. Israel (Red Sea), Oman, Pakistan. Notes. This species may be closely related to H. histrix . No genetic data are currently available.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C70730EFF66CF78B8C3DE0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C71730FFF66CA8AB92FDC24.text	03C42F370C71730FFF66CA8AB92FDC24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus jugumus Kuiter 2001	<div><p>H. jugumus Kuiter 2001</p><p>English common names. Collar Seahorse, collared seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. None.</p><p>Holotype. AMS IA.2424.</p><p>Type locality. Lord Howe Island, Australia.</p><p>Distribution. Australia (Lord Howe Island).</p><p>Notes. This species was described on the basis of a single specimen, however since then a second specimen has been collected from Lord Howe Island (from the gut of a kingfish Seriola lalandi Valenciennes 1833), and is now deposited at the Australian Museum in Sydney. Hippocampus jugumus looks superficially similar to the species described as H. pusillus and H. fisheri, however the meristics do not agree (Lourie et al. 1999; Kuiter 2001; Fricke 2004). Additional research is required to determine the relationships among these three species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C71730FFF66CA8AB92FDC24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C72730CFF66C9B8BCE6DBEF.text	03C42F370C72730CFF66C9B8BCE6DBEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus kelloggi	<div><p>H. kelloggi Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</p><p>English common names. Great Seahorse, Kellogg’s seahorse, offshore seahorse.</p><p>Holotype. CAS-SU 6521.</p><p>Type locality. Kagoshima, Japan.</p><p>Synonyms. H. suezensis Duncker 1940 .</p><p>Distribution. Australia (northeast), China (Hong Kong SAR and Province of Taiwan), Egypt, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Tanzania, Viet Nam.</p><p>Notes. Jawad et al. (2011) conclude there are morphological differences between H. kelloggi and specimens from Oman (potentially H. suezensis), however the crucial table containing distinguishing characteristics is missing from that paper and could thus not be Evaluated for this current revision. The specimens that we have examined do not show meristic differences (Appendix H). One of the paratype specimens identified as H. alatus appears to be a specimen of H. kelloggi (Appendix N), as are several specimens identified by Kuiter (2001) as H. tristis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C72730CFF66C9B8BCE6DBEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C727332FF66CCE6BE82DB51.text	03C42F370C727332FF66CCE6BE82DB51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852	<div><p>H. kuda Bleeker 1852</p><p>English common names. Spotted Seahorse, common seahorse, estuarine seahorse, estuary seahorse, oceanic seahorse, yellow seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. aterrimus Jordan and Snyder 1902, H. borboniensis Duméril 1870, H. chinensis Basilewsky 1855, H. fuscus Rüppell 1838, H. hilonis Jordan and Evermann 1903, H. horai Duncker 1926, H. melanospilos Bleeker 1854, H. moluccensis Bleeker 1852, H. novaehebudorum Fowler 1944, H. polytaenia Bleeker 1854, H. raji Whitley 1955 (= H. kuda multiannularis Raj 1941), H. rhynchomacer Duméril 1870, H. taeniops Fowler 1904, H. taeniopterus Bleeker 1852, H. tristis Castelnau 1872</p><p>Syntypes. (2) RMNH 5167 (1 of several), BMNH 1867.11.28.360 (see also Bleeker specimens: NMV 46227- 28 (2)).</p><p>Type locality. Singapore</p><p>Distribution. Australia (northern), Bahrain, Cambodia, China (including Hong Kong SAR and Province of Taiwan), Comoros, Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Fiji, France (Réunion), India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Federated States of Micronesia, New Caledonia, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa (eastern), Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, USA (Hawaii), Viet Nam.</p><p>Notes. Hippocampus kuda is a very widespread species (or species-complex) that exhibits localized haplotypes, phylogeographic structuring (Lourie 2004; Teske et al. 2005), and variable morphology. BOLD (2016) separates the 54 sequenced specimens into four BINS (Barcorde Identification Numbers) although they only differ from one another by 1.28–2.25% (648 bp, CO1), and two of the three BINS with more than a single specimen contain members of more than one purported species. Furthermore, overlapping meristics, paraphyly among purported species, genotypes from different clades (BINS) in the same populations, and lack of diagnostic morphological differences mean that, pending further research, we are unable to uphold purported species as valid in this revision. The global ‘ H. kuda -clade’ includes H. kuda, H. fuscus, H. borboniensis, H. capensis, H. algiricus, and H. reidi (Casey et al. 2004; Silveira et al. 2014; Teske et al. 2005; BOLD 2016). We have here synonymized H. fuscus and H. borboniensis due to a lack of distinguishable morphological, genetic, or geographic differences from H. kuda proper (from Southeast Asia). Note that this implies that H. kuda is in fact a Lessepsian migrant, meaning that it has passed through the Suez Canal and into the Mediterranean Sea (Golani &amp; Fine 2002). We retain H. reidi and H. algiricus based on their subtly distinctive coronets, longer snouts, but mostly their large geographic separation (see Discussion). Further studies are needed to determine whether gene flow occurs across the Atlantic, as these two species appear to be very close genetically (1.3% divergence in 1141bp, cytb, according to Casey et al. 2004 and 1.6% divergence in 652bp, CO1, according to Silveira et al. 2014). We also conservatively retain H. capensis based on its distinctive coronet, noticeably and consistently smaller size, ecological considerations (it appears to be one of the most brackish-water tolerant seahorses and has only been found in estuaries—Lockyear et al. 2006), and conservation status (it is the only seahorse listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List—Czembor &amp; Bell 2012). Comparisons of cyt b sequences of present-day specimens identified as H. kuda from Hawaii with the type specimen of H. hilonis revealed the same unique haplotype and led the authors to classify them as a subspecies H. kuda hilonis (Szabó et al. 2011) . That said, the Hawaiian haplotype differs from Taiwanese and Philippines haplotypes by only one and two bases, respectively. Thus we do not support the acceptance of subspecific classification. The synonymization of H. melanospilos and H. taeniopterus with H. kuda was likely Bleeker’s own (according to manuscript notes to complete Bleeker’s Atlas of Ichthyology by Popta 1895). Lourie et al. (1999) followed Popta’s synonymy and we do here as well. According to Kuiter (2009), the type specimens of H. moluccensis are housed at the Museum of Victoria, although this identification is tentative. Kuiter further identifies them as a spiny species, however after examination of a photograph of one of the specimens we conclude that it is not spiny and more strongly conforms to H. kuda (SL pers. obs.). The type description of H. moluccensis also repeatedly mentions ‘low tubercles’ and nothing about spines. The original description of H. tristis only mentions a single specimen (Castelnau 1872), however there are two type specimens in MNHN. Castelnau’s paper chiefly deals with fish from the Melbourne fish market and he gives no indication as to the origin of the specimens. The specimen labels however, suggest they are from ‘Swan River, Australia’. Both Melbourne and Swan River are outside the range of H. kuda and it is possible that the specimens came from elsewhere. Morphologically they conform to H. kuda . Other names that we synonymise, based on our examination of the type material, morphologically conform to H. kuda (e.g. H. aterrimus, H. novaehebudorum, H. polytaenia —see also notes under H. spinosissimus, H. rhynchomacer, H. taeniops) (Appendix I). Remaining names lack type specimens, or we were unable to examine the types, and are synonymised based on the original morphological descriptions (e.g. H. chinensis, H. horai, H. raji and H. taeniopterus).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C727332FF66CCE6BE82DB51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C4C7332FF66CBA0B852DACE.text	03C42F370C4C7332FF66CBA0B852DACE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus minotaur Gomon 1997	<div><p>H. minotaur Gomon 1997</p><p>English common names. Bullneck Seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. None.</p><p>Distribution. Australia (southeast).</p><p>Holotype. NMV A 192 . Paratypes: AMS IA.3509, IA.3560, NMV A14161. Type locality. Eden, Australia (holotype), New South Wales and Bass Strait, Australia (paratypes). Notes. Hippocampus minotaur is known only from four specimens (Gomon 1997).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C4C7332FF66CBA0B852DACE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C4C7333FF66CFC4BDD1DD01.text	03C42F370C4C7333FF66CFC4BDD1DD01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker 1853	<div><p>H. mohnikei Bleeker 1853</p><p>English common names. Japanese Seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. japonicus Kaup 1856 .</p><p>Distribution. Cambodia, China (including Province of Taiwan), India (eastern), Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore and Viet Nam (see Aylesworth et al. 2016).</p><p>Holotype. RMNH 7259.</p><p>Type locality. Kaminoseki Island, Japan.</p><p>Notes. Both H. mohnikei and H. japonicus were described from Japan and examination of their type specimens shows them to be the same species (Appendix J). Specimens from elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific morphologically conform to H. mohnikei, and differ genetically (e.g. Japanese and Vietnamese specimens differ by an average of 2.25%—648 bp, CO1, BOLD 2016), indicating that there is the possibility of cryptic species within what we know as H. mohnikei . Zhang et al. (2014) found an overall nucleotide diversity of 0.35% between the two populations sampled from northern China (780 bp, cyt b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C4C7333FF66CFC4BDD1DD01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C4D7330FF66CD90BCDAD853.text	03C42F370C4D7330FF66CD90BCDAD853.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus paradoxus Foster & Gomon 2010	<div><p>H. paradoxus Foster &amp; Gomon 2010</p><p>English common names. Paradoxical Seahorse. Synonyms. None.</p><p>Holotype. SAMA F10490.</p><p>Type locality. SW of Esperance, Australia.</p><p>Distribution. Australia (southwest).</p><p>Notes. This species is known only from the holotype. It is closely related to H. minotaur (Foster &amp; Gomon 2010) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C4D7330FF66CD90BCDAD853	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C4E7330FF66C8ABBCCBDA6F.text	03C42F370C4E7330FF66C8ABBCCBDA6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto 2004	<div><p>H. patagonicus Piacentino &amp; Luzzatto 2004</p><p>English common names. Patagonian Seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. None</p><p>Distribution. Argentina, Brazil (south), Uruguay.</p><p>Holotype. MACN 8806. Paratypes: MACN 8807, 8808, 8809.</p><p>Type locality. Río Negro, San Antonio Oueste, Bahía, Argentina .</p><p>Notes. Molecular research amply supports the diagnosis of H. patagonicus as a species separate from H. erectus (Casey et al. 2004; González et al. 2014; Silveira et al. 2014). It is 6.13% divergent from Brazilian H. erectus (648 bp, CO1, BOLD 2016) which in turn is 1.29% divergent from North American and Caribbean H. erectus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C4E7330FF66C8ABBCCBDA6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C4E7331FF66CF4FBD3ED995.text	03C42F370C4E7331FF66CF4FBD3ED995.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus planifrons Peters 1877	<div><p>H. planifrons Peters 1877</p><p>English common names. Flatface Seahorse, false-eye seahorse, false-eyed seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. biocellatus Kuiter 2001 .</p><p>Distribution. Australia (Shark Bay and Exmouth Gulf).</p><p>Holotype. ZMB 9387.</p><p>Type locality. Naturalist’s Channel, Australia.</p><p>Notes. The type specimen of H. planifrons is bleached and eye spots cannot be discerned. The limited number of specimens examined by Kuiter (2001) for descriptions of H. biocellatus (6) and H. planifrons (4) did not display distinguishing characteristics when re-examined by SL (see Appendix K), aside from H. biocellatus having a deeper body (potentially confounded by ontogeny and sex differences among the specimens examined) and spot markings that are split (that again may reflect ontogenetic differences) and cannot be seen on the type specimen of H. planifrons . The name H. planifrons has chronological precedence, thus subsuming H. biocellatus as a junior synonym.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C4E7331FF66CF4FBD3ED995	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C4F7336FF66CD16BFC7D813.text	03C42F370C4F7336FF66CD16BFC7D813.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter 2008	<div><p>H. pontohi Lourie &amp; Kuiter 2008</p><p>English common name. Pontoh’s Pygmy Seahorse Synonyms. H. severnsi Lourie and Kuiter 2008 .</p><p>Distribution. Indonesia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, USA (Northern Mariana Islands).</p><p>Holtoype: MZB 13593. Paratypes: MZB 13596, 13597.</p><p>Type locality. Bunaken, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.</p><p>Notes. H. severnsi is considered a synonym based on the fact that its original description (Lourie &amp; Kuiter</p><p>2008) does not include distinct morphological characters (colour only) (Appendix L). Recent genetic analyses</p><p>confirm this synonymy (H. Hamilton, in litt. to SL and RP, 13 Feb 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C4F7336FF66CD16BFC7D813	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C487336FF66C8E6BFE0DA48.text	03C42F370C487336FF66C8E6BFE0DA48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus pusillus Fricke 2004	<div><p>H. pusillus Fricke 2004</p><p>English common names. Pygmy Thorny Seahorse, Dwarf thorny seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. None.</p><p>Holotype. MNHN 2004-2029. Paratypes: MNHN 2002-3234, SMNS 23384.</p><p>Type locality. Loyalty Islands (holotype), Loyalty Islands and Province Nord, Grand Terre, New Caledonia (paratypes) .</p><p>Distribution. France (New Caledonia).</p><p>Notes. This species is known only from the holotype and two paratypes. It very closely resembles H. jugumus although the meristic data do not agree. Further investigation is warranted.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C487336FF66C8E6BFE0DA48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C487337FF66CFAEBE8ADCAD.text	03C42F370C487337FF66CFAEBE8ADCAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg 1933	<div><p>H. reidi Ginsburg 1933</p><p>English common names. Slender Seahorse, Brazilian seahorse, longsnout seahorse, long-snout seahorse. Synonyms. H. obtusus Ginsburg 1933, H. poeyi Howell and Riviero 1934 .</p><p>Distribution. Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Cuba, French Guiana, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Suriname, Turks and Caicos Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, USA (North Carolina to Texas), Venezuela, Virgin Islands (US and UK).</p><p>Holotype. USNM 86590. Paratypes: USNM 223673.</p><p>Type locality. Grenada, West Indies.</p><p>Notes. Both H. obtusus and H. poeyi are juvenile specimens that conform to H. reidi meristically and morphologically, and are hence synonymised. Hippocampus reidi is thought to be part of the H. kuda complex (Teske et al. 2005), and is very closely related to H. algiricus (Casey et al. 2004; Silveira et al. 2014). Indeed the Barcode of Life places them both in the same BIN group, with an average within-group divergence of 1.28% (BOLD 2016). Research is needed to determine whether gene flow across the Atlantic Ocean takes place between H. reidi and H. algiricus, but we retain them both as valid species here due to the large geographic distance and entire ocean basin between the two populations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C487337FF66CFAEBE8ADCAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C497337FF66CF24B9B7DEE6.text	03C42F370C497337FF66CF24B9B7DEE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus satomiae Lourie & Kuiter 2008	<div><p>H. satomiae Lourie &amp; Kuiter 2008</p><p>English common names. Satomi’s Pygmy Seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. waleananus Gomon and Kuiter 2009 .</p><p>Distribution. Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah).</p><p>Holotype. NMV A25420-001. Paratype: NMV A25420-002.</p><p>Type locality. Derawan Island, Kalimantan, Indonesia.</p><p>Notes. Hippocampus waleananus was described based on a single specimen. Differences cited included tail rings (32 vs. 27–28 for H. satomiae) and dorsal fin rays (12 versus 13-14), however a lack of other differences, and its apparent distribution entirely encompassed within the distribution of H. satomiae, lead us to synonymize it under H. satomiae (Appendix M). Further surveys and molecular studies in the region are needed to confirm this.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C497337FF66CF24B9B7DEE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C4A7335FF66CAFDB9AED856.text	03C42F370C4A7335FF66CAFDB9AED856.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus sindonis	<div><p>H. sindonis Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</p><p>English common names. Sindo’s Seahorse, Shiho’s seahorse. Synonyms. None.</p><p>Holotype. USNM 47930.</p><p>Type locality. Totomi Bay, off Hamamatsu, Japan.</p><p>Distribution. Japan.</p><p>Notes. Genetic data (714bp, 12S rRNA) from specimens identified by Mukai et al. (2000) as H. coronatus from Sagami Bay, Japan, separated into two distinct clades that differed by 4.4–4.6%. Photographs from that same paper, however, appear to be H. sindonis and H. coronatus, which would explain the observed genetic divergence.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C4A7335FF66CAFDB9AED856	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C4B733AFF66C8A3B972D8E5.text	03C42F370C4B733AFF66C8A3B972D8E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber 1913	<div><p>H. spinosissimus Weber 1913</p><p>English common names. Hedgehog Seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. alatus Kuiter 2001, H. arnei Roule 1916 (in part), H. curvicuspis Fricke 2004 (in part), H. queenslandicus Horne 2001, H. semispinosus Kuiter 2001 .</p><p>Syntypes. ZMA 104.665 (2).</p><p>Type locality. Sapeh Strait, Indonesia.</p><p>Distribution. Australia (north), Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand, Viet Nam.</p><p>Notes. The type specimens of H. spinosissimus are surprisingly small, yet they are males with fully developed pouches. They also have clear nose spines, double cheek spines, and all body spines are approximately equally developed. A third specimen labelled as ‘type’ (ZMA 114.473) had single cheek spines. Lourie et al. (1999) used this name to refer to spiny seahorses from across Southeast Asia, even though the latter frequently lacked a nose spine . No genetic data are available from the type specimens. Morphological and genetic data do not support the distinctness of H. queenslandicus nor H. semispinosus from what is understood as H. spinosissimus by Lourie et al. (1999) ( Teske et al. 2007c; BOLD 2016; Appendix N; see also Zhang et al. 2014). Admittedly there exists variation in spine development and colour pattern among H. spinosissimus specimens and genetic data indicate that haplotype diversity is high, with three major lineages, two of which are broadly sympatric and one that is restricted to the central Philippines (Lourie et al. 2005). However, the genetic divergence among specimens of H. spinosissimus examined from Australia, Malaysia and the Philippines is only 0.82% (648bp, CO1) (BOLD 2016), and the average cytochrome b sequence divergence among 172 specimens from 29 populations is only 1.3% (Lourie et al. 2005). At present we suggest that the variation represents polymorphism within a single species, rather than different species, however further investigation is warranted. Kuiter (2009) and Allen &amp; Erdmann (2012) identify spiny Southeast Asian seahorses variously as H. arnei (see comments under H. barbouri), H. alatus, H. moluccensis (see comments under H. kuda), and H. polytaenia . The illustration of H. polytaenia (Bleeker, 1983) does show markings and moderately developed spines that are reminiscent of H. spinosissimus, however the type specimens conform to H. kuda (SL pers. obs.). Hippocampus alatus is tentatively synonymised here on the basis of morphological similarity, pending further work (especially genetics) (see Appendix N).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C4B733AFF66C8A3B972D8E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C44733AFF66C8F3BE1EDE13.text	03C42F370C44733AFF66C8F3BE1EDE13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau 1873	<div><p>H. subelongatus Castelnau 1873</p><p>English common names. West Australian Seahorse, tiger snout seahorse. Synonyms. H. elongatus Castelnau 1873 .</p><p>Paratypes: MNHN A-4535, MNHN A-4536, MNHN A-4552 (according to Kuiter 2001) MNHN A-4535 is probably the holotype of H. subelongatus, and A-4536 is probably the holotype of H. elongatus).</p><p>Type locality. Swan River, Western Australia.</p><p>Distribution. Australia (southwest).</p><p>Notes. Meristic data largely overlap between H. subelongatus and H. angustus (Appendix B). Genetic divergence between H. subelongatus from Rockingham and H. angustus from Cape Bossut is 1.99% (652bp, CO1) (Harasti 2014), which is just about at the cut-off that we set for species distinctions for this revision. However the same specimen from Rockingham had an identical haplotype to a specimen of H. angustus from Denham, Shark Bay (BOLD 2016). Further investigation is warranted. In the meantime we continue to recognize H. subelongatus as a species separate from H. angustus . In support of this decision, H. subelongatus specimens do have distinctive, very tall and rounded coronets, and are not at all spiny, unlike their northern congeners that are distinctly spiny.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C44733AFF66C8F3BE1EDE13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C45733BFF66C9B8B944DECF.text	03C42F370C45733BFF66C9B8B944DECF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814	<div><p>H. trimaculatus Leach 1814</p><p>English common names. Three-spot Seahorse, flat-faced seahorse, longnose seahorse, low-crowned seahorse, smooth seahorse, three-spotted seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. kampylotrachelos Bleeker 1854, H. manadensis Bleeker 1856, H. mannulus Cantor 1849, H. takakurae Tanaka 1916 .</p><p>Syntypes. BMNH 1982.6.17.42, BMNH 1982.6.17.43 (designated here as lectotype), BMNH 1982.6.17.44-45 (2), BMNH 1982.6.17.46-47 (2).</p><p>Type locality. China Seas.</p><p>Distribution. Cambodia, China (Hong Kong SAR and Province of Taiwan), France (Tahiti), India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam.</p><p>Notes. The syntype series labeled as H. trimaculatus is actually a mixture of species: BMNH 1982.6.17.42 is H. barbouri (larger specimen) and H. mohnikei (smaller specimen); BMNH 1982.6.17.43 is H. trimaculatus, and is hereby designated as a lectotype; BMNH 1982.6.17. 44–45 are H. trimaculatus; BMNH 1982.6.17.46–47 are H. spinosissimus . The type specimen of H. kampylotrachelos matches H. trimaculatus morphologically and meristically, as does the single specimen, which is in poor condition and was found among nesting birds that Kuiter (2001) used to resurrect the species name. Both H. mannulus and H. manadensis are considered synonyms based on their type descriptions, and for H. manadensis examination of the holotype. Genetic data suggest there is a deep division between H. trimaculatus specimens from west and east of Wallace’s Line (2.9%, K2P distance, 696 bp cyt b, Lourie &amp; Vincent 2004a; 1.93%, 648 bp, CO1, BOLD 2016). There is some morphological evidence (slight difference in modal counts of tail rings and pectoral fin rays) to support this division as well (Appendix D). However, the difference is only retained for pectoral fin rays when Australian specimens are included and may not represent species distinctions. That said, we are currently treating Australian specimens in this group as a separate species, H. dahli (see above). Further research is needed to understand exactly where the changeover occurs and if there is a zone of overlap. Some specimens of H. trimaculatus have a zebra-striped pattern. Morphology, meristics and genetics identify these specimens as an unusual colour-morph of H. trimaculatus and not a separate species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C45733BFF66C9B8B944DECF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C467338FF66C9B8B972D8C6.text	03C42F370C467338FF66C9B8B972D8C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus tyro Randall & Lourie 2009	<div><p>H. tyro Randall &amp; Lourie 2009</p><p>English common names. Tyro Seahorse.</p><p>Holotype. BPBM 35555.</p><p>Type locality. Poivre Atoll, Seychelles.</p><p>Synonyms. None.</p><p>Distribution. Seychelles.</p><p>Notes. This species is only known from a single specimen collected from a deep-water dredge in 1992.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C467338FF66C9B8B972D8C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C467338FF66CDD7BE30DF1D.text	03C42F370C467338FF66CDD7BE30DF1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus whitei Bleeker 1855	<div><p>H. whitei Bleeker 1855</p><p>English common names. White’s Seahorse, common seahorse, New Holland seahorse, Sydney seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. novaehollandiae Steindacher 1866; H. procerus Kuiter 2001 .</p><p>Neotype: I.40831-018.</p><p>Type locality. Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia.</p><p>Distribution. Australia (east), Solomon Islands.</p><p>Notes. Meristic and morphological data do not separate purported H. procerus from H. whitei (Appendix O), nor do genetics. Four specimens from Moreton Bay (the type locality for H. procerus) included three haplotypes, each of which was identical to a haplotype from Sydney Harbour (type locality for H. whitei) (H. Hamilton, in litt. to SL and RP, 13 Feb 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C467338FF66CDD7BE30DF1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C47733EFF66CD37B820D8E5.text	03C42F370C47733EFF66CD37B820D8E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus zebra Whitley 1964	<div><p>H. zebra Whitley 1964</p><p>English common names. Zebra Seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. montebelloensis Kuiter 2001</p><p>Holotype. AMS IB.6015. Paratype: AMS IB.2819. Type locality. Gillett Cay, Swain Reefs, Queensland, Australia.</p><p>Distribution. Australia.</p><p>Notes. Some specimens of H. trimaculatus have zebra-stripes, however these can be separated from H. zebra on the basis of meristic counts (Appendix D) and their less distinct coronet (Lourie et al. 2004). Note that the paratype of H. zebra is one such misidentification. Specimens from the west coast of Australia described as H. montebelloensis by Kuiter (2001) have identical meristic data, and underwater photographs show distinct zebrastriped specimens supporting synonymization. No genetic data are yet available.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C47733EFF66CD37B820D8E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C40733EFF66C8FEBEBFDA1A.text	03C42F370C40733EFF66C8FEBEBFDA1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus zosterae	<div><p>H. zosterae Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</p><p>English common names. Dwarf Seahorse.</p><p>Synonyms. H. rosamondae Borodin 1928, H. regulus Ginsburg 1933 .</p><p>Syntypes. MNHN 1887-0515, CAS-SU 1671 (2), USNM 30852 (2 or 1, not found in 1980).</p><p>Type locality. Laguna Grande, Pensacola, Florida .</p><p>Distribution. Bahamas, Mexico, USA (Gulf of Mexico).</p><p>Notes. The type specimen of H. lichtensteinii is thought to possibly be H. zosterae and to have been mistakenly labelled as being from the Red Sea (Kaup 1856—See Appendix P and Species Inquirenda below). Although populations throughout the Floridian portion of the species’ range exhibit gene flow, mtDNA evidence (1,450 bp, ND4, D-loop, CO1) suggests four distinct subpopulations (overall F ST = 0.47, average nucleotide diversity within populations = 0.49%) (Fedrizzi et al. 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C40733EFF66C8FEBEBFDA1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
03C42F370C41733FFF66C863BDFCDB32.text	03C42F370C41733FFF66C863BDFCDB32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocampus nuda	<div><p>Nomina nuda</p><p>The following species names appear in publications or on museum labels, without accompanying descriptions and are therefore considered ‘nomina nuda’: H. atrichus De la Pylaie 1835; H. fasciatus Kaup 1853; H. filamentosus Duméril 1870; H. gigas Gill 1862; H. jubatus De la Pylaie 1835; H. lenis De Vis 1908; H. nuda; H. obscurus Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1856; H. pilosus; H. pygmaeus; H. ringens Jordan and Evermann 1905; H. rondeletii Yarrell 1836; H. rosaceus Risso 1826; H. sexmaculatus Kaup 1856; H. titicacaensis Posnansky 1911; H. valentini Bleeker 1859 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C41733FFF66C863BDFCDB32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sara A. Lourie;Riley A. Pollom;Sarah J. Foster	Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom, Sarah J. Foster (2016): A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1
