taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C6F8586144FFB712F0F966FA96FDB5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Cladorhizidae with at least one small category of palmate, in a few species modified to anchorate unguiferate, anisochela. Usually with a second larger type of palmate to arcuate anisochela that may be modified to isochela, anisoplacochela, tridentate anchorate chela or diancistra. Sigmancistras and basal acanthotylostyles are also present with a few exceptions. Forceps spicules not present (modified from Hestetun et al., 2016 b). Type species: Cladorhiza pennatula Schmidt, 1875 (by subsequent designation; Topsent, 1901).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586144FFB0117EFD44FA8DFEF1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Asbestopluma without spear-shaped microtylostyles (from Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011). Type species: Cladorhiza pennatula Schmidt, 1875 (by subsequent designation; Topsent, 1901). Remarks: The typical spicule complement of Asbestopluma is one category of mycalostyle, one category of subtylostyle, acanthotylostyles in the basal sheath, one larger and one smaller category of palmate anisochela and finally sigmancistras. The North Atlantic species treated here do not deviate from this except for the slightly modified larger anisochelae of A. (A.) ruetzleri sp. nov. However, globally Asbestopluma species can be found where the large palmate anisochelae are missing or where either type of anisochela has been modified into different morphologies such as arcuate (Kelly & Vacelet, 2011; Hestetun, Rapp & Xavier, 2017) or anchorate unguiferate (Lopes & Hajdu, 2014). Monocrepid desmas have also been reported in some species. Subgenus Asbestopluma is defined as species within the genus that do not have spear-shaped microtylostyles and thus do not meet the definition of subgenus Helophloeina Topsent, 1929. Subgenus Helophloeina contains only three species. The type species of the subgenus, A. (H.) stylivarians (Topsent, 1929), was collected at the Canary Islands, and the subgenus is not present in the area covered here.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586144FFB0117EFD44FA8DFEF1.taxon	description	Original description: Esperia cupressiformis var. bihamatifera Carter, 1876: 318. Synonyms and citations: Asbestopluma bihamatifera (Lundbeck, 1905: 51; Topsent, 1913: 50; Hentschel, 1929: 875, 933; Koltun, 1959: 74, 1964: 151, 164). Not: Cladorhiza bihamatifera (Vosmaer, 1882: 47); Esperia bihamatifera (Hansen, 1885: 15). Material examined: The Danish Ingolf Expedition, BIOFAR, LAR 2012, IceAGE 2 (see Supporting Information). Diagnosis: Erect, single-axis Asbestopluma with upper part of stem with four to six filament rows. Megascleres mycalostyles, subtylostyles and acanthotylostyles; microscleres one type of palmate to arcuate anisochela c. 41 – 61 µm, one type of palmate anisochela c. 9 – 11 µm and sigmancistras c. 17 – 22 µm. Description: Erect sponge consisting of a single, hard but flexible stem bare in the lower part; upper part with four to six filament rows, equally distributed around the stem. Stem round in cross section. Most specimens 5 – 10 cm tall and 1 – 2 mm in diameter, with filament-bearing part 1 – 2 cm in length. Sponge attached with branching root-like processes. Lower stem light brown; upper part, including filament-bearing part, light grey to white. Processes up to 3 mm long, but often reduced to knobs, either because filaments are withdrawn or due to specimen damage (Fig. 3 A, B). Skeleton: Skeleton composed of a main axis of tightly packed mycalostyles with points toward the apex. Lower stem with outer layer of acanthotylostyles; upper part with several rows of filaments. Filaments composed of a central stem made up of overlapping subtylostyles perpendicular to and anchored in the centre of the main axis.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858614BFFB81176FB42FC45FA1F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Cladorhizidae with anchorate isochelae (from Lee et al., 2012). Type species: Chondrocladia virgata Thomson, 1873 (by monotypy).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858614BFFBB115BF9E6FA89F886.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Chondrocladia without a layer of special spicules (subtrochirhabds or trochirhabds), lacking special rostriform (snoutlike) subtylostyles in filaments or terminal balls, and without planar vanes formed of evenly spaced upright branches (from Lee et al., 2012). Type species: Chondrocladia virgata Thomson, 1873 (by monotypy). Remarks: Genus Chondrocladia is diagnosed as Cladorhizidae with anchorate isochelae and currently contains the subgenera Chondrocladia, Meliiderma Ridley & Dendy, 1887 and Symmetrocladia Lee et al., 2012. Only subgenus Chondrocladia is present in the North Atlantic and Arctic. Molecular evidence (Hestetun et al., 2016 b) suggests that subgenus Chondrocladia is polyphyletic with regards to the two other subgenera in the genus roughly corresponding to the informal grouping into ‘ concrescens’ and ‘ Crinorhiza’ type morphologies (e. g. Ridley & Dendy, 1886; Topsent, 1930; Tendal, 1973), the former being stem- or club-shaped while species of the latter type are typically stalked with a spherical or subspherical body. The two species treated here belong to the ‘ concrescens’ type.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858614BFFBB115BF9E6FA89F886.taxon	description	Original description: Cladorhiza grandis Verrill, 1879: 204. Synonyms and citations: Desmacidon arcticum, D. clavatum, D. giganteum, D. nucleus Hansen, 1885: 14; Cladorhiza nobilis Fristedt, 1887: 456; Chondrocladia gigantea (Lundbeck, 1905: 102; Topsent, 1913: 48; Hentschel, 1929: 936; Burton, 1930: 492; Topsent, 1930: 28; Brøndsted, 1933: 11; Koltun, 1959: 83; Tendal & Barthel, 1993: 12; Tendal, Barthel & Tabachnick, 1993: 12; Tendal & Sahling, 1997: 16; Kübler & Barthel, 1999: 290); C. concrescens in part (Koltun, 1970 a: 190). Not: C. gigantea (Boury-Esnault, Pansini & Uriz, 1994: 100). Type material examined: Lectotype: Sch. ‘ Wachusett’, USNM 8462 (Gloucester fisheries, 1879, Western Bank, 43 ° 17 ʹN, 060 ° 58 ʹW, 329 m). Paralectotypes: Gloucester Fisheries, Sch. ‘ Marion’, YPM 6987 (1879, Banquereau, 375 – 550 m); the Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, st. 48 (6 August 1876, 64 ° 36 ʹN, 010 ° 22 ʹW, 547 m), st. 57, st. 58 ZMBN 121, st. 137 (21 June 1877, 67 ° 24 ʹN, 008 ° 58 ʹE, 827 m). Other material examined: Gloucester Fisheries 1879 – 1880, Sch. ‘ Albatross’ 1884, the Danish Ingolf Expedition, M / S ‘ Michael Sars’ 1902, M / S ‘ Thor’ 1903, ‘ Tjalfe’ Expedition, Godthaab Expedition, ‘ Sotra’, R / V ‘ Johan Ruud’, BIOFAR, R / V ‘ Paamiut’ 2004 – 2013, EU Flemish Cap 2007, CCGS ‘ Hudson’ 2007, LAR 2012 (see Supporting information). Comparative material examined: Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) verticillata Topsent, 1920 (USNM 975, 31180). Diagnosis: Erect, club-shaped sponge with branched root, basal stem and elongated upper part with numerous secondary processes terminating in inflatable spherical structures. Megascleres two categories of mycalostyles and acanthostyles. Microscleres anchorate unguiferous isochelae of two size classes with six and six to nine teeth, respectively, and sigmancistras. Description: Large, erect, club-shaped sponge with well-developed branching root-like structure, basal stem and elongated, enlarged upper part set with numerous short or branch-like processes projecting in all directions from the stem. May reach a length of at least 60 cm (Tendal & Barthel, 1993). Basal stem part is usually partly covered in sediment giving a slightly coarse, dark brown appearance, while the upper part is lighter in colour, with a slightly larger diameter. Surface slightly hispid. Processes typically 1 – 7 cm long and 2 – 4 mm in diameter, sometimes reduced to wart-like knobs, and terminate in translucent inflatable spheres that deflate during collection. Spheres are maintained by a remnant aquiferous system with canals inside the main stem and are used both for prey capture and reproduction (Kübler & Barthel, 1999). Colour of the upper part is white to very lightly brown in situ or in freshly collected specimens and yellowish to light brown in ethanol. Numerous specimens of this species were examined, including two specimens specifically mentioned by Verrill (1879): USNM 8462, here designated as the lectotype, 18.5 cm tall with almost all of the root missing; an 8.5 cm long and 1 cm in diameter stem part and a 10 cm long and 1.5 – 2 cm in diameter top part torn off at the apex. Branches have detached showing insertion points into the main body (Fig. 10 A). The specimen is in a fragile state, with the outer layer starting to detach from the stem core. Paralectotype YPM 6987 a 10.5 - cm-tall specimen with an incomplete root system, a 6 cm long and around 1.5 cm in diameter stem part, and a 4.5 - cm-long and 2 cm in diameter damaged upper part. Several branches have detached from the specimen after preservation (Fig. 10 B). The types of Desmacidon giganteum, D. arcticum, D. Clavatum and D. nucleus erected by Hansen (1885) and later synonymized as Chondrocladia gigantea by Lundbeck were also re-examined. Paralectotype ZMBN 121, corresponding to Hansen (1885) Pl. VII, Fig. 8, is re-described here: The specimen is 22 cm tall. Lower stem 11 cm long and 1 cm in diameter; upper part is 11 cm long and 2 cm in diameter. Projections are shorter, almost wart-like, and spaced farther apart than in the examined specimens from the NW Atlantic (Fig. 10 C). In situ images were obtained of a specimen collected on the Nova Scotia shelf by the 2007 CCGS ‘ Hudson’ cruise: 14.5 cm tall, with a 7.5 - cm-long and 1 cm in diameter stem part and a 7 - cm-long and 1.5 cm in diameter upper part. The root system, with rhizoids up to 10 cm in length, was recovered (Fig. 10 D, E). Two additional specimens, YPM 6874 (NW Atlantic) and NTNU 15204 (Svalbard), are also pictured (Fig. 10 F, G). Skeleton: Main stem consists of a central, dense core of closely packed bundles of mycalostyles wound in a rope-like spiral pattern around the axis that becomes less pronounced in the upper part of the stem. Around the central core is a clearly separated outer tissue layer supported by mycalostyles and containing numerous isochelae. The stem and outer layer are loosely connected with lacunose soft tissue containing canals and choanocyte chambers. The outer layer of the basal stem and roots contains acanthosubtylostyles mixed with a fine layer of sediment. Processes are composed of a rigid central stem composed of overlapping mycalostyles, and a tough outer layer of longitudinally arranged mycalostyles with a lacunose layer of less dense tissue in between. This middle layer contains a radial spoke-like supporting skeleton except in the swelling, where mycalostyles are fewer and more confusedly arranged, allowing inflation. The central stem goes through the inflatable swelling and terminates the process in a small brush-like point. Longitudinal canals are found in both the internal, less dense tissue and in the outer skeleton. Mycalostyles are set perpendicular to the longitudinally arranged mycalostyles in the outer layer and project slightly from the surface. Both types of isochela are present, with large isochelae most common at the surface. Bundles of sigmas are found in the swelling (Fig. 11 A – C).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586153FFA111A2FC4EFDADFA98.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Cladorhizidae with only anchorate / unguiferate anisochelae (from Lopes & Hajdu, 2014). spicule measurements and could be other Cladorhiza spp. Not: C. abyssicola (Thomson, 1873: 112; Carter, 1876: 319) (is actually C. gelida, see description of that species here) (Hansen, 1885: 16) (cf. Lundbeck, 1905). Material examined: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, the Danish Ingolf Expedition, M / S ‘ Michael Sars’ 1902, M / S ‘ Armauer Hansen’ 1917, M / S ‘ Dannevig’ 1952, DEPRO 96, BIOICE, CARACOLE, BIOSYS / HERMES 2005, BIOSKAG III, NEREIDA 0509, LAR 2012 - 002 (see Supporting information). Comparative material examined: C. methanophila Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 2002, ‘ Atlantis’ AT 21 - 02, J 633 - 5. Type species: Cladorhiza abyssicola Sars, 1872 (by monotypy). Remarks: Genus Cladorhiza is defined as cladorhizids with anchorate anisochelae. Most of the Cladorhiza species from the Northern North Atlantic and Arctic are closely related arbuscular forms similar to the type species of the genus, Cladorhiza abyssicola Sars, 1872. Many of these were originally described by Lundbeck (1905), most of whose material has been re-examined here. The two exceptions are the small, pedunculate species C. arctica (Koltun, 1959) and the curious long, threadlike C. kenchingtonae sp. nov.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586152FFA11304FA73FAD8F948.taxon	description	(FIGS 16, 17; TABLE 4) Original description: Cladorhiza abyssicola Sars, 1872: 65. Synonyms and citations: Cladorhiza abyssicola (Schmidt, 1875: 119; Lambe, 1896: 188; Lundbeck, 1905: 79; Topsent, 1909: 2; Babić, 1922: 263; Hentschel, 1929: 935; Burton, 1930: 492; Vacelet, 1969: 191; van Soest, 1993: 210; Boury-Esnault et al., 1994: 101; Brunel et al., 1998: 61; van Soest et al., 2007: 130; Hestetun et al., 2015: 1330). Uncertain: C. abyssicola (von Marenzeller, 1878: 358, 371; Verrill, 1885: 531; Fristedt, 1887: 455). These early records are without Diagnosis: Erect Cladorhiza with arbuscular morphology consisting of branching central stem with numerous side branches in several planes directed outwards and slightly upwards. Stem and branches covered in a layer of softer tissue containing a large number of filaments projecting in all directions. Branch ends often slightly swollen. Lower stem connected to the substrate with rhizoids. Megascleres mycalostyles; microscleres one type of chela c. 15 – 29 µm, sigmas c. 55 – 127 µm and sigmancistras c. 35 – 52 µm. Description: Arbuscular species consisting of a central stem, branching in larger specimens, with side branches in multiple planes directed outwards and often slightly upwards. Specimens up to 15 cm tall with the main stem and branches 1 – 3 mm wide. Branches normally terminate in small swellings. Usually with a somewhat finer morphology than other closely related Cladorhiza species. Filaments typically 1 – 2 mm long, and project in all directions from the stem and branches. Lower stem is bare and connects to the substrate with a number of threadlike rhizoid processes. The colour in ethanol is whitish grey to light beige (Figs 16 A – E, 17 A, B). Skeleton: Skeleton of the main stem and branches composed of spicule bundles forming a solid core surrounded by looser tissue at the surface. Skeleton of each filament originating in the centre of the main skeleton and made up of overlapping mycalostyles with a slight, softer surface layer (Fig. 17 C, D).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858615FFFAC12F3FF19FD1CFC67.taxon	description	(FIG. 18) Original description: Cladorhiza arctica Koltun, 1959: 79. Synonyms and citations: Cladorhiza arctica (Gorbunov, 1946: 37) (nomen nudum); C. arctica (Koltun, 1964: 163, 1970 b: 289). Diagnosis: Small, pedunculate arctic Cladorhiza with two categories of mycalostyle, acanthoxeas and anchorate anisochelae. Description: No specimens were re-examined for this article, so the following description is based on Koltun (1959): Pedunculate, up to 4 cm tall sponge with body tapering downwards into a slender stem fastened to the substrate with root-like structures. The upper body of the sponge has a few projections or filaments. Colour light beige to yellow (Fig. 18 A, B). Skeleton: Skeleton composed of longitudinally arranged mycalostyles in the stem, which spread, following the tapering surface, into the body of the sponge.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858615FFFAD1143FA02FABDF886.taxon	description	(FIGS 19, 20) Original description: Cladorhiza abyssicola var. corticocancellata Carter, 1876: 320. Synonyms and citations: Cladorhiza abyssicola in part (Hansen, 1885: 16); C. abyssicola var. corticocancellata in part (Arnesen, 1903: 12); C. corticocancellata (Lundbeck, 1905: 93; Burton, 1934: 9, 24; Koltun, 1964: 163). Type material examined: HMS ‘ Porcupine’ 1869. Lectotype: BMNH 82.7. 28.19, st. 52 (west of Shetland, 60 ° 25 ʹN, 008 ° 10 ʹW, 702 m). Paralectotypes: BMNH 82.7. 28.67 and BMNH 82.7. 28.82, st. 57 (60 ° 14 ʹN, 006 ° 17 ʹW, 1156 m). O t h e r m a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: T h e D a n i s h I n g o l f Expedition, M / S ‘ Michael Sars’ 1900 – 1902, M / S ‘ Thor’ 1903, BIOICE, R / V ‘ G. O. Sars’ 2008 – 155, GeoBio 2009 – 2011 (see Supporting information). Comparative material examined: C. methanophila Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 2002, ‘ Atlantis’ AT 21 - 02, J 633 - 5. Diagnosis: Erect Cladorhiza with a branching morphology. Stem covered in a thick layer of soft tissue containing a large number of partly coalesced filaments creating a characteristic surface with numerous cavities. Megascleres mycalostyles; microscleres one type of chela c. 25 – 38 µm, characteristic sigmas with points turned outwards c. 112 – 182 µm and sigmancistras c. 47 – 96 µm. Description: Compared to closely related species, this is a large and solid Cladorhiza species. The examined specimens are branching, up to 20 cm in length, with branches consisting of a hard, central stem covered in a thick outer layer with a very characteristic lacunose surface stemming from partly coalesced filaments, which are very numerous and issue in all directions. The branches are typically in the range of 5 – 10 mm in diameter, but in some cases coalesce into thicker structures. The species is connected to the substrate with an amorphous growth or plate. The soft outer layer tends to disassociate from the hard, central stem after storage in ethanol. The colour in ethanol is whitish grey to light beige (Figs 19 A – E, 20 A). Skeleton: The skeleton of the stem core is made up of mycalostyle spicule bundles forming a solid core surrounded by looser tissue at the surface. The skeleton of the filaments originate in the centre of the main skeleton and is made up of tightly packed mycalostyles, with a slight, softer outer layer (Fig. 20 B, C).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858615DFFA81185FAEDFDA3FB9E.taxon	description	(FIGS 21, 22) Original description: Cladorhiza gelida Lundbeck, 1905: 65. Synonyms and citations: Cladorhiza abyssicola (Thomson, 1873: 112; Carter, 1876: 319). Cladorhiza abyssicola in part (Hansen, 1885: 16). Cladorhiza abyssicola var. corticocancellata in part (Arnesen, 1903: 12). Cladorhiza gelida (Lundbeck, 1905: 83; Topsent, 1909: 6, 1913: 48; Arnesen, 1920: 25; Hentschel, 1929: 935; Burton, 1930: 492; Koltun, 1959: 81, 1964: 152, 163; Barthel & Tendal, 1993: 8, 90). Possibly: C. aff. gelida (Hestetun et al., 2015). Type material examined: Lectotype: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, st. 35 (5 July 1876, 63 ° 17 ʹN, 001 ° 27 ʹW, 1977 m). Paralectotypes: ZMUC-DEM- 31, the Danish Ingolf Expedition st. 113 (21 July 1896, 69 ° 31 ʹN, 007 ° 06 ʹW, 2465 m); ZMUC-DEM- 283, M / S ‘ Michael Sars’ 1902 (10 August 1902, 60 ° 19 ʹN, 005 ° 39 ʹE, 1169 m). Other material examined: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, Sch. ‘ Albatross’ 1884, M / S ‘ Michael Sars’ 1910, NORBI, YMER 80, BIOICE, R / V ‘ Polarstern’ Ark X- 31 - 9, GeoBio 2008 - 2012, Faranaut. C o m p a r a t i v e m a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: C l a d o r h i z a methanophila Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 2002, ‘ Atlantis’ AT 21 - 02, J 633 - 5. Diagnosis: Erect Cladorhiza with arbuscular morphology consisting of one or several main stems with numerous branches pointing outwards and slightly upwards. Stem and branches covered in a layer of softer tissue containing a large number of filaments projecting in all directions. Lower stem connected to the substrate with a small basal plate or with root-like processes. Megascleres mycalostyles; microscleres one type of anchorate anisochela c. 23 – 42 µm, sigmas c. 86 – 174 µm and sigmancistras c. 38 – 86 µm. Description: Specimens arbuscular, up to 25 cm tall with main stem and branches 2 – 4 mm wide. Branches mostly oriented in one plane from the main stem, but often quite irregular. Filaments project in all directions from the stem and branches, typically 2 mm long, but can reach over 5 mm. In specimens with more than one main stem, the stems diverge close to the base, which is connected to the substrate with a plate-like basal structure made up of a small number of solid root-like processes. Morphology similar to that of C. abyssicola, but generally larger and more solid. Colour white to light beige in ethanol (Fig. 21 A – E). REVIEW OF CARNIVOROUS SPONGES 29 Skeleton: Skeleton of main stem and branches composed of mycalostyle spicule bundles forming a solid core surrounded by looser tissue at the surface. Filament skeleton originates in the centre of the main skeleton and is made up of tightly packed mycalostyles, with a slight, softer outer layer (Fig. 22 A, B).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858615AFFA912CAFE88FA36FE7D.taxon	description	(FIG. 23) Original description: Cladorhiza iniquidentata Lundbeck, 1905: 91. Type material examined: Holotype: M / S ‘ Michael Sars’ 1902 (29 August 1902, 63 ° 13 ʹN, 006 ° 32 ʹW, 1836 m). C o m p a r a t i v e m a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: C l a d o r h i z a methanophila Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 2002, ‘ Atlantis’ AT 21 - 02, J 633 - 5. Diagnosis: Erect Cladorhiza with central axis and side branches covered in a layer of softer tissue with filaments projecting in all directions. Megascleres mycalostyles; microscleres one type of chela with seven teeth in the upper end, 20 – 29 µm. Description: Holotype a stem fragment 43 mm long and 1 – 2 mm wide with four side branches in the same plane, on the same side of the specimen. Side branches up to 8 mm long and possibly damaged. Stem and branches consist of a central core covered in a looser surface layer and carry numerous filaments issuing in all directions. Colour in ethanol white to light beige (Fig. 23 A). Skeleton: The central skeleton of the stem and branches is composed of bundles of longitudinally arranged mycalostyles. The skeleton of each filament is made up of overlapping mycalostyles, anchored into the main stem.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858615AFFAA1184FB08FAE1FE07.taxon	description	(FIGS 24, 25) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 9 AB 8 B 52 - AAD 8 - 4478 - BC 49 - 685 D 74132 D 2 B Type material: Holotype: CMNI 2016 - 0014, CCGS ‘ Hudson’ cruise HUD 2010 - 029 (13 July 2010, The Flemish Cap, ROPOS dive 1336 - 16, 46 ° 19.03 ʹN, 044 ° 33.46 ʹW, 2935 m). The holotype was recovered using the ROPOS ROV system. Diagnosis: Erect, fine, arching Cladorhiza with long, thin branches carrying filamentous projections on one side of main axis only. Megascleres mycalostyles, styles and acanthoxeas. Microscleres five-toothed anchorate anisochelae. Description: Large and very fine, c. 2 - m-long erect, arching sponge consisting of c. 1 - m-long and 5 - mm-wide stem branching off into three around 1 - m-long and <5 - mm-wide fine branches (Fig. 24 A, B). Each branch supported by a main axis with filaments up to several centimetre long set into two rows angled c. 90 ° to each other and facing downwards at oblique angles (Fig. 24 C). A couple of planktonic crustaceans were observed stuck to filaments. Recovered part consists of a branch fragment 16.5 cm long and 1.2 – 3.5 mm wide. Tissue is markedly concentrated on one side of axis only, between filaments and filament rows. Filaments are reduced or retracted into two series of distally oriented short projections (Fig. 24 D, E). Filaments become more reduced towards the distal end of the collected fragment and become slightly offset with clockwise torsion. Colour white freshly collected and off-white in ethanol. Skeleton: The main axis consists of closely packed mycalostyles. The skeleton of the filaments are inserted into the main stem in an alternating pattern forming two oblique rows. The main part of the tissue, containing scattered mycalostyles and closely spaced microscleres, is found on the underside of the main stem and at the base of filaments. A thin surface layer, which appears to be continuous with the main tissue, also envelopes the entire branch, including the main stem, and is densely packed with chelae with their free ends pointing outwards. Small prey items were observed adhered to or partly embedded in the outer layer. The acanthoxeas are interspersed with chelae in the main and outer layer of tissue and are especially numerous at the base of the filaments (Fig. 25 A – C).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586167FF9412EFFD7BFAA4F9E3.taxon	description	(FIGS 26, 27) Original description: Cladorhiza oxeata Lundbeck, 1905: 97. Synonyms and citations: Cladorhiza abyssicola in part (Hansen, 1885: 16); C. abyssicola (Fristedt, 1887: 455); C. oxeata (Hentschel, 1929: 935). Type material examined: The Danish Ingolf Expedition. Lectotype: ZMUC-DEM- 79, st. 15 (4 June 1895, 66 ° 18 ʹN, 025 ° 59 ʹW, 621 m). Paralectotypes: ZMUC- DEM- 295, st. 143 (11 August 1896, 62 ° 58 ʹN, 007 ° 09 ʹW, 731 m), st. 3 (12 May 1896, 63 ° 35 ʹN, 010 ° 24 ʹW, 512 m); ‘ Wandel’ Expedition, ZMUC-DEM- 296 (19 September 1891, 66 ° 57 ʹN, 027 ° 00 ʹW, 633 m). Other material examined: ‘ Ingegerd’ & ‘ Gladan’ Greenland Expedition 1870 – 1871, M / S ‘ Michael Sars’ 1902, HMS ‘ Porcupine’ 1869, M / S ‘ Michael Sars’, ‘ Tjalfe’ Expedition, Godthaab Expedition, Degerbøl Kangerlussuaq 1932, Heimland Expedition, Norw. Fisheries Investigations, BIOICE, R / V ‘ Paamiut’ 2010 – 2014 (see Supporting information). C o m p a r a t i v e m a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: C l a d o r h i z a methanophila Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 2002, ‘ Atlantis’ AT 21 - 02, J 633 - 5. Diagnosis: Erect Cladorhiza with arbuscular morphology consisting of a solid, branching main stem with side branches. Stem and branches set with large number of filaments. Megascleres oxeas; microscleres one type of chela c. 23 – 41 µm, sigmas c. 100 – 153 µm and sigmancistras, sometimes rare, c. 27 – 55 µm. Description: Large, erect, arbuscular Cladorhiza species, commonly over 30 cm tall, with thick branching main stem carrying numerous slightly thinner side branches. Stem typically 5 – 10 mm wide, thicker towards the base. Side branches 2 – 5 mm wide. Stem and branches covered in a thick softer, outer layer with 2 - to 10 - mm-long filaments issuing in all directions, but lower and central part of the stem often bare. The outer layer has a tendency to disassociate from the stem after storage in ethanol. Lower stem is bare and connects to the substrate with a basal plate. Colour white to beige, light brown, pink or reddish brown, with the stem a darker colour than the outer layer (Figs 26 A – C, 27 A – D). Skeleton: The core of the main stem and branches is composed of tightly connected spicule bundles, which creates a rigid, smooth central skeleton. This is surrounded by an outer layer of loose tissue which easily disassociates from the central skeleton.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586166FF971170FA95FC9DF8B9.taxon	description	(FIG. 28) O r i g i n a l d e s c r i p t i o n: C l a d o r h i z a t e n u i s i g m a Lundbeck, 1905: 87. Synonyms and citations: Cladorhiza abyssicola in part (Hansen, 1885: 16); C. tenuisigma (Topsent, 1909: 7, 1913: 49; Hentschel, 1929: 935; Burton, 1930: 492; Koltun, 1959: 82, 1964: 163); C. cf. tenuisigma (Janussen, 2009: 50). Type material examined: Lectotype: ZMUC-DEM- 161, the Danish Ingolf Expedition, st. 117 (24 July 1896, 69 ° 13 ʹN, 008 ° 23 ʹW, 1890 m), st. 105 (11 July 1896, 65 ° 34 ʹN, 007 ° 31 ʹW, 1435 m). O t h e r m a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: T h e D a n i s h I n g o l f Expedition, R / V ‘ Johan Ruud’, R / V ‘ Polarstern’ Ark X- 31 - 9, AB 321 / 05, GeoBio 2009, IceAGE 2 (see Supporting information). C o m p a r a t i v e m a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: C l a d o r h i z a methanophila Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 2002, ‘ Atlantis’ AT 21 - 02, J 633 - 5. D i a g n o s i s: E r e c t C l a d o r h i z a w i t h a r b u s c u l a r morphology consisting of branching stem with side branches. Stem and branches covered in a layer of softer tissue with filaments projecting in all directions. Branches typically end in a clearly visible swelling. Lower stem connected to the substrate with a root-like structure. Megascleres mycalostyles; microscleres one type of chela c. 16 – 32 µm, sigmas c. 31 – 54 µm and sigmancistras c. 42 – 58 µm. Description: Specimens erect, up to 15 cm in length, with branching main stem, typically 2 – 5 mm in diameter. Numerous side branches with the same thickness as the main stem, and both stem and branches enclosed in soft tissue covered with thin, in ethanol whitish grey to light beige, with specimens kept in ethanol for a long time darker in colour, approaching reddish brown. Skeleton: Skeleton of main stem and branches composed of spicule bundles forming a solid core surrounded by looser tissue at the surface. Filament skeleton originates in the centre of the main stem skeleton and is made up of overlapping mycalostyles, with a slight, softer outer layer (Fig. 28 D, E). 1 - to 5 - mm-long filaments in all directions (Fig. 28 A, B). Branches usually end in a clearly visible swelling (Fig. 28 C). Lower stem is bare and connects to the substrate with a number of rhizoid processes. Colour	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586163FF9012EBFD14FB22FAC2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Cladorhizidae pedunculate with body either in the form of an erect stem or sphere with filaments in all directions, or cup-shaped. Megascleres are mycalostyles and commonly shorter (tylo) styles. Microscleres are one type of arcuate or palmate anisochela where the smaller end is in the shape of a central plate and two rudimentary, flat, lateral teeth, all with serrated edges towards the middle. To this forceps spicules are often added, but may be rare or absent in particular species or specimens of a single species. Sigmas or sigmancistras are not present (from Hestetun et al., 2016 b). Type species: Esperella cupressiformis var. lycopodium Levinsen, 1887 (by subsequent designation de Laubenfels, 1936). Remarks: Originally a subgenus of Asbestopluma erected by Lundbeck (1905) and raised to genus rank by de Laubenfels (1936), this genus was abandoned and more recently re-erected by Hestetun et al. (2016 b) based on a combination of molecular and morphological results. It is the only cladorhizid genus that has forceps spicules. Sigmas or sigmancistras, present in all other cladorhizid genera, are absent. The base spicule complement present in all Lycopodina species is megascleres such as styles, mycalostyles, subtylostyles, tylostyles or a combination, and palmate anisochelae. The morphology of the palmate anisochelae falls into two main categories, either similar to that of L. lycopodium (Levinsen, 1887), that is, clearly palmate with upper alae covering almost the whole shaft and a large, upper central tooth; or similar to L. infundibulum (Levinsen, 1887), that is arcuate to palmate, with the upper about half of the total length. In both cases, the lower end is modified into a characteristic set of a central raised and two lateral plates, each with one or several tips pointing upwards. This seems to be a further articulation of the similar structure common in the smaller anisochelae in Asbestopluma. Variations on this shape have been observed in a couple of species such as L. rastrichela (Hestetun et al., 2015). The genus is challenging from a taxonomic perspective since several of the spicules associated with it are associated with reproductive structures and thus can be rare or absent in individual specimens. Conversely, published species descriptions may lack some of the spicules sometimes found in specimens of a particular species, and for many species in the genus, species descriptions only contain megascleres and anisochelae. Forceps spicules are associated with spermatic cysts (Riesgo, Taylor & Leys, 2007) and are often rare or absent. Similarly, embryos can contain distinct spicules, typically a combination of smaller megascleres such as oxeas, strongyles and tylostyles not found in the rest of the sponge, but also anisochelae of a similar shape and slightly smaller size, than in the rest of the sponge (e. g. Lundbeck, 1905). Finally, there are sometimes very subtle differences between certain species of the genus, and different species can have a more or less indistinguishable spicule complement, for example L. lycopodium, L. occidentalis (Lambe, 1893), L. novangliae sp. nov. and L. tendali sp. nov. described here are all quite similar. For several species, such as the four cup-shaped species described in this article, and L. cupressiformis (Carter, 1874) and closely related species such as L. robusta (Levinsen, 1887) and L. ruijsi (van Soest, 2016), it is possible that the current accepted species are not accurate. However, increasing the amount of molecular data on this group may pertly remedy this.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586163FF911171FAB0FEF9FAFE.taxon	description	(FIG. 31; TABLE 5) Original description: Asbestopluma comata Lundbeck, 1905: 72. Type material examined: Holotype: ZMUC-DEM- 285, the Danish Ingolf Expedition, st. 78 (13 June 1896, 60 ° 37 ʹN, 029 ° 52 ʹW, 1504 m). Diagnosis: Minute, pedunculate, cup-shaped greyish white Lycopodina with peduncle mycalostyles, body subtylostyles and smaller subtylostyles and thin, polytylote, tapering subtylostyles. Microscleres arcuate to palmate anisochelae c. 17 – 19 µm. Description: The species is known only from the holotype and is a minute, pedunculate sponge with a cup-shaped body. Body 2 × 2 mm, laterally compressed, possibly during collection, and the upper margin folds slightly inwards. Peduncle approximately 8 mm tall and less than 100 µm wide. Basal part missing. Colour in ethanol light grey (Fig. 31 A). Skeleton: Peduncle composed of tightly packed mycalostyles which gradually fan out in the upper part into the sponge body. Skeleton of the sponge body composed of subtylostyles, with the smaller category associated with the upper margin of the sponge. The polytylote tapering styles project from the sponge body (Lundbeck, 1905).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586162FF9C1162F9F5FC29FB15.taxon	description	(FIGS 32, 33; TABLE 6) Original description: Esperia cupressiformis Carter, 1874: 215. Synonyms and citations: Esperia bihamatifera in part (Hansen, 1885: 15); Asbestopluma cupressiformis in part (Lundbeck, 1905: 58; Hentschel, 1929: 934; Koltun, 1959: 77, 1964: 151, 163); A. cuppressiformis [sic] (Burton, 1934: 27). Possibly: Cladorhiza cupressiformis (Fristedt, 1887: 457), Esperella fristedtii in part Lambe, 1900 a: 157. Not: Esperella cupressiformis var. robusta (Levinsen, 1887: 364, cf. van Soest, 2016). Type material examined: Syntype: BMNH 82.7. 28.43, HMS ‘ Porcupine’ 1869, st. 52 (summer 1869, 60 ° 25 ʹN, 008 ° 10 ʹW, 702 m). Other material examined: ‘ Wandel’ Expedition, the East Greenland Expedition, the Danish Ingolf Expedition, M / S ‘ Michael Sars’ 1902, ‘ Tjalfe’ Expedition, Godthaab Expedition, BIOFAR, BIODEEP 2006, GeoBio 2008 – 2012, R / V ‘ Paamiut’ 2011, IceAGE 2 (see Supporting information). Diagnosis: Erect Lycopodina composed of cylindrical basal stem and solid club-shaped or leaf-shaped, slightly flattened body. Projections range from small knobby structures and ridges to longer, more filamentous structures. Megascleres styles c. 400 – 800 µm, palmate anisochelae c. 20 – 28 µm and straight REVIEW OF CARNIVOROUS SPONGES 41 forceps spicules c. 35 – 50 µm, with addition of smaller tylostyles and palmate anisochelae associated with embryos. Description: Erect Lycopodina composed of cylindrical stem that develops into a thicker, club-shaped, slightly flattened body. Body carries numerous projections ranging from short knobs and ridges in some specimens to developed into filaments in others and might be coalesced to varying degrees. In some of the larger specimens, the body, especially the upper part, is further developed into a flattened leaf shape. The colour in ethanol is light beige to light brown, while the colour in situ is off white to light red (Fig. 32 A – G). Skeleton: Skeleton arranged around an erect, main spicule axis composed of longitudinally arranged megascleres. As opposed to the cylindrical crosssection common in other cladorhizids, the central axis cross section is oval or flattened in more developed specimens. The tissue around the central axis is less dense and is kept rigid by single megascleres radiating from the centre. Where ridges or filaments project from the stem, megascleres are denser than in the rest of the surrounding tissue and organized into bundles (Fig. 33 A, B).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858616DFF9F117AFD7AFE8DFABF.taxon	description	(FIG. 34; TABLE 7) Original description: Asbestopluma hydra Lundbeck, 1905: 66. Type material examined: Lectotype: ZMUC-DEM- 35, the Danish Ingolf Expedition, st. 113 (21 July 1896, 69 ° 31 ʹN, 007 ° 06 ʹW, 2465 m). Paralectotype: ZMUC-DEM- 284, st. 119 (25 July 1896, 67 ° 53 ʹN, 010 ° 19 ʹW, 1902 m) Comparative material examined: Lycopodina hypogea (Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 1996), two specimens from the Mediterranean 3 PP cave; L. parvula (Hestetun et al., 2015), MNHN DJV 163 - 168. Diagnosis: Small, pedunculate, Lycopodina with conical, apically oriented body with numerous filaments projecting upwards and outwards. Spicules are peduncle and body subtylostyles, and slightly smaller and finer filament subtylostyles. Microscleres palmate anisochelae only, 9 – 14 µm. Description: Specimens pedunculate, with conical to ovoid bodies, most with filaments directed upwards and outwards from the sponge. Specimens attached to small pebbles with a small basal plate. Total length of the specimens c. 3 – 10 mm, with the peduncle 0.1 – 1 mm in diameter, and the body <1 – 1.5 mm in diameter. Colour in ethanol is white to slightly beige (Fig. 34 A). Skeleton: The peduncle is composed of tightly packed subtylostyles bundles which diverge towards intheupperendformingtheskeletonofthe body. Subtylostyles radiate from the centre of the sponge making up the supporting skeleton of the filaments.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858616CFF981164FAE1FB3AF97C.taxon	description	(FIG. 35; TABLE 5) Original description: Esperella infundibulum Levinsen, 1887: 366. Synonyms and citations: Esperia cupressiformis in part (Carter, 1874: 215); E. bihamatifera in part (Hansen, 1885: 15); Asbestopluma infundibulum (Lundbeck, 1905: 68; Hentschel, 1929: 875, 935; Koltun, 1959: 77; Boury-Esnault et al., 1994: 102; Desbruyères et al., 2001: 1334; Hestetun et al., 2015: 1318). Lycopodina infundibulum (van Soest, 2016). Material examined: The Danish Ingolf Expedition, DIAPISUB, R / V ‘ G. O. Sars’ 2008 – 155 (see Supporting information). Diagnosis: Small, pedunculate, cup-shaped greyish w h i t e Ly c o p o d i n a w i t h m a i n m y c a l o s t y l e s t o subtylostyles, smaller subtylostyles and thin, tortuous subtylostyles protruding from sponge surface. Microscleres arcuate to palmate anisochelae 10 – 25 µm and forceps spicules 42 – 82 µm. Description: Thin, cup-shaped, apically oriented main body supported by a thin peduncle. Body diameter is in the range of 3 – 8 mm with approximately equal height. Body often flattened upon collection. Peduncle less than 0.5 mm in diameter, up to 40 mm long and attached to hard substrate with small basal plate. Peduncle usually partly covered in sediment giving it a light brown colour, while upper peduncle and body is whitish light grey. The surface of the body is slightly hispid (Fig. 35 A, B). Skeleton: Peduncle skeleton composed of closely packed bundles of the main mycalostyles / subtylostyles; mostly fine, straight but become slightly shorter and more curving towards the basal plate. Spicule bundles in the upper peduncle gradually fan out into the skeleton of the main body. The thin, tapering subtylostyles are found projecting from the main body giving it its hispid appearance, while shorter subtylostyles are found at the fold of the upper body margin.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F858616AFF9A1175FD5DFD19F9FF.taxon	description	(FIG. 36; TABLE 8) Original description: Esperella cupressiformis var. lycopodium Levinsen, 1887: 365. Synonyms and citations: Esperia bihamatifera in part (Hansen, 1885: 15), Esperella fristedtii in part Lambe, 1900 a: 157, Asbestopluma lycopodium (Lundbeck, 1905: 62; Hentschel, 1929: 934; Burton, 1934: 9, 33; Koltun, 1959: 75; Koltun, 1964: 151, 163), A. (A.) lycopodium (van Soest et al., 2007: 130; Hestetun et al., 2015: 1313), L. lycopodium (van Soest, 2016). Material examined: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, R / V ‘ Johan Ruud’ 1979 - 1981, CARACOLE, GeoBio 2008, R / V ‘ G. O. Sars’ 2008 - 155, MAREANO 2013 (see Supporting information). Diagnosis: Erect Lycopodina composed of a short basal stem and elongated, cylindrical body with numerous, flexible filamentous processes issuing in all directions. Megascleres styles in the range of 250 – 1500 µm with shorter styles in basal part. Microscleres palmate anisochelae 11 – 17 µm and forceps spicules 26 – 55 µm. Description: Erect, from 25 to 70 mm in length, and composed of a short stem 1 – 2 mm in diameter and up to 25 mm in length and an elongated, cylindrical, in some cases slightly fusiform body up to 50 mm in length tightly set with filaments in all directions. Connected to hard substrate with small, roughly conical basal plate. In some specimens, the lower part of the stem is covered with a rough, brown sheath. Filaments <1 – 8 mm in length, flexible, very fine, in some cases reduced to knobs, and project in all directions from the sponge giving it a brush-like appearance. In many specimens, the apex of the sponge coalesces into a grooved bud-like structure. Colour in situ white with a very slight greybrown tinge, in ethanol whitish beige (Fig. 36 A – C). Skeleton: Stem composed of a central core made up of style bundles surrounded by looser tissue. The skeleton of each filament is made up of overlapping styles, and is anchored into the main stem (Fig. 36 D, E).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586168FF9B11A7FCF3FB60F89E.taxon	description	(FIG. 37; TABLE 5) Original description: Esperella minuta Lambe, 1900: 23. Synonyms and citations: Asbestopluma minuta (Hentschel, 1929: 934; Gorbunov, 1946: 37; Koltun, 1959: 78, 1964: 163). Material examined: GeoBio 2012, st. ROV- 04 (28 July 2012, 71 ° 17.799 ′ N, 005 ° 46.436 ′ W, 501 m) st. ROV 14 (1 August 2012, 71 ° 17.907 ′ N, 005 ° 46.364 ′ W, 465 m). Diagnosis: Small, pedunculate, Lycopodina withlaterally compressed body; mycalostyles to subtylostyles 327 – 543 µm, smaller tylostyles 196 – 294 µm; microscleres palmate / arcuate anisochelae only, 18 – 19 µm. Description: Holotype described by Lambe (1900 b) as pedunculate sponge with laterally compressed body. Peduncle is 10 mm in length and 3 mm in diameter, attached to the substrate with a basal plate. The body is 3.5 mm in length, 2.75 × 1 mm in width. Several specimens with a similar morphology and spicule complement were collected at the Mid-Arctic Ridge near Jan Mayen. These are pedunculate, 8 – 22 mm long in total, with a body 2 – 3 mm in length and 2.5 – 5 mm in diameter which varies from solid to an uneven cup shape. The body is white to slightly grey, and the stem is either grey or coated in red clay-like sediment (Fig. 37 A – E). Skeleton: Peduncle composed of parallel mycalostyles with a slight spiral twisting, which become more loosely associated in the body. The shorter tylostyles project from the surface at right angles in the peduncle and slightly upwards in the main body.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586176FF851199FEF3FAD3FB3E.taxon	description	(FIG. 38; TABLE 8) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 6 E 730 DC- 34 D 4 - 4 D 5 D- B 162 - 9 FE 0 C 1 E 2 BF 9 F Type material: Holotype: USNM 1234806, R / V ‘ Eastward’, st. 36023 [25 May 1979, Lydonia Canyon (NW Atl.), 40 ° 22.764 ʹN, 067 ° 39.33 ʹW, 430 – 613 m]. Diagnosis: Erect Lycopodina composed of stem slightly widening into elongated cylindrical body set with filaments; megascleres styles in the range of 450 – 1300 µm; microscleres palmate anisochelae 16 – 24 µm and forceps spicules 45 – 54 µm. Description: Holotype 60 mm tall and up to 5 mm wide erect Lycopodina composed of a solid, rigid stem which broadens slightly into a cylindrical body. Stem approximately 20 mm tall and 2 mm in diameter, very slightly hispid and gradually widens into a slightly grooved body set with numerous short filaments. Fastened to a pebble with a basal plate. Embryos visible in upper part of body. The sponge is damaged and is missing the top part. Colour in ethanol light beige to light brown (Fig. 38 A – C). Skeleton: Skeleton made up of a hard, strong spicule axis composed of styles making up the filament-bearing body. Filaments each is composed of a central core of styles emerging from the central stem.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586175FF871172FAB8FBCFFA3A.taxon	description	(FIG. 39; TABLE 6) Original description: Esperella cupressiformis var. robusta Levinsen, 1887: 364. Synonyms and citations: Possibly: Esperia bihamatifera in part (Hansen, 1885: 15); Asbestopluma cupressiformis in part (Lundbeck, 1905: 58; Hentschel, 1929: 934; Koltun, 1959: 77, 1964: 151, 163); A. cuppressiformis [sic] (Burton, 1934: 27), Cladorhiza cupressiformis (Fristedt, 1887: 457); Esperella fristedtii in part Lambe, 1900 a: 157. Not: Esperia cupressiformis Carter, 1874: 215. Material examined: GeoBio 2009, st. AGT- 02 (73 ° 35.19 ʹN, 007 ° 44.08 ʹE, 2387 m, between Loki’s Castle vent field and the Schultz Massif Seamount). 52 J. T. HESTETUN ET AL. Diagnosis: Erect elongated Lycopodina with stem and cylindrical to club-shaped body with ridges or upwards directed projections. Megascleres c. 450 – 900 µm, palmate anisochelae c. 20 – 27 µm and forceps spicules c. 22 – 44 µm. Description: Single specimen 11 cm in length; a 2.5 - cm-long and 1.5 - mm-wide stem connected to a clearly delineated 8.5 cm long up to 5 mm wide cylindrical, ridged body. Fastened to the substrate with slightly enlarged basal plate. Surface uneven, with wispy ridges, knobs and short projection in all directions, oriented mostly upwards. White, globular embryos visible just beneath surface. Colour in ethanol is light brown (Fig. 39 A, B). Skeleton: Stem consisting of closely packed styles which become shorter and more curved in the basal plate. In the body, styles project in an upwards pattern radiating from the central stem. Palmate anisochelae are abundant in the sponge body, forceps spicules less abundant. Tylostyles and smaller anisochelae are associated with embryos.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586173FF8012F7F934FB45FE9D.taxon	description	Original description: Lycopodina ruijsi van Soest, 2016: 315. Description: This species was described by van Soest (2016) based on two specimens from the 1882 / 83 Varna expedition. Holotype 50 mm long with 38 - mm-long stalk and lower body, and 12 - mm-long blade-like upper body, while the second specimen is composed of three small fragments (cf. van Soest, 2016).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586173FF8211A3FADDFD73FEBC.taxon	description	(FIG. 40; TABLE 8) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 055 D 8 E 45 - 1 C 14 - 49 AE- BA 89 - 061 BB 01 F 5667 Type material: Holotype: ZMBN 103463, ‘ G. O. Sars’ 2008 – 155, st. 33 d (5 August 2008, Pockmark Dodo, Nyegga Shelf, 64 ° 40.12 ʹN, 005 ° 15.70 ʹE, 730 m). Paratypes: ZMBN 103464, ‘ G. O. Sars’ GeoBio 2011, ROV 7 (17 June 2011, Troll Wall, Jan Mayen, 71 ° 17.82 ʹN, 005 ° 46.47 ʹW, 500 m); ZMBN 103466, R / V ‘ Johan Hjort’ MAREANO 2013 – 205, st. R 1114 - 443 (22 June 2013, Skjoldryggen, 65 ° 37.63 ʹN, 005 ° 35.23 ʹE, 611 m). Additional material examined: NTNU 14723, R / V ‘ Johan Ruud’, st. 1179 - 79 (17 August 1979, 70 ° 46 ʹN, 017 ° 00 ʹE, 990 m); R / V ‘ Polarstern’ Ark X- 31 - 16 + C 1 (21 September 1994, 75 ° 00.42 ʹN, 012 ° 37.42 ʹW, 994 m); BIODEP 2006, ROV 12 (2006, 71 ° 17.98 ʹN, 005 ° 46.92 ʹW, 616 m), ROV 16 (2006, 71 ° 17.86 ʹN, 005 ° 46.29 ʹW, 557 m); BIODEEP 2007, ROV 9 (2007, 73 ° 50.23 ʹN, 007 ° 38.04 ʹE, 1262 m); GeoBio 2009, AGT- 2 (5 August 2009, 73 ° 35.19 ʹN, 007 ° 44.08 ʹE, 2387 m); GeoBio 2012, ROV 4 – 15 (28 July 2012, 71 ° 17.80 ʹN, 005 ° 46.44 ʹW, 501 m), ROV 14 – 8 (1 August 2012, 71 ° 17.91 ʹN, 005 ° 46.36 ʹW, 465 m). Diagnosis: Erect Lycopodina composed of short stem and elongated, fusiform body with a large number of rigid filamentous processes in all directions. Megascleres styles c. 400 – 3000 µm and microstyles 90 – 170 µm. Microscleres palmate anisochelae 12 – 18 µm and forceps spicules 37 – 57 µm. Description: Holotype 40 mm long, 3 mm wide, composed of a short stem and an elongated, fusiform body with a large number of filaments in all directions. Stem connected to the substrate with small basal plate. Paratypes and other specimens examined in the range of 15 – 45 mm long and typically 2 – 4 mm in diameter at their widest point. Filaments rigid, up to 5 mm in length, and project straight outwards from the body. The tissue of the filaments is typically somewhat retracted, possibly due to fixation, exposing the spicule skeleton. Colour is white to slightly red (Fig. 40 A, B). Skeleton: The skeleton of the main axis, making up the stem and centre of the body, is made up of style bundles. The longest styles are found making up the supporting skeleton of the projecting filaments which radiate outwards from the centre of the sponge (Fig. 40 C, D).	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
03C6F8586171FF831169FC9DFD2BFD66.taxon	description	(FIG. 41; TABLE 5) Original description: Forcepia versatilis Topsent, 1890: 66. Synonyms and citations: Forcepia versatilis (Topsent, 1892: 100). Diagnosis: Small, pedunculate, Lycopodina with cylindrical body, megascleres subtylostyles only, palmate / arcuate anisochelae 27 µm, noncrossing forceps spicules 76 µm and embryos, where present, containing strongyles and oxeas. Related species: Lycopodina lycopodium (Levinsen, 1887); L. occidentalis (Lambe, 1900); L. gracilis (Koltun, 1955); L. novangliae sp. nov. Etymology: Dedicated to Ole S. Tendal, at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, for his many contributions to the knowledge of the sponge fauna of the North-eastern Atlantic and elsewhere. Remarks: Initial identification of this species was through the molecular phylogeny results in Hestetun et al. (2016 b) showing two clearly separate clades of specimens identified as L. lycopodium. The new species is described based on specimens associated with the clade containing L. infundibulum in that phylogeny. Somewhat surprising as they are not sister taxa in Description: Only the holotype is known from this species. The following description is based on Topsent (1890, 1892): Small, pedunculate, Lycopodina with ovoid, cylindrical body 8 × 10 mm, damaged during collection, possibly with shallow, cup-like depression. Peduncle 15 mm in length with basal part missing. Colour in ethanol light yellow (Fig. 41 A). Skeleton: The skeleton was not described in detail by Topsent, but is presumably similar to related species, that is peduncle made up of tightly packed subtylostyles that diverge to form the main body. No shorter type or tapering subtylostyles, which are present and projecting from the sponge surface in the related species L. comata and L. infundibulum, were recorded by Topsent.	en	Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle, Rapp, Hans Tore (2017): A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-69
