identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C687FCFFF6FFE8FE168AE6FD8AFECD.text	03C687FCFFF6FFE8FE168AE6FD8AFECD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lembadion curvatum Esteban & Finlay & Olmo & Tyler 2000	<div><p>Lembadion curvatum n. sp.</p> <p>(®gures 14±25, table 2)</p> <p>Etymology. From the Latin`curuatus, a, um ’, curved, bent.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Cell curved, widened and twisted anteriorly, 75±125 m m long. Large oral aperture, ellipsoidal. Anterior end crowned by a tuft of cilia that hang over the oral region. There are two types of caudal cilia, of di erent length, both directed backwards. The long cilia in the oral polykinetid develop a velum.</p> <p>Table 2. Species of L embadion described so far and their main diagnostic features (from unpublished results, and from Olmo and Te Âllez, 1998).</p> <p>T ype location. Lake Bantic, Tasmania (Australia). Freshwater.</p> <p>Specimen deposited. Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Windermere Laboratory, UK. A video tape of the swimming organism is also available from the authors on request.</p> <p>Cell curved, 75±125 m m long and 45±65 m m wide, widened and twisted anteriorly, which gives the ciliate the shape of a conical shell, resembling a univalve mollusc, where the opening to the shell would correspond to the oral region of the ciliate (®gure 14). The cell becomes slender behind the oral region, and tapers towards the posterior end of the cell, producing an inconspicuous indentation on each side of the cell (®gures 15, 16). The cell outline is, as a consequence, sinusoidal. The twisted anterior end is crowned by a tuft of cilia directed forwards; these cilia hang over the anterior end, forming a`hook’. In contrast, the caudal cilia are directed backwards. These two features emphasize the curvature of the ciliate (®gure 16). The cilia in the oral polykinetid develop a velum (®gure 16) with long cilia.</p> <p>Infraciliature</p> <p>Oral. Large oral region, more than two-thirds the length of the cell (85 m m long in a 110 m m long cell), and ellipsoidal in the living organisms (®gures 14±16). The oral infraciliature includes two paroral kineties (PO1 and PO2) on the right of the oral region (®gures 18, 19). PO1 is outermost, and is formed by paired kinetosomes (not zigzagged). PO2 is formed by paired kinetosomes in zigzag, sometimes apparently formed by three kinetosomes arranged in zigzag but on this point light microscope resolution is not de®nitive. There is one oral polykinetid (PK) on the left of the oral region (®gures 18±21) formed by ®ve kineties that are easily observable at each end of the cell. However, in its middle course, the polykinetid is two kineties wider and presents three`steps’ marked by the end of the extra kinety (®gures 18, 20, 21). The cilia of the oral polykinetid are long (up to 42 m m). Other silverimpregnable structures in the mouth (typical of the genus L embadion) are three longitudinal lines (L1, L2, L3, ®gures 18, 19, 21) that separate the silver-impregnate d ribs supporting the cytostome.</p> <p>Somatic. L. curvatum bears 42±45 bipolar somatic kineties. These are parallel to each other. The basal bodies are not homogeneously distributed within a kinetyÐ a feature that is especially obvious on the cell dorsum (®gure 22). All somatic kineties start either at the level of the paroral kineties (on the right of the ventral surface) or at the polykinetid on the left (®gures 19, 20), and they increase in length gradually from kinety 1, until they reach the crown of the dorsal surface (®gure 20). From this point, the kineties shorten gradually until they reach the left of the ventral surface. The right side of the cell is longer than the left (®gure 20) and this causes the curvature observed in the living ciliates.</p> <p>The majority of kineties each ®nish in one caudal cilium, except: (a) the ®rst seven kineties or so on the ventral surface of the cell; (b) ®ve kineties on the dorsal surface; and (c) the last two kineties, on the ventral surface (®gure 18). The group of ®ve kineties without caudal cilia separates the set of caudal cilia on the ventral surface from those on the dorsum (®gures 18, 23, 24). The latter are longer, 25 m m versus 13±16 m m (®gure 15). A long kinetodesmal ®bre (®gures 20, 22) is common to all somatic kineties.</p> <p>The contractile vacuole is at the posterior end of the cell, but its pore could not be observed. The argyrome was not observed. The macronucleus is ellipsoidal (some macronuclei measured on silver-carbonate specimens were 36Ö 38 m m, 29Ö 32 m m, 23.5 Ö 35 m m), and located at the posterior end of the cell (®gures 18±21) There is one micronucleus (6Ö 6 m m, 7 Ö3.5 m m) above it.</p> <p>Habitat. L embadion curvatum is a benthic ciliateÐit was found among sediment particles, in fresh water (Lake Bantic), feeding on Cristigera sp. (®gure 16), Cinetochilum margaritaceum, and on small ¯agellates. Other ciliate species observed in the same samples were: Balanonema biceps (Penard, 1922), Dexiotricha granulosa (Kent, 1881), Cristigera media Kahl, 1928, Cristigera sp., Cyclidium citrullus, Halteria grandinella, and Urotricha farcta ClapareÁde and Lachmann, 1859.</p> <p>Related species</p> <p>There are three other L embadion species (table 2), all easily distinguishable from L. curvatum through the observation of living organisms. L embadion lucens is the smallest species, rarely larger than 60 m m, a characteristic that makes identi®cation straightforward. This ciliate is a common freshwater organism, ellipsoidal in shape and ¯attened, found amongst sediment particles. L embadion magnum is typically planktonic, ellipsoidal in shape, unmistakable because of its oral aperture (which is almost as long as the cell) and its method of capturing food particles which involves the ciliate swimming in a manner that resembles a rotating`baseball glove’. L embadion bullinum is also ellipsoidal, and it is the only L embadion species described so far with cell dimorphism, i.e. it is able to form cannibal giants (Kuhlmann, 1993). L embadion curvatum is the only L embadion with a twisted, curved, C-shaped cell. Other morphological distinguishing features of L. curvatum are the number of somatic kineties and the cell size. L embadion curvatum is a benthic ciliate, and is always observed among sediment particles.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687FCFFF6FFE8FE168AE6FD8AFECD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Esteban, G. F.;Finlay, B. J.;Olmo, J. L.;Tyler, P. A.	Esteban, G. F., Finlay, B. J., Olmo, J. L., Tyler, P. A. (2000): Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34 (2): 159-189, DOI: 10.1080/002229300299598, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299598
03C687FCFFECFFEDFEDA8F9AFF0DFE6C.text	03C687FCFFECFFEDFEDA8F9AFF0DFE6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metopus setosus var. minor Kahl 1927	<div><p>Metopus setosus var. minor Kahl, 1927</p> <p>(®gures 26±30)</p> <p>Ciliates of the genus Metopus are anaerobic organisms with some tolerance to dissolved oxygen, so migrants are occasionally found in oxygenated waters (Esteban et al., 1995). All Metopus species have similar body shape, characterized by the torsion of the anterior part of the cell, and by a frontal lobe protruding over an ascending adoral zone of membranelles (AZM, ®gures 26±30). The size of the cells, the general shape and degree of torsion, and the presence/absence of caudal cilia, are the main species identi®cation features.</p> <p>Metopus minor is a small ciliate; cells in the Australian population were 30±40 m m long. Our population ®ts within the description of Kahl (1930 ±1935). As we manage d to keep a culture of this organism for some days, we were able to observe further features of this species. Metopus minor has three groups of long cilia and a conspicuous, protruding anterior lobe (®gures 26±30). The three groups of long cilia are located as follows: one group is at the front of the cell (when the organism is seen from the side), just above the tip of the frontal lobe (®gures 27, 28); one group is opposite the latter, at the anterior part of the dorsal surface (®gures 28, 29); and ®nally, there is one group of (usually) ®ve, long, caudal cilia (®gures 26±30). The ciliate uses these three groups of cilia to attach to sediment particles (®gures 28±30), where it is normally observed ®lter feeding. Metopus minor has ®ve or six somatic kineties with few cilia per kinety (as seen with Nomarski interference contrastÐ silver impregnation was not feasible due to the small number of specimens found). The single macronucleus is ellipsoidal, and is placed in the anterior half of the cell (®gure 28); the single micronucleus lies next to it. The contractile vacuole is situated at the posterior end of the cell.</p> <p>Metopus minor was found in brackish water in the crater-lake, together with a few specimens of other Metopus species. It has previously been recorded in Europe (Kahl, 1930 ±35; Foissner and Adam, 1979).</p> <p>Oxytricha salmastra Dragesco and Dragesco-Kern Âis, 1986 (®gures 32±33)</p> <p>Most hypotrich ciliates are di cult to identify, especially from living material. Almost all are adapted for crawling on surfaces (e.g. sediment, detritus, mosses), and they have a large ®lter-feeding oral apparatus (the adoral zone of membranelles, AZM). Their main morphological feature is that the cilia in the ventral surface of the cell (which is in contact with the substratum) are gathered to form packed groups called cirri (®gure 32). Cirri are responsible for the principal type of locomotion of these ciliates, which appear as if they are`walking’ on surfaces. Hypotrichs can also swim, by means of the adoral zone of membranelles in the oral apparatus. These ciliates have wide morphological plasticity, and they are fragile. Quite frequently, bits of cells with odd shape and capable of independent movement are found in natural samples.</p> <p>Like many hypotrichs, O. salmastra displays broad morphological variability, mainly dependent on the amount and the type of food ingested. Oxytricha salmastra can be elongate and slender (®gure 32), or fat and wide, about twice the breadth of a slender one. Some are pear-shaped, wider at the anterior end, and tapering towards the posterior pole. We kept O. salmastra in culture. Typically, the cells are elongate and quite slender, 110±155 m m long, and 48±56 m m wide. The distinctive feature in living, immobile organisms, is a marked row of cirri running along each edge of the ventral surface (these are the marginal rows of cirri; ®gure 32). The infraciliature in this species varies widely.</p> <p>The somatic infraciliature (®gures 32, 33) is formed by: (a) two frontal cirri; (b) typically eight frontal cirri that include: one frontoterminal cirrus very close to the beginning of the adoral zone of membranelles (and appearing to be a part of it), one buccal cirrus, and 2 +2 cirri in the anterior half of the cell, spreading out down to the cell equator. This arrangement varies in larger individuals of the same population. Apart from the frontal cirri, there are two to four ventral cirri, located post-orally, and three to ®ve transverse cirri. Within the latter, if ®ve cirri are present four comprise an oblique row and one is on its own (®gure 32). When three, two are in a row, and one is on its own. There is one right marginal row of cirri (RMR, ®gure 32), and one left marginal row (LMR) of cirri running along each side of the ventral surface of the ciliate. These two rows never make contact at the posterior end of the cell. The LMR bears from 27 to 32 cirri, although other numbers are possible. The RMR bears 30±32 cirri. There are two or three caudal cirri, and four dorsal kineties with dikinetids. Three of the dorsal kineties run bipolar along the dorsal surface, with each kinety ®nishing in one caudal cirrus. The fourth dorsal kinety is short and does not reach the cell equator (®gure 33). The dorsal kineties bear 14, 15, 14, and six pairs of kinetosomes, respectively.</p> <p>The oral region occupies the anterior one-third portion of the cell, with 27±35 membranelles in the adoral zone, one paroral membrane, and one endoral membrane (variable in length). In some organisms the paroral and endoral membranes cross each other; in others, the membranes do not intersect, the endoral membrane is very short (®gure 32) and is located at the beginning of the paroral membrane. The nuclear apparatus is formed by one long macronucleus or by two macronuclei, and two micronuclei.</p> <p>Remarks. Oxytricha salmastra has previously been recorded only from tropical Africa, where it was found in brackish water. We also found this species in brackish water, and our observations provide the ®rst record of this species outside of Africa.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687FCFFECFFEDFEDA8F9AFF0DFE6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Esteban, G. F.;Finlay, B. J.;Olmo, J. L.;Tyler, P. A.	Esteban, G. F., Finlay, B. J., Olmo, J. L., Tyler, P. A. (2000): Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34 (2): 159-189, DOI: 10.1080/002229300299598, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299598
03C687FCFFE9FFEFFEE38C3BFE58FE6C.text	03C687FCFFE9FFEFFEE38C3BFE58FE6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plagiopyla frontata Kahl 1930	<div><p>Plagiopyla frontata Kahl, 1930: 35 (®gures 34±37)</p> <p>Ciliates of this genus are laterally compressed, with the shape of a kidney. The buccal region is large, and perpendicular to the main longitudinal axis of the cell (®gures 34, 35). Distinctive in Plagiopyla (and of other members of the Plagiopylidae) is a structure of unknown function that extends anterio-posteriorl y along the right side of the cell. This is known as the striated band (®gure 36). The various species of Plagiopyla have been found in anaerobic freshwater, brackish, and marine habitats, and in the guts of echinoids.</p> <p>Plagiopyla frontata is variable in size. It is basically kidney-shaped and laterally ¯attened, in the size range 75±110 m m long and 37±67 m m wide. Smaller specimens, 55± 60 m m long, are also frequent. The number of somatic kineties varies, usually between 60 and 68, and all are formed by monokinetids. Although the Australian population of P. frontata had fewer somatic kineties, around 40, the other morphological characteristics were indistinguishable from those of previously described P. frontata. All kineties on the right side of the cell, except three or four that ®nish near the opening of the cytoproct, reach the posterior end of the cell, where they meet the kineties from the left side, developing a suture. In the anterior part of the cell, the somatic kineties ®nish at the oral region, forming two`lips’ (®gure 34), and approximatel y 20 of these kineties enter the oral cavity forming a short infundibulum. There is typically one macronucleus with an associated micronucleus, although we also observed cells with three macronuclei.</p> <p>The ®nal portion or anterior tips of the somatic kineties delimit the oral area (®gures 34, 35); these are separated from the somatic kineties by a narrow gap in the infraciliature (®gure 34). The oral kineties bend inwards in the oral aperture, and about 21 of them enter the buccal cavity, developing a short groove. The cytostome is at the end of the infundibulum.</p> <p>There is a striated longitudinal band on the right side of the cell. This structure begins at the oral area (®gure 36), and extends beyond the cell equator to ®nish near the cytoproct. At the oral region the striated band bends about 90ss, then runs parallel to the somatic kineties towards the posterior part of the cell. It is formed by about 45 folds of the cell membrane. These folds are orientated at a right angle to the main longitudinal axis of the cell, and are supported by microtubules (pers. observ.). The cytoproct and contractile vacuole pores open near the end of the striated band (®gure 36).</p> <p>Plagiopyla frontata lives in marine and brackish-water anaerobic sediments. It has also been found in the anoxic part of the water column of a Danish f jord (Fenchel et al., 1995), and we have also found it in anaerobic sediment in the Hopkins estuary near Warrnambool, where it grazes on anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria. Like the organisms retrieved from Europe, the Australian P. frontata bears endosymbiotic methanogenic bacteria in the cytoplasm (®gure 37) (Fenchel and Finlay, 1991, 1995). The endosymbionts of P. frontata form clusters that ¯uoresce when excited with UV light (®gure 37). TEM sections of specimens from Europe show that each cluster is formed by alternating hydrogenosomes (essentially anaerobic mitochondria) and methanogens, with the components of each (and all) clusters dividing simultaneously immediately before the ciliate cell division (Fenchel and Finlay, 1991). A photograph of clusters of silver-stained hydrogenosomes can be seen in ®gure 35. Details of the metabolism, growth rate, and symbiosis with methanogenic bacteria in P. frontata can be found in Finlay and Fenchel (1992), and Fenchel and Finlay (1991).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687FCFFE9FFEFFEE38C3BFE58FE6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Esteban, G. F.;Finlay, B. J.;Olmo, J. L.;Tyler, P. A.	Esteban, G. F., Finlay, B. J., Olmo, J. L., Tyler, P. A. (2000): Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34 (2): 159-189, DOI: 10.1080/002229300299598, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299598
03C687FCFFEBFFE0FEE58C22FD00F908.text	03C687FCFFEBFFE0FEE58C22FD00F908.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuroplites australis Foissner 1988	<div><p>Pleuroplites australis Foissner, 1988</p> <p>(®gures 38±45)</p> <p>The living ciliates of this and related genera are very variable in shape, number of nuclei, mode and degree of silver impregnation, cell size, and in the number of somatic kineties. These ciliates are well known as rapacious carnivores (see Corliss, 1979). Starved cells are normally elongate with the oral aperture at the top of the anterior end (®gures 38±45), and with no obvious caudal cilia. A large number of very similar nominal species (an example is shown in ®gure 45) have been described, with di erences between them as slight as the number of macronuclei. Taxonomic revision of the genera involved falls outside the scope of this paper.</p> <p>The amount of food ingested, and the stage of the life cycle, dictate the shape and size of P. australis (®gure 38). It varies between 45 and 60 m m long, and 17 and 25 m m wide although very small cells were occasionally observed. The full morphological diversity of P. australis was assessed by preparing di erent cultures and using Uronema nigricans as food (®gure 39). The shape can be ellipsoidal (e.g. 45 m m long by 23 m m wide); elongate, tapering towards the posterior end (e.g. 60 m m long by 17.5 m m wide); pear-shaped with broader anterior part of the cell, pointed at the anterior end and rounded at the posterior; or with a protruding cytostome (®gure 38). Pleuroplites australis has the characteristics of the family Enchelyidae (as established by Corliss, 1979): there is a ®eld of clavate sensory cilia, and the toxicysts are localized, typically in or near the oral area. Pleuroplites australis has sparse somatic cilia and no obvious caudal cilia, although the cilia in that area do appear straighter than the rest (®gure 38). There is a single group of extrusomes (toxicysts?) gathered in a circle close to the oral aperture at the anterior part of the cell (®gures 41±43). This structure is detectable in silver-impregnated specimens, but hard to observe in living organisms (even in immobilized cells). In our experience, and assuming a good silver impregnation (either protargol or silver carbonate), this feature is observable only in one out of ®ve cells. There are other extrusomes scattered in the cytoplasm (®gure 41), which, again, were evident in only a few of the silver-impregnated cells examined.</p> <p>The somatic kineties are bipolar and dimorphic (®gures 38, 43). Half of them bear sensory bristles (Corliss, 1979), and therefore the infraciliature of these kineties di ers from that of the other half (see below). In our population, the number of somatic kineties varied between 17 and 19, each kinety with few kinetids. Approximately half of the somatic kineties contain dikinetids with clavate cilia (about 1.9± 2 m m long, ®gure 44) along their entire bipolar length, and these are easier to di erentiate in the area around the oral region. These clavate cilia constitute the sensory bristles (usually inaccurately termed`brosse’ in the literature), and the ciliates can bend them. The kinetids in these kineties are closer to each other at the anterior end of the cell (®gures 38, 43). The arrangement of the clavate cilia within a kinety varies between individuals and among kineties of the same specimen (®gure 38). It can be two clavate cilia together per kinetid, such as those around the oral aperture; one clavate cilium per kinetid; two clavate cilia plus a longer cilium (~ 7±8 m m long) per kinetid; or one clavate cilium with one normal cilium per kinetid. The remaining somatic kineties bear single, scattered kinetosomes. The circular ®eld of extrusomes lies on this side of the cell (®gures 38, 42, 43).</p> <p>The oral region is encircled by the circumoral kinety which has 17±19 paired kinetosomes lying side by side within each pair (®gures 38, 42, 43). The nematodesmata in the mouth are inconspicuous. In some living cells the mitochondria were observed arranged in bipolar rows, between the kineties (®gure 38). The contractile vacuole can appear round, elongate, or triangular, and situated at the cell posterior end. The number and shape of the macronuclei is variable too (®gure 38), the number varying from one to four macronuclei, although there is only one micronucleus. Pleuroplites australis has previously been reported from Kenya, Australia, and Antarctica (Foissner, 1998).</p> <p>Living cells of P. australis are indistinguishable from ciliates of the following genera: Coriplites, Enchelys, Enchelyodon, Foissnerides, Fuscheria, Pleuroplitoides, from some of Kahl’s Spathidium species, and from Placus ovum (Kahl, 1926). As stated above, a thorough revision of all these genera goes beyond the scope of this article. However, the peculiarity of the infraciliature of P. australis, with a ®eld of clavate cilia that involves more than half of the somatic kineties, and the existence of a localized group of toxicysts, resembles Pseudoprorodon spp. (see ®gure 45). The infraciliature of P. australis is also nearly identical to that of Foissnerides heliophagus Song and Wilbert, 1989 (see ®gure 45, and Song and Wilbert, 1989) with a single group of localized toxicysts near the oral aperture standing as the only di erence between the two. Song and Wilbert (1989) made no mention of this structure (but note that in our preparations it was observable in one out of ®ve silver-impregnated cells). Foissnerides heliophagus was found in Germany.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687FCFFEBFFE0FEE58C22FD00F908	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Esteban, G. F.;Finlay, B. J.;Olmo, J. L.;Tyler, P. A.	Esteban, G. F., Finlay, B. J., Olmo, J. L., Tyler, P. A. (2000): Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34 (2): 159-189, DOI: 10.1080/002229300299598, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299598
03C687FCFFE7FFE3FE0C8EE2FE25FCFB.text	03C687FCFFE7FFE3FE0C8EE2FE25FCFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Holophrya seyrli Foissner 1997	<div><p>Holophrya seyrli Foissner, 1997 (®gures 12, 13)</p> <p>Ciliates of the genus Prorodon are common predators in freshwater, brackish, and marine habitats. The ciliates are cylindrical or ovoid, with bipolar somatic kineties, and the shape and size of the cell are frequently modi®ed by the amount of food the ciliate has ingested (®gure 13). The buccal aperture is apical or subapical. The main morphological characteristic within the genus Prorodon is the presence of a`brosse’ (®gure 12), a structure formed by three (straight or oblique) rows of basal bodies (Hiller and Bardele, 1988) located in the ®rst quarter of the cell’s anterior end. In some species it extends from the cell anterior (in the vicinity of the oral aperture) to the cell equator (Esteban and Finlay, 1996).</p> <p>Prorodon discolor is a cosmopolitan organism reported from fresh-, brackish, and sea waters throughout the world (e.g. Fenchel et al, 1995; Esteban and Finlay, 1996). It has also been described recently as a new species, i.e. Holophrya seyrli (Foissner, 1997). The organisms from Australia were 85±135 m m long, and 75± 110 m m wide, and presented 43±53 somatic kineties. The structure of the brosse was variable, formed by three or four oblique rows of kinetosomes that do not reach the cell equator (®gure 12). The number of nuclei is also variable. We found specimens with one macronucleus and no micronucleus, and specimens with one macronucleus and two micronuclei.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687FCFFE7FFE3FE0C8EE2FE25FCFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Esteban, G. F.;Finlay, B. J.;Olmo, J. L.;Tyler, P. A.	Esteban, G. F., Finlay, B. J., Olmo, J. L., Tyler, P. A. (2000): Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34 (2): 159-189, DOI: 10.1080/002229300299598, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299598
03C687FCFFE7FFE5FEF48DB7FC7AFCCB.text	03C687FCFFE7FFE5FEF48DB7FC7AFCCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Uronema nigricans MuEller 1786	<div><p>Cyclidium nigricans MuÈller, 1786</p> <p>(®gures 46, 47)</p> <p>Uronema nigricans is a small scuticociliate, 30±35 m m long, typically ellipsoidal and characterized by great variation in its oral and somatic infraciliature. The distinction between this species and U. marinum Dujardin, 1841, is still unclear and is probably unjusti®ed (see Hoare, 1927; Te Âllez, 1981). The close examination of both species is not the objective of this paper as their comparison would involve the study of clonal cultures. Bearing this in mind, for the purpose of this article we leave the nominal species U. nigricans as such. The Australian population of U. nigricans was grown in culture, which facilitated the assessment of its morphological diversity. These cultures were also used as food for Pleuroplites australis (see above). The living organisms of U. nigricans are ovoid and ¯attened dorso-ventrally. U. nigricans bears one caudal cilium which the ciliate uses to attach to sediment particles and to whirl aroundÐto some extent like U. ®li®cum Kahl, 1935, but living specimens of the latter are easily discriminated (see Fenchel et al., 1995, for relevant details of U. ®li®cum). The number of somatic kineties of the Australian population of U. nigricans varies between 10 and 12, each kinety with (usually) 15±16 kinetids. Exceptionally, the last somatic kinety (kinety n) is the longest.</p> <p>The variation within the oral infraciliature is striking, with the scuticovestige the most confusing character for species identi®cation. The structure and location of the latter is highly variable (®gures 46, 47). Apart from the normal variations in dividing and post-dividing organisms, the scuticovestige can be arranged as a line of mid-ventral post-oral kinetosomes (®gure 46), as an oblique row of three to ®ve kinetosomes at the end of the oral dikinetid, or as a disorganized group of kinetosomes beneath the oral dikinetid. A constant character in U. nigricans, however, is the location of the ®rst oral polykinetidÐa ®le of inconspicuous kinetosomesÐ always distant from the beginning of the paroral dikinetid and from the second polykinetid (®gures 46, 47). The paroral dikinetid is a zig-zag row of double kinetosomes, and it has the shape of an inverted question mark (). Its forward part is straight and ends at the level of the second oral polykinetid; its rear part curves to the left of the cell, as a hook.</p> <p>The infraciliature of oral polykinetids 1 and 2 also varies, whereas the third polykinetid appears to be constant. The ®rst oral polykinetid can be a single row of kinetosomes or a split row developing two short oblique kinetosomal rows, and in some specimens these two rows eventually become parallel. The second polykinetid is generally a ®le of three vertical and parallel rows of basal bodies (®gures 46, 47), with variable length of the third (outermost) row. The third oral polykinetid is the least variable of all, and is well developed as a circular ®eld of kinetosomes. The cytoproct of the cell opens as a wavy line in impregnated cellsÐalong the middle line of the ventral surface (®gure 47). The contractile vacuole pore opens either at the end of the ®rst kinety or of the second, although sometimes somatic kinety 1 is so long that the contractile vacuole pore seems to open at the end of the 11th somatic kinety (in organisms with 12 kineties). There is usually one macronucleus and one micronucleus above it, both placed in the anterior half of the cell.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687FCFFE7FFE5FEF48DB7FC7AFCCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Esteban, G. F.;Finlay, B. J.;Olmo, J. L.;Tyler, P. A.	Esteban, G. F., Finlay, B. J., Olmo, J. L., Tyler, P. A. (2000): Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34 (2): 159-189, DOI: 10.1080/002229300299598, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299598
