Guatteria scandens Ducke

146. Guatteria scandens Ducke View in CoL — Fig. 71; Plate 6c View Plate 6 ; Map 31

Guatteria scandens Ducke (1925) View in CoL 10; R. E.Fr. (1939) 483. — Type: Ducke RB 17874 (holo RB 2 sheets; iso B, S, U), Brazil, Pará , Belém, ‘ 10 May 1923 (flor.) and 10 Nov 1922 (fruct.) ’.

Cauliflorous liana,climbing up to c. 20 m high, 2–4 cm diam;young twigs sparsely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous, sometimes with some golden, appressed hairs. Leaves: petiole 6–13 mm long, 1–3 mm diam; lamina ovate to elliptic to narrow- ly so, 10–26(–33) cm long, 4–11 cm wide (leaf index 2.2–2.9), coriaceous, not verruculose, scabridulous, dull, greyish to greyish brown above, greenish to dark brown below, glabrous on both sides, base acute, sometimes slightly attenuate, obtuse, or rarely slightly cordate, apex acuminate (acumen 5–20 mm long), primary vein impressed above, secondary veins distinct, 5–12 on either side of primary vein, impressed above, smallest distance between loops and margin 3–6 mm, tertiary veins inconspicuous to conspicuous, raised above, reticulate. Flowers in compact clusters consisting of a varying number of (mostly) 1-flowered inflorescences on the trunk or also on leafless branchlets; pedicels 15–20 mm long, 1–1.5 mm diam, fruiting pedicels to c. 30 mm long, c. 2 mm diam, sparsely covered with appressed hairs, articulated at 0.2–0.4 from the base, bracts c. 6, soon falling, not seen; flower buds depressed ovoid; sepals free, broadly ovate-triangular to ovate-triangular, 4–6 mm long, c. 4 mm wide, appressed, outer side rather densely covered with appressed, brown hairs; petals greenish, maturing yellow in vivo, ovate, 10–40 mm long, 7–16 mm wide, outer base densely covered with appressed hairs, apex rather densely to densely so; stamens 1.5–2 mm long, connective shield hairy, convex to slightly umbonate. Monocarps 25–40, maturing dark red to purple-black or black in vivo, reddish brown, brown or black in sicco, ellipsoid, 13–17(–24) by 7–9(–13) mm, sparsely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous, apex rounded to apiculate (apiculum <0.5 mm long), wall 0.1–0.4 mm thick, stipes 5–12 mm long, c. 1 mm diam. Seed ellipsoid, 11–16 by 6–7 mm, reddish black or black, rugose, longitudinally and transversely grooved, raphe not distinct from rest of seed.

Distribution — Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Amazo- nian Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Pará).

Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated forest, on brown sand, also in swamp forest. At elevations of 0–350(–475) m. Flowering:April to June, October to January; fruiting: throughout the year.

Vernacular names — Brazil: Cipó-iuira, Cipó-ira (Ducke RB 24162), Cipó-uíra (Ducke RB 17874, RB 24162), Tata’y (the fire plant) (Balée 793). French Guiana: Kumataime/Mulokju (Wayana name), Malokopesi (Boni) (Sauvain 109), Mulokju (Wayana name) (Veth 240), Ndulu ndulu (Aluku name), Wime etni kamwi (Palikur name), Yoarno. Guyana: Karikahu, Kurihi koyoko. Suriname: Apukutitei (Sranang name), Bosolijf (Suri- namese name), Kasalerodañ (Arawak name), Kasselerodang (Arawak name) (Lanjouw & Lindeman 462), Kiintongo (Aucan name) (Van Andel et al. 4984), Kirikahu (Arawak name), Kirikawa (Arawak name) (Lanjouw & Lindeman 419, 1285), Kofiballi (Arawak name) (BW 5569), Krabita-tité (BBS 13), Krin tongo (Sranang name), Kufiballi (Arawak name), Kumataime, mulokju (Wayana name), Malakopesi (Boni name), Moelewa (Carib name) (Lanjouw & Lindeman 1285), Moerewa (Carib name) (BW 1827), Mulewa (Carib name), Mulokju (Wayana name), Ndulu ndulu (Boni), Olijf (Surinamese name) (Lanjouw & Lindeman 1285), Olijfrank (Surinamese name) (BW 1808), Olijfvrucht (Surinamese name) (BW 1827), Upupede (Trio name), Wanegu (Trio name).

Uses — French Guiana: Molokju: ‘For smoking when the small fish mulok, that dwells in creeks, has given a disease that you do not want to eat it anymore’. ‘Once he has seen people bathing with the bark in warm water’ (Veth & Manou 18). Suriname: Bark used in Suriname by Trio Indians as a febrifuge (BW 1827). Kiin tongo: Eating the fruits will clean your tongue (Van Andel et al. 4984).

Note — Guatteria scandens is one of the very few species with a scandent habit in the genus Guatteria . The other lianescent species is G. fractiflexa , whereas in G. beckii , G. flexilis and G. synsepala lianescent forms also have been observed, next to erect plants. It can also be recognized by its cauliflory and the scabridulous (‘rough’) leaves. The occurrence of lianas or plants of liana-like habit is rather exceptional in Neotropical Annonaceae , in contrast to the Old World where the percentage of climbing is much higher. Other Neotropical climbers are, e.g., Annona haematantha and Annona scandens .