Bryophilinae

20. Bryophilinae View in CoL View at ENA , as with Eriopinae, Keegan et al. (2021) found Bryophilinae to have weak support as a distinct subfamily, falling instead within Noctuinae . Adult characters diagnostic of Noctuinae , as currently defined, are not readily evident in bryophilines. For instance, the clasper on the valve—when present—lacks a distinct strut or rod connecting it to the base of the sacculus, a feature typical of most Noctuinae . The Bryophilinae also lack two key larval characteristics typically found in Noctuinae : a dorsally grooved spinneret and a hair-like SD1 seta on A9. Instead, Bryophilinae larvae possess a tubular spinneret and a non-hair-like SD1 seta. It’s possible these differences in Bryophilinae are not primitive traits, but rather secondary losses of features commonly seen in Noctuinae ( Keegan et al. 2021) . Speidel et al. (1996) classified the group in a clade united by the presence of an epaulette in the tympanal membrane and by the existence of lichen-feeding larvae with lengthy primary setae. Some distinguishing features of the larvae are the primary setae on the thorax and abdomen, which typically arise from sclerotizd pinacula; on the meso- and metathoracic segments, SD1 is significantly longer than SD2 (for example on the metathorax of Cryphia Hübner species); and there are no undeveloped prolegs ( Sugi 1970).