Scaphytopius, Ball, 1931

Key to males of Scaphytopius View in CoL of Costa Rica

1. Clavus, scutellum, mesonotum, pronotum, and basal 2/3 of crown sulfur yellow ( Fig. 11X View FIGURE 11 )................ S. sulphureus View in CoL

– Clavus, scutellum, mesonotum, pronotum, and basal 2/3 of crown with varied colors, but never sulfur yellow............ 2

2. Forewing transparent, pronotum yellowish white, anterior half of crown yellow, and posterior half yellowish white ( Figs. 11E View FIGURE 11 , 12E View FIGURE 12 , 13E View FIGURE 13 ). Only known from Cocos Island........................................................ S. biflavus View in CoL

– Forewing, pronotum, and crown with varied colors and patterns, but never as above................................ 3

3. Pronotum and crown scarlet red ( Figs. 11V View FIGURE 11 , 12V View FIGURE 12 )........................................... S. scarlatum View in CoL sp. nov.

– Pronotum and crown with varied colors, but never scarlet red.................................................. 4

4. Forewing veins red ( Figs. 11F View FIGURE 11 , 12F View FIGURE 12 ). Pygofer in lateral view with a long, thin, spine-like projection at apex ( Fig. 2D View FIGURE 2 ).......................................................................................... S. caprensis View in CoL sp. nov.

– Forewing veins brown ( Figs. 11J, U View FIGURE 11 , 12J, U View FIGURE 12 ), black ( Figs. 11P View FIGURE 11 , AB, 12P, AB), or translucent ( Figs.11O View FIGURE 11 , 12O View FIGURE 12 ), but never red. Pygofer in lateral view without a long spine-like projection at apex ( Fig. 2D View FIGURE 2 )..................................... 5

5. Clavus with 3 large semicircular pale yellow spots that, when the wings are united in dorsal view, form 3 large spots, one after the other ( Figs. 11Y View FIGURE 11 , 12Y View FIGURE 12 )................................................................ S. trisolis View in CoL sp. nov.

– Clavus without large semicircular spots or pale yellow spots that form the pattern described above.................... 6

6. Face entirely black ( Figs. 13H, K View FIGURE 13 , AA, AB, AC), or at least with frontoclypeus, anteclypeus and lorum entirely black ( Fig. 13 View FIGURE 13 AC). Apex of frontoclypeus with two transverse white bands forming an inverted V ( Fig. 13 View FIGURE 13 AA).................... 7

– Face not entirely black ( Figs. 13N, T View FIGURE 13 ), but of varying shades of yellowish ( Figs. 13A, B, J, Z View FIGURE 13 ) or brownish ( Figs. 13C, D, I, O, T View FIGURE 13 ). Apex of frontoclypeus with or without spots or bands on apex............................................. 11

7. Pygofer in lateral view with a thin, short spine-like projection at apex ( Fig. 8D View FIGURE 8 ); crown dark brown with two longitudinal black bands in center ( Fig. 8A View FIGURE 8 ); in dorsal view with six or more white circular spots in clavus area ( Fig. 8A View FIGURE 8 ).... S. webbi View in CoL sp. nov.

– Pygofer with a rounded apex ( Figs. 9E, G, P View FIGURE 9 ), without any spine-like projection; crown light brown, with two longitudinal white bands in center, merging into a single band at apex ( Fig. 7G View FIGURE 7 ); in dorsal view with fewer than six white circular spots in clavus area ( Fig. 4A View FIGURE 4 )........................................................................................ 8

8. Style apophysis in dorsal view with a spine on inner margin ( Figs. 3D View FIGURE 3 , 8K View FIGURE 8 ); in lateral view dorsal apodeme shorter than shaft ( Figs. 3E View FIGURE 3 , 8L View FIGURE 8 )........................................................................................ 9

– Style apophysis in dorsal view without a spine on inner apex ( Fig. 4D View FIGURE 4 , 7J View FIGURE 7 ); in lateral view dorsal apodeme longer than shaft ( Figs. 4E View FIGURE 4 , 7K View FIGURE 7 )...................................................................................... 10

9. Paraphyses diverging slightly before half their length in dorsal view ( Fig. 3D View FIGURE 3 ), apex of paraphyses without small lateral spine in dorsal view; gonopore area of aedeagus in apical view with a dorsal spine of similar length to lateral spines ( Fig. 3F View FIGURE 3 ).......................................................................................... S. cyma View in CoL sp. nov.

– Paraphyses diverging slightly beyond half their length in dorsal view ( Fig. 8K View FIGURE 8 ), apex of paraphyses with a small lateral spine in dorsal view; gonopore area of aedeagus in apical view with a dorsal spine longer than lateral spines ( Fig. 8M View FIGURE 8 )............................................................................................ S. zurquiense View in CoL sp. nov.

10. Style apophysis in ventral view with a square shape on inner margin ( Fig. 4D View FIGURE 4 ); paraphyses diverging widely and abruptly beyond half their length in dorsal view, giving the appearance of an inverted U ( Fig. 4D View FIGURE 4 ); dorsal apodeme with a slight curvature toward apex ( Fig. 4E View FIGURE 4 ).......................................................... S. hansoni View in CoL sp. nov.

– Style apophysis in ventral view with a rounded shape on inner margin ( Fig. 7J View FIGURE 7 ); paraphyses diverging moderately and gradually beyond half their length in dorsal view, giving the appearance of an inverted V ( Fig. 7J View FIGURE 7 ); dorsal apodeme straight toward apex ( Fig. 7K View FIGURE 7 )............................................................................ S. vulcanus View in CoL sp. nov.

11. Face dark yellow, yellow ( Figs. 13J, M, P, R, W View FIGURE 13 ) or pale colored ( Figs. 13A, B, S, U, Z View FIGURE 13 ); with spots ( Figs. 13B, R, S, W View FIGURE 13 ), with partial spots ( Figs. 13A, P, U, Z View FIGURE 13 ) or without spots ( Figs. 13J, M View FIGURE 13 ), and without V-shaped transverse bands on apex of frontoclypeus....................................................................................... 12

– Face brownish to orange ( Figs. 13C, D, G, I, L, N, O, Q, T View FIGURE 13 ); without spots and with V-shaped transverse bands on apex of frontoclypeus....................................................................................... 21

12. With paraphyses.................................................................................... 13

– Without paraphyses.................................................................................. 17

13. Paraphyses short and slender ( Fig. 1D View FIGURE 1 ), apex with two small needlelike processes extended very little, without reaching base of shaft ( Fig. 1D View FIGURE 1 ), the same length as shaft in ventral view; aedeagus with two lateral anchor-shaped spines at apex in ventral view ( Fig. 1F View FIGURE 1 )........................................................................ S. ancorus View in CoL sp. nov.

– Paraphyses elongated and slender; much longer than shaft in ventral view ( Figs. 6D View FIGURE 6 , 7D View FIGURE 7 , 14I View FIGURE 14 ); aedeagus without anchor-shaped spines at apex....................................................................................... 14

14. Paraphyses with a wide lateral projection in the shape of a triangle in ventral view ( Fig. 14M View FIGURE 14 ); anteapical and discal cells of forewings with conspicuous dark brown irregularly longitudinal spots ( Fig. 12S View FIGURE 12 ).......................... S. osborni View in CoL

– Paraphyses without a wide lateral projection in the shape of a triangle in ventral view ( Figs. 6D View FIGURE 6 , 7D View FIGURE 7 ); anteapical and discal cells of forewings with small brown circular spots ( Figs. 11W, Z View FIGURE 11 , 12W, Z View FIGURE 12 )........................................... 15

15. Paraphyses in ventral view straight and parallel ( Fig. 14F View FIGURE 14 2 View FIGURE 2 ), with small ventral notch before apex ( Fig. 14F View FIGURE 14 1 View FIGURE 1 ); aedeagus with preatrium as long as shaft ( Fig. 14F View FIGURE 14 1 View FIGURE 1 )............................................................... S. latens View in CoL

– Paraphyses in ventral view crossing each other, forming an 8 shape ( Figs. 6D View FIGURE 6 , 7D View FIGURE 7 ), without notch before apex; aedeagus with absent preatrium ( Figs. 6E View FIGURE 6 , 7E View FIGURE 7 )......................................................................... 16

16. Paraphyses in ventral view crossing beyond half their length, without bifurcation at apex ( Fig. 6D View FIGURE 6 ); aedeagus with dorsal apodeme longer than shaft, in lateral view hammer-shaped with curved handle ( Fig. 6E View FIGURE 6 )............ S. springerae View in CoL sp nov.

– Paraphyses in ventral view crossing each other halfway, with slight bifurcation at apex, resembling open viper’s mouth ( Fig. 7D View FIGURE 7 ); aedeagus with dorsal apodeme and shaft of similar length, in lateral view V-shaped with small internal spine at apex ( Figs. 7E View FIGURE 7 1-E View FIGURE 1 2 View FIGURE 2 )............................................................................. S. viperans View in CoL sp. nov.

17 Aedeagus in lateral view with a thin, curved shaft, with large or small spines at apex ( Figs. 14E, J, L View FIGURE 14 ); in lateral view, shaft slightly longer than dorsal apodeme or similar in length..................................................... 18

– Aedeagus in lateral view with long, thin, straight shaft ( Fig. 14B View FIGURE 14 ), with two small spines at apex; shaft much longer than dorsal apodeme........................................................................................... 20

18. Aedeagus in lateral view with thin, curved C-shaped shaft; with two prominent and long spines at apex projecting toward basal part of shaft ( Fig. 14E View FIGURE 14 )...................................................................... S. fuliginosus View in CoL

– Aedeagus in lateral view with a thin, curved V- or U-shaped shaft ( Figs. 14J, L View FIGURE 14 ); with two very small spines at apex not projecting toward basal part of shaft..................................................................... 19

19. Aedeagus in lateral view with shaft V-shaped ( Fig. 14J View FIGURE 14 ); dorsal apodeme shorter than shaft in lateral view ( Fig. 14J View FIGURE 14 ). Face yellow with irregular dark spots at apex and margin ( Fig. 13P View FIGURE 13 )........................................ S. loricatus View in CoL

– Aedeagus in lateral view with shaft U-shaped ( Fig. 14L View FIGURE 14 ); dorsal apodeme of similar length to shaft in lateral view ( Fig. 14L View FIGURE 14 ). Face pale yellow with widely distributed irregular dark spots ( Fig. 13R View FIGURE 13 )................................. S. nitridus View in CoL

20. Aedeagus in ventral view with two lateral spines at apex; length of spines greater than width of shaft in ventral view ( Fig. 14N View FIGURE 14 )...................................................................................... S. saginatus View in CoL

– Aedeagus in ventral view with two lateral spines at apex; length of spines less than width of shaft in ventral view ( Fig. 14A View FIGURE 14 )........................................................................................... S. anadamus View in CoL

21. Forewing discal cell without irregular spots, dots, or white circular spots ( Figs. 11L View FIGURE 11 , 12L View FIGURE 12 ); aedeagal shaft in apical view with 3 spines in area of gonopore ( Fig.4L View FIGURE 4 )...................................................... S. lafovensis View in CoL sp. nov.

– Forewing discal cell with spots, dots or white circular spots ( Figs. 11C, G View FIGURE 11 , 12G, I, O View FIGURE 12 ); aedeagal shaft in apical view without spines in area of gonopore............................................................................. 22

22. Without paraphyses, aedeagus in ventral view with shaft divided into three projections: one central bearing gonopore, and two lateral ones extended beyond central ( Figs. 5E, F View FIGURE 5 )........................................... S. phillipsae View in CoL sp. nov.

– With paraphyses, shaft not as above..................................................................... 23

23. Forewing with transparent costal, discal, and anteapical cells ( Figs. 12D, O View FIGURE 12 ). Paraphyses doubly curved in ventral view ( Figs. 14C, H View FIGURE 14 )........................................................................................... 24

– Forewing with costal, discal, and anteapical cells not transparent, usually brown ( Figs. 11I View FIGURE 11 , 12C, G, N View FIGURE 12 ). Paraphyses not doubly curved in ventral view................................................................................ 25

24. Forewing with cells adjacent to claval suture transparent ( Fig. 12D View FIGURE 12 ). Aedeagus in lateral view L-shaped ( Fig. 14D View FIGURE 14 ); in ventral view apex of paraphyses with sharp preapical ventromedial projection not visible ( Fig. 14C View FIGURE 14 )............... S. barroensis View in CoL

– Forewing with cells adjacent to claval suture brown ( Fig. 12O View FIGURE 12 ). Aedeagus in lateral view very small, with pair of ventrolateral folds ( Fig. 14I View FIGURE 14 ); in ventral view apex of paraphyses with visible sharp preapical ventromedial projection ( Fig. 14H View FIGURE 14 )................................................................................................... S. limbatus View in CoL

25. Aedeagus in lateral view with a narrow preatrium projected dorsally ( Fig. 3K View FIGURE 3 ); shaft widening dorsoventrally ( Figs. 3K, M View FIGURE 3 )...................................................................................... S. freytagi View in CoL sp. nov.

– Aedeagus with preatrium absent ( Fig. 2M View FIGURE 2 ); shaft of varied forms, but never the shape described above................ 26

26. Aedeagus in lateral view with dorsal apodeme and shaft forming right angle ( Fig. 2M View FIGURE 2 )............................. 27

– Aedeagus in lateral view with shaft and dorsal apodeme forming acute angle ( Figs. 1K View FIGURE 1 , 14G View FIGURE 14 )....................... 28

27. Paraphysis branches in ventral view strongly divergent, each with triangular preapical spine ( Fig. 14K View FIGURE 14 ); aedeagus with a dorsal apodeme longer than shaft; style with C-shaped space between preapical lobe and apophysis............... S. nigrinotus View in CoL

– Paraphysis branches long, parallel and tapered apically in ventral view ( Fig. 2L View FIGURE 2 ); aedeagus with a dorsal apodeme shorter than shaft ( Fig. 2M View FIGURE 2 ); style with space between preapical lobe and apophysis narrow ( Fig. 2L View FIGURE 2 )......... S. cientosetenta View in CoL sp. nov.

28. Paraphysis in lateral view broadened with large apical and preapical hook-like spines, curving ventrally ( Fig. 14G View FIGURE 14 )................................................................................................... S. latidens View in CoL

– Paraphysis in lateral view long, thin, apex bifurcated into two short spines ( Fig. 1L View FIGURE 1 )................. S. balaena View in CoL sp. nov.