Salpichlaena hookeriana (Kuntze) Alston

1. Salpichlaena hookeriana (Kuntze) Alston View in CoL — Fig. 3a View Fig , 4b, 5; Map 1 View Map 1

Salpichlaena hookeriana (Kuntze) Alston (1932) View in CoL 312.

Lomaria volubilis Hook. (1860) View in CoL 39. — Blechnum volubile Kaulf. var. lomarioidea Baker (1870) View in CoL 428.Replacement name for Lomaria volubilis Hook. View in CoL at a new rank. — Spicanta hookeriana Kuntze (1891) View in CoL 821. Replacement name for L. volubilis Hook. View in CoL , non Spicanta volubilis (Kaulf.) Kuntze. View in CoL — Salpichlaena lomarioidea (Baker) A.R.Sm.(1990) View in CoL 250, nom.illeg.superfl.

— Type: Spruce R 1263 (lectotype K K000633415 , designated here; isolectotypes K K000633413 , K000633414 , NY 02617982 , 02617987 , P P00347482 ), Brazil, Amazonas, Barra .

Etymology. Species named after William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865).

Non-climbing and sterile climbing fronds with herbaceous (chartaceous) lamina texture, pinnae and pinnule margins not cartilaginous; scales on abaxial axes lanceolate with long, sometimes bifurcated appendices (stick-like scales formed by a long apical row of cells and usually two shorter lateral basal cells); stomata rarely on white laminal protuberances. Non-climbing entire fronds up to 27 by 2.4 cm. Non-climbing 1-pinnate fronds 34–77 cm. Pinnae up to 6 pairs; apical one elliptic (lanceolate), 8.7–20.5 by 1.9–4.3 cm; lateral ones elliptic, oblanceolate (lanceolate), 9–19.7 by 1.8–4.4 cm; apex acuminate (attenuate), with serrate margin; base acute. Climbing fronds with pinnae strongly dimorphic, fertile pinnae almost without any laminar tissue. Pinnules opposite to subopposite. Fertile pinnules in 1–7 pairs; apical one linear, 12.4–36.3 by 0.1–0.4 cm; lateral ones linear, 8.4–31 by 0.1–0.4 cm. Sterile pinnules in 2 – 6 pairs; apical one elliptic (lanceolate), 12.7–35 by 2.4–5.8 cm, apex acuminate (attenuate) with serrate margin, serration sometimes extending more than 1/4 of the length of the pinnule, base acute, equilateral to slightly oblique; lateral ones elliptic (oblanceolate, lanceolate), 9–24.3 cm, apex acuminate, attenuate, base obtuse, cuneate, acute, equilateral to oblique; petiolulate, sessile, rarely winged; sometimes foliar buds on the base of pinnule.

Distribution — Salpichlaena hookeriana occurs mostly in Amazonia, reaching Mato Grosso do Sul in the south.

Habitat & Ecology — Primary lowland rain forest. Grows in poorly drained areas including palm swamps, near creeks and less often near paths. On brownish sandy and clay soil. Altitude 50– 700 m.

Additional specimens seen. BOLIVIA, Beni, 5 km NW of Guayaramerin , 24 Jan. 1978, Anderson WR 11824 (US). – BRAZIL, Amazonas, Mun.Presidente Figueiredo, na margen da Rodovia AM-240, 2 Feb. 2008, Prado J et al. 1863 ( NY, SP, TUR); Carauari   GoogleMaps , 3–5 km north-west from the village of Lago do Pupunha   GoogleMaps , Río Juruá   GoogleMaps , S5°34' W67°48', 100–140 m, 12 June 2012, Tuomisto H et al. 16902 ( SP, TUR); Rio Preto da Eva   GoogleMaps , S2°37' W59°37', 80–120 m, 23 Jan. 2008, Tuomisto et al. 15436 ( INPA, SP, TUR). – COLOMBIA, Vaupés, Río Piraparaná (tributary of Río Apaporis), Caño Teemeeña   GoogleMaps , S0°15' W70°30', 10 Sept. 1952, Schultes RE & Cabrera I 17449 (US); Vichada, Gaviotas, Caño Urimica, 130–160 m, 8 Dec. 1972, Murillo TM 1582 ( AAU, P). – GUYANA, Potaro-Siparuni, Pakaraima Mts, Ireng River, 4 km upstream from Kurutuik Falls along Topaima   GoogleMaps stream, N5°05'00" W60°02'00", 685 m, 27 Oct. 1994, Mutchnick P et al. 240 ( CAY, US); Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo   GoogleMaps , Acarai Mts   GoogleMaps , 8 km S of Sipu River, N01°21' 58 °57', 610 m, 3 Sept. 1998, Clarke D et al. 7429 ( CAY, US). – PERU, Loreto, Loreto, Río Pucacuro, S3°17' W74°59', 100–200 m, 14 Jan.2005, Tuomisto H et al. 14123 ( AMAZ, TUR, UC, USM); Loreto, Río Tigre, S3°33' W74°39', 100–200 m, 6 Feb. 2005, Tuomisto H et al. 14956 ( AMAZ, TUR); Mariscal Ramón Castilla, Río Yaguasyacu   GoogleMaps , 2–5 km SW from the village of Puerto Izango, S3°18' W72°1', 100–150 m, 23 May 1997, Tuomisto H et al. 11252 ( AAU, AMAZ, TUR, UC, USM); Mariscal Ramón Castilla, Río Yaguasyacu   GoogleMaps , 2 km S from the village of Puerto Izango, S3°19' W72°00', 100–150 m, 20 Aug.1998, Tuomisto H et al. 12677 ( AMAZ, TUR, USM); Maynas, Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco, S4°21' W73°9', 110 m, 17 Sept. 2010, Cárdenas GG et al. 1755 ( AMAZ, TUR);Requena, Río Ucayali, 2 km N from the biological station Jenaro Herrera, S4°52' W73°39', 100–200 m, 18 Sept. 1998, Tuomisto H et al. 12785 ( AMAZ, TUR, USM). – VENEZUELA, Amazonas, Cerro Sipapo ( Paráque ), 2 Feb. 1949, Maguire B & Politi L 28766 (K, US).

Notes — Salpichlaena hookeriana is unique within the genus in the nearly complete absence of laminar tissue in fertile pinnules. Serrate apices of the sterile pinnae and the presence of foliar buds differentiate it from S. hybrida and S. volubilis . Foliar buds are common on climbing fronds and occur at the base of the pinnae and sometimes at the base of pinnules. They are more frequent in sterile than in fertile pinnae. Foliar buds have also been seen in S. papyrus , but only rarely. The non-climbing fronds of the S. hookeriana can be separated from the co-occuring S. volubilis subsp. amazonica by smaller size and higher number of pinnae.

The clearly serrate pinna/pinnule apices is a character that S. hookeriana shares with S. papyrus but not with the other species. The sterile fronds of these two species can be differentiated by the scales: in S. hookeriana , scales are lanceolate and have long appendices, whereas in S. papyrus they are formless and resemble crumpled paper and usually lack appendices. In addition, S. hookeriana has elliptic pinnules with herbaceous texture whereas S. papyrus has more lanceolate chartaceous pinnules.