Benthosema pterotum (Alcock, 1890)

Fig. 6 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation, southern Taiwan. Scale bars=1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a–g Benthosema parafibulatum sp. nov., ASIZF 0100606–612, a holotype, Site 5, mud layer, b–g paratypes, b, e–g Site 5, mud layer, c–d Site 5, sand layer. h–k Benthosema duanformis sp. nov., ASIZF 0100613–616,h holotype,Site 5, mud layer, i–k paratypes, i, k Site 5, mud layer, j Site 2. l–n Benthosema pterotum (Alcock, 1890), Site 5, mud layer, ASIZF 0100617–619. 1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 13 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation,southern Taiwan. Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a–b Neobythites sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100647–648. c, Bythitidae indet., Site 2, ASIZF 0100649. d–j Gutingichthys changi sp. nov., ASIZF 0100650–656,d holotype, Site 2, e–j, paratypes, e, g, h, j Site 2, f, i Site 5, sand layer. k Microdesmidae indet., Site 5, mud layer, ASIZF 0100657. l Jaydia sp., Site 5, mud layer, ASIZF 0100658. m–p Myersina filifer (Valenciennes, 1837), Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100659–662. 1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 5 Extant Neoscopelus otoliths from Taiwan. Scale bars=1 mm. Images are inner views. a–d Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson, 1863, a 25 Mar.2022,110.61 mm SL,CHLOL 15935, b 25 Mar.2022,75.78 mm SL, CHLOL 16588, c, 25 Mar. 2022, 75.55 mm SL,CHLOL 15902, d, 25 Mar. 2022, 60.10 mm SL, CHLOL 16592. e–h Neoscopelus microchir Matsubara, 1943, e, 21 Jan. 2021, 171.07 mm SL, CHLOL 3283, f 21 Jan. 2021, 116.36 mm SL, CHLOL 3287, g 19 Feb. 2020, 60.75 mm SL,CHLOL 819, h 29 Jul.2021,95.46 mm SL, CHLOL 8208. i–l Neoscopelus porosus Arai, 1969, i 24 Jan. 2021, 120.58 mm SL, CHLOL 2127, j 29 Dec. 2021, 100.18 mm SL, CHLOL 13389, k 24 Jan. 2021, 55.30 mm SL,CHLOL 2136,l 19 Feb. 2020,78.81 mm SL, CHLOL 824

Fig. 4 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation, southern Taiwan. Scale bars=1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a–b Bathycongrus sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100597–598.c–d Engraulis japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, ASIZF 0100599–600, c Site 5, mud layer, d Site 5, sand layer. e, Stolephorus sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100601. f–g Polyipnus sp., Site 5, sand layer,ASIZF 0100602–603.h Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson, 1863, Site 5, mud layer,ASIZF 0100604.i Gonostomatidae indet., Site 5, sand layer,ASIZF 0100605.1, ventral view; 2, inner view