Salmanihippus turcicus ( Karabağ, 1959 ), Mol & Taylan & Kaya & Atalay & Şirin, 2025

Salmanihippus turcicus ( Karabağ, 1959)

Song recording. Male specimens belong to three populations of species collected from (see material examined), (i) type locality ( Turkey, Gümüşhane / Trabzon Zigana Mountains ), (ii) Turkey, Giresun province, Eğribel pass, and iii) Bayburt, Soğanlı pass by A. Mol, D. Şirin & M.S. Taylan. Calling songs recorded in the field or laboratory (by D. Sirin & M.S. Taylan) .

Song description. A total of four recordings were obtained from two males in the type locality population, Zigana Mountains, Gümüşhane (ZP); eight recordings from two males in the Eğribel, Giresun population (EP); and four recordings from two males in the Soğanlı, Bayburt population (SP). The male calling song is composed of phrases with durations ranging from 10.8–12.8 seconds in ZP, 15.8– 19.6 s in EP, and 25.4– 28.8 s in SP. Each phrase consists of a series of syllables (repeated unit periods), numbering 46–54 in ZP, 61–66 in EP, and 72–84 in SP ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ). The phrases characteristically exhibit a crescendo structure, beginning with low amplitude and progressively increasing in intensity. Maximum amplitude is typically reached between syllables 29–34 in ZP, 41–44 in EP, and 32–38 in SP ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ). The syllable period ranges from 261–321 ms in ZP, 268–322 ms in EP, and 288–336 ms in SP. Oscillographic analyses reveal that each syllable comprises two acoustically distinct components. The first part, characterised by lower intensity, lasts approximately 124–148 ms in ZP, 112–135 ms in EP, and 137–164 ms in SP. This is followed by a second, higher-intensity component, lasting 141–189 ms in ZP, 142–195 ms in EP, and 150–168 ms in SP. The high-intensity portion typically contains 8–9 distinct pulses in ZP and EP, and 6–10 in SP.