Bryoxiphium japonicum (Berggr.) E. Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot.

Bryoxiphium japonicum (Berggr.) E. Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19: 24. 1892.

— Eustychia japonica Berggr. in Geheeb, Flora 64: 290. 1881. — Bryoxiphium norvegicum subsp. japonicum (Berggr.) Á. Löve & D. Löve, Bryologist 56: 197. 1953. — Bryoxiphium savatieri (Husn.) Mitt., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3: 154. 1891. — Eustychia savatieri Husn., Revue Bryol. 10: 85. 1. 1883. Figs. 7 View Fig , 9 View Fig

Type: Near Kusatsu , Gumma Prefecture , Honshu, Japan, F. R. Kjellman 1879 (S) .

Stems 1–20 mm long. Leaves in the middle part of stem 1.5–2.4×0.5–0.8 mm, oblong-lanceolate, often notched and suddenly narrowed into awn to 0. 4 mm long, formed by lamina, costa and dorsal lamella; leaves in upper part stems up to 3. 5 mm long, acute, with longer awns; costa extending into the awn, percurrent, on dorsal side with lamella 3–4(–5) cells high, extending to the awn and often descending to the leaf base; margin entire, crenulate or serrate at leaf apex; cells in upper and middle part of leaf 11–16 µm wide and 14-30 µm long, irregularly shortly rectangular, triangular, rhomboidal or hexagonal, firm-walled, at margins in 15–25 rows narrower, 3–5 µm wide and 40–65 µm long, linear, thin-walled; cells in basal part of leaf 9–20 µm wide and 10- 34 µm long, with length/width ratio (0.8–)1–1.2(–1.4), subquadrate, dim, forming large, more or less distinct group. Perichaetial and perigonial leaves from ovate-lanceolate base gradually or abruptly narrowed into a pale yellowish or hyaline awn (4–)7–10(–12) mm long, with sharply serrate margins, wavy, flexuose and twisted. Seta 1.5–2.5 mm. Urn ca. 1 mm long. Spores (17–)19–23 µm.

Distribution. Bryoxiphium japonicum is an East-Asian species, distributed along the coast of Pacific Ocean ( Fig. 3 View Fig ). It is known from Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Korea, China, Taiwan, Philippines ( Noguchi, 1987; Gao, 1999). In Russia B. japonicum occurs in southern region of Far East: southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin Island, coastal area in Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory, and Jewish Autonomic Province (Savicz, 1936; Bardunov & Cherdantseva, 1982, 1984; Nedoluzhko & Rubtsova 1998; Ignatov et al., 2004; Bakalin et al., 2009; Pisarenko et al., 2012; Ignatova et al., 2013). The specimens from Magadan Province ( Cherdantseva & Bakalin, 2011) and north Kuril Islands (Cherdantseva, 1986; Nyushko et al., 2008) referred to this species are re-identified here as B. norvegicum .

Ecology. The species occurs on moist, mostly acidic volcanic rocks, in cliff niches and crevices near streams and along sea shores. In most cases it forms pure carpets, which reach extensive cover in moist niches and caves. It also grows intermixed with other mosses, i.e., Claopodium pellucinerve (Mitt.) Besch. , Herzogiella adscendens (Lindb.) Z. Iwats. & W.B. Schofield , Hypnum cupressiforme , Myurella sibirica (Müll. Hal.) Reimers , Pohlia cruda , Mnium spp. , etc.

Specimens examined: RUSSIA: FAR EAST: Khabarovsk Territory, Sovgavansky Distr., Botchinsky State Reserve , (48°17´N, 139°30´E), 230 m alt., 11.VIII.2013, Ignatov & Ignatova 13-160, 13-271, 13-677, 13-899, 13-915 ( MHA, MW) GoogleMaps ; the same area (48°17´N, 139°34´E), 293 m alt., 20.VIII.2013, Ignatov & Ignatova 13-899 ( MW) GoogleMaps . Jewish Autonomous Province: Amur River valley , (~ 48°36´N, 130°37´E), VII.1997, Nedoluzhko & Rubtsova ( VLA, LE) GoogleMaps . Primorsky Territory: Lazovsky Distr., Valentin Bay (~ 43°07´N, 134°18´E), 12.IX.1977, Bardunov & Cherdantseva ( VLA) GoogleMaps ; Lazovsky Reserve (~ 43°14´N, 133°24´E), 2.III.1986, Khokhryakov ( VLA) GoogleMaps ; Lazovsky (= Sudzukhinsky) Reserve (~ 43°14´N, 133°24´E), 13.VII.1944, Zhudova & Pokrovskaya s.n. ( LE) GoogleMaps ; Elomovskij Creek (~ 43°13´N, 133°46´E), ca. 250 m alt., 6.IX.2013, Malashkina & Ivanov s.n. ( MHA) GoogleMaps ; Olga Distr., Proselochnaja (Chingousa) Bay (~ 43°40´N, 134°57´E), 5.IX.1936, Kolesnikov s.n. ( LE) GoogleMaps ; Kit Bay near Glazkovo (43°02´N, 134°09´E), less than 100 m alt., 22.VIII.2007, Ignatov 07-378 ( MW) GoogleMaps ; Shkotovsky Distr., Bejchi River basin, 600 m alt., 29.IX.1946, Kolesnikov s.n. ( LE) ; Tumannaja Mt. eastern slope (43°14´N, 132°48´E), 13.VII.1944, Zhudova & Pokrovskaja s.n. ( MW) GoogleMaps ; Pidan (Livadiyskaya) Peak , left tributary of Pryamoj Klyuch (43°6´N, 132°41´E), 400-500 m alt., 25.IX.2006, Ignatov & Ignatova 06-2072 ( MHA, MW) GoogleMaps . Sakhalinskaya Province: Sakhalin Island : 23.VIII & 1.X.1929, Krishtophovich s.n. ( LE) ; Dolinsk Distr., Sokol, valley of Belaya Creek (47°15´N, 142°49´E), 50 m alt., 12.VIII.2006, Ignatov & Teleganova 06-780 ( MW, MHA) GoogleMaps ; Iturup Island: vicinity of Rybaki Settlement (~ 45°12´N, 147°51´E), 3.X.1956, Vorob’ev & Koval 730 ( LE) GoogleMaps ; the same place (~ 45°12´N, 147°51´E), 18.IX.1974, Blagodatskikh s.n. ( LE) GoogleMaps ; Stokap Mt. (44°51´N, 147°20´E), 660 m alt., 13.VIII.2007, Bakalin K-22-1-07 ( VLA, MW) GoogleMaps ; Burevestnik Mt. (44°53´N, 147°27´E), 1335 m alt., 9.VIII.2007, Bakalin K-15-13-07 ( VLA, MW) GoogleMaps ; Kunashir Island: vicinity Yuzhno-Kurilsk Settlements , (~ 44°02´N, 145°51´E), VII.1978, Cherdantseva s.n. ( VLA) GoogleMaps ; Kisly stream, (~ 44°02´N, 145°51´E), 22.VIII.1978, Cherdantseva s.n. ( VLA) GoogleMaps ; 3.VII.1946, Vorob’ev 31 ( LE) ; vicinity of Alekhino , 14.IX.1956, Koval 678 ( LE, MHA) ; SSW slope of Tyatya Volcano (44°18´N, 146°18´E), ca. 100 m alt., 15.IX.2006, Ignatov 06-1775 ( MHA, MW) GoogleMaps ; Ruruj Mt. (44°29´N, 146°06´E), 28.VIII.2006, Ignatov 06-1178, 06-1241, 06-1295, 06-1308, 06-1424 ( MHA, MW3 ) GoogleMaps ; Shikotan Island: Gorobets River , (~ 43°49´N, 146°42´E), 30.VIII.1978, Cherdantseva s.n. ( VLA) GoogleMaps ; vicinity Krabozavodsk Settlement (~ 43°50´N, 146°45´E), 3.IX.1978 & 29.VIII.1978, Cherdantseva s.n. ( VLA) GoogleMaps ; Shikotan Island: Otradnaja Mt. (43°51´N, 146°45´E), 290 m alt., 6.IX.2007, Bakalin ( MHA) GoogleMaps ; Otradnaja Bay vicinity, 6.IX.2006, Nyushko Ш-4.2-06а ( MHA) ; Ostrovnoy Cape Area (43°44´N, 146°35´E), 25 m alt., 30.VIII.2007, Oleynikov K-53-7-07 ( MHA) GoogleMaps .

JAPAN: Hokkaido: Kamikawa-gun, Kamikawa-cho , ca. 500 m alt. 11.VI.1978, Sasaki s.n. ( MHA) ; Ishikari District , 10.VII.1971, Koponen 21697 ( LE) ; Saitama Prefecture, Chichibu, 27.V.1971, Koponen 20002 ( LE) ; Honshu: Aomori-ken, Towada-shi , Oirase Gorge , Kumoi-no-taki Falls , 280 m alt ., 29.VII.1994, Deguchi 33030 ( MHA) ; Nagano-ken, Kami-inagun, Ihjima-cho , Shioji-daira , ca. 1300 m alt . 28.VII.1996 Deguchi s.n. ( MHA) ; Tochigi Prefecture, 17.VI.1969, Inoue (Bryophyta selecta exsiccata 31) ( LE) ; Fukushima Prefecture, 24.VIII.1994, Higuchi & Ueno (Bryophyta Selecta Exsiccata 1276) ( LE) ; Nara-ken, Takaichi-gun, 19.VI.1966, Kodama (Musci Japonici Exsiccati 1410) (LE) ; Yamanashi Prefecture , 15.VII.1967, Osada 1108 ( LE) ; Gifu Prefecture, 17.X.1962, Iwatsuki 963 ( LE) ; Kyushu: Miyazaki Prefecture, 20.VI.1969, Iwatsuki & Chuang, 1156 ( LE) ; Ôita, Naoiri, VI.1946, Noguchi (Musci Japonici Exsiccati. 43) ( LE) .

CHINA: Jilin (Kirin) Prov., vicinity of Chang Bai Mt. , Erdo-Baihu River valley (41°30´N, 128°10´E), 1700 m alt., on boulder in Betula ermanii dominated forest near small lake, 22.IX.1981, Koponen s.n. ( MHA ex H) GoogleMaps ; Si-kang Province , Yaan, IV.1955, Li (Musci sinici Exciccati 61) ( LE) ; China interior, provincia Schen-si , 1.IX.1896, Giraldi 2024 ( LE) ; Anhwei Province, montis Hwang-shan , 17.VIII.1961, Tsang Mu 1045 ( LE) ; Taiwan , Nantou County, 8.XI.2012, Shevock 41534 ( LE) .