Heteropsis tenuispadix, G. S. Bunting, Phytologia

17. HETEROPSIS TENUISPADIX G. S. Bunting ,

Phytologia 60: 306. 1986.

— TYPE: VENEZUELA. Territorio Federal do Amazonas, ca. 130 m, 28 Mar 1976, P. E. Berry 2189 (holotype: VEN; isotypes: MO!, MYF).

Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; shoot flexuose, usually tortuose, internodes 1–5 cm long, 3–5 mm diam, subcylindric, longitudinally striate, pale green, grey brown, and asperous when dried; axillary buds ca. 2 mm long, with acutely pointed apex. Petiole 0.6–1 cm long, 0.9–1.5 cm diam, canaliculate, margin sinuate, paler than the blade; geniculum 4–6 mm long, dark green; leaf blade 11–21 cm long, 4–9 cm wide, ovate to elliptic, subcoriaceous, adaxial surface dark green, abaxial surface pale green, subglossy on both surfaces, greenish-brown when dried, margin somewhat sinuate, 0.16–0.32 mm thick, apex acuminate to attenuate, 1–2.8 cm long, base cuneate to rounded, midrib sulcate and impressed on the adaxial surface, prominent on the abaxial surface, paler green than the blade, primary lateral veins and interprimaries patent to arching, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 1–2.5 mm distant from the margin, external marginal vein 1. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 2.3– 8(–10) cm long, cataphyll at apical node linear (when present), ca. 4.2 cm long, leaf blade of leaves at apical nodes 12–15 cm long, 3–5.5 cm wide, internodes 0.5– 2.6 cm long, 1.3–2.3 mm diam, dark brown when dried, subcylindric, buds usually present on the first, second, and third internodes; peduncle 3–5 mm long, 1.2–2 mm diam, cylindric; spathe 2–3.5 cm long, 4–6 mm diam, closed, elliptic to ovate, cream to white, pendent after anthesis, apex acuminate; spadix 2–3.4 cm long, 3.5–5 mm diam, ellipsoid, apex acute, greenish-cream, stipitate, stipe 4–7 + 0.5–1.4 mm, cylindric, yellowish-green, yellow when in fruit. Stamens 1– 2 mm long, 0.75–1.25 mm wide, anthers obovate; gynoecium 2–2.5 mm long, 2.5–3 mm diam, truncate, apex 2–3 mm diam, ovary 1.5–1.7 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, locules 2 per ovary, ovules 2 per locule, 0.5–0.8 mm long, anatropous, subsessile, embedded in translucent mucilage, placentation sub-basal, stigma sub-discoid. Infructescence 3–4.5 cm long, 1.4–2.5 cm diam when mature; berry 5–15 + 5–10 mm, green when immature, yellowish to orange when mature, obovoid-subcylindric; seed 5–13 + 3–9 mm, obovoid, 2 per berry, with rugose testa, embedded in orange mucilage. Figures 3 View FIG , 7L, 7M View FIG , 8I View FIG , 9E, 9F View FIG , 10 View FIG , 28 View FIG .

Common Names— The following common names have been recorded for this species: cipó-titica ( Brazil), yare ( Colombia).

Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis tenuispadix occurs in dense terra firme ombrophilous forest, and also in secondary forest, in Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, and Venezuela, occurring between 30 and 240 m alt.

Phenology— Flowering and fruiting specimens have been collected throughout the year except April (for flowering) and November (for fruiting).

Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. tenuispadix is least concern (LC), based on 24 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).

Etymology— The specific epithet refers to the slender spadix of this species.

Notes— Heteropsis tenuispadix shows morphological similarities with H. robusta , but differs in its cylindric stem, petiole length (0.6–1 cm long), patent or gently arched venation with sparser reticulations. The best distinguishing characters are found in the inflorescence, the peduncle 3–5 mm long, a yellowish-green spadix stipe 4–7 mm long and the spathe pale cream to white and pendent prior to its shedding. H. robusta has a quadrangular stem, yellowish when dried, the petiole is 3–7 cm long and the venation is arched; the flowering shoot has quadrangular internodes, the spadix has a peduncle 1 mm long, the stipe 2–3 mm long, the spathe yellow, inflated and convolute. Morphometric studies ( Soares et al. 2011) of the leaves from the plagiotropic shoots in species of Heteropsis from the Ducke Reserve found that leaf outline shape in H. tenuispadix is distinct from the other four species studied. Ecologically H. tenuispadix is also distinct occurring significantly more frequently in soils of higher clay content, whereas the reverse is the case in H. spruceana . Field observations established that plagiotropic shoots in H. tenuispadix usually have six to eight leaves, exceptionally ten, and the branches have an obovate overall outline, i.e. the leaves increase in size towards the shoot apex. This morphology differs from that of H. flexuosa , in which the leaves decrease in size towards the shoot apex. In H. tenuispadix the internodes of the plagiotropic shoots have a zig-zag orientation, especially notable in living specimens, which also differentiates the species from others.

Additional Specimens Examined— BOLIVIA. La Paz, Franz Tamayo 14 58 ' 6 '' S 67 46 ' 53 '' W, 29 Jan 2002, Quintana et al. 203 ( MO fr). GoogleMaps

BRAZIL. Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, 22 Apr 1971, Prance et al. 12220 ( K fr). Amapá: 10 Mar 2001, Cesarino 22 ( HAMAB, INPA, UB fr); 1 Mar 2005, Pereira & Cardoso 1063 ( HAMAB, INPA, RB fr); 6 Dec 2005, Pereira & Nazaré 1363 ( HAMAB, INPA, RB fl); Macapá, 1 30 ' N 53 30 ' W, 30 Dec 1984, Mori & Cardoso 17552 ( MO fl, fr). Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, 4 Mar 1994, Vicentini 416 ( INPA fr); 24 Jan 1995, Vicentini et al. 806 ( INPA fr); 26 Mar 1996, Sothers & Silva 834 ( INPA fr); 25 Apr 1996, Sothers 855 ( INPA fr); 5 Feb 1998, Gomes 24 ( INPA fl); 3 Jul 1993, Ribeiro et al. 987 ( INPA fr); 6 Sep 1966, Prance et al. 2193 ( INPA fr); 7 Mar 1995, Nascimento 782 ( INPA fr); 28 Dec 1995, Souza et al. 195 ( INPA fl); 12 Dec 1996, Costa & Pereira 565 ( INPA fr); 22 Nov 1995, Costa & Assunção 431 ( INPA fl); 13 Nov 1991, Soares et al. 161 ( INPA fl); 27 Nov 1995, Soares et al. 276 ( INPA ster); 20 Feb 2002, Soares et al. 493 ( INPA fl); 22 Mar 2002, Soares et al. 495 ( INPA fl, fr); 22 Mar 2002, Soares et al. 500 ( INPA fl); 22 Mar 2002, Soares et al. 507 ( INPA fl); 8 May 2002, Soares et al. 508 ( INPA fr); 30 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 560 ( INPA fl); 30 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 561 ( INPA fl); 30 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 562 ( INPA fl); 30 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 563 ( INPA fl); 30 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 564 ( INPA fl); 31 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 565 ( INPA fl); 12 Feb 1992, Nee 42512 ( MO fl); 1 May 2001, Kinupp 1797 ( INPA fl); 1 May 2001, Kinupp 1808 ( INPA fl); 29 Mar 2001, Kinupp 2079 ( INPA fr); 6 May 1966, Rodrigues 7803 ( INPA fr); 14 Aug 1957, Rodrigues 536 ( INPA fr); Coari, 22 Jan 1989, Miralha et al. 150 ( INPA fl); Manaus, Distrito Agropecuário, 2 24 ' 26 '' S 59 43 ' 40 '' W, Nov 1991, Oliveira et al. 227 ( INPA fl); 8 Aug 1979, Cid et al. 10 ( INPA fl); 4 Mar 1955, Chagas s.n. ( INPA 849 fr); 18 Apr 1956, Chagas s.n. ( INPA 3756 fr); 7 Aug 1956, Ernani s.n. ( INPA 4050 fl); 28 Nov 1955, Coelho, s.n. ( INPA 2984, RB fl); 2 19 ' S 60 05 ' W, 12 Feb 1992, Nee 42512 ( INPA fl); 10 Jun 1972, Pires & Lima 83 ( INPA fr); 30 Aug 1973, Lisboa 18 ( INPA fr); 16 Mar 1971, 19 Dec 1982, Plowman et al. 12629 ( INPA fl); 14 Nov 1955, Rodrigues s.n. ( INPA 2900, RB fl); 23 Nov 1955, Rodrigues s.n. ( INPA 2962, RB fr); 31 Oct 1962, Rodrigues & Lima 4731 ( INPA fr); 16 Mar 1971, Rodrigues 9013 ( INPA fr). Manaus, 27 Nov 2002, Souza et al. 431 ( INPA fl); 23 Nov 2000, Souza et al. 406 ( INPA fl). Maués, 26 Jul 1983, Zarucchi et al. 3196 ( INPA fl, fr); São Gabriel da Cachoeira, 26 Oct 1947, Pires et al. 772 ( IAN fl); 4 Mar 1975, Cordeiro 457 ( IAN fl); Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 29 Sep 1999, Soares et al. 440 ( INPA, MO ster). Pará: Acará, Jacarequara, 23 Feb 1966, Silva s.n. ( MG 31628 fl); Belém, 8 May 1991, Bahia 135 ( MG fr); 27 May 1960, Oliveira 825 ( IAN fr); Melgac¸o, 21 May 2002, Oliveira et al. 409 ( MG fr); 7 Mar 1970, Silva 2942 ( IAN fl); Mosqueiro, 13 Mar 1968, Sastre 133 ( P fr); Oriximinã, 29 Jun 1980, Davidson & Martinelli 10575 ( INPA fl); 31 Jun 1980, Davidson & Martinelli 10659 ( INPA fl); Santarém, Feb 1955, Froes 31549 ( IAN ster); s.d. Silva 471 ( IAN ster); Tucuruí, 24 Mar 1981, Silva et al. 1422 ( MG fr); 3 52 ' S 49 44 ' W, 15 Mar 1980, Plowman et al. 9555 ( IAN, INPA fr); Vila do Anani, 16 Dec 1993, Oliveira et al. 125 ( MG fr), 16 Dec 1993, Oliveira et al. 129 ( MG fr). Rondônia: 11 Feb 1983, Silva et al. 107 ( INPA fr). Roraima: 14 Mar 1971, Prance et al. 10965 ( INPA, MO fl).

COLOMBIA: Guaviare, 25 Feb 1995, Cordobá et al. s.n. ( MO ster) ; 2 39 ' 02 '' N 71 07 ' 20 '' W, 15 Jan 1996, Cárdenas et al. 7029 ( MO ster) GoogleMaps .

GUYANA: 5 17 ' N 53 03 ' W, 16 Mar 1998, Prévost 3490 ( MO fr) GoogleMaps ; Demerara , 24 Jul 1988, Ter Steege & Jager 440 ( K fr) ; Kabrora , Moruca River, 16 Oct 1997, van Andel et al. 1996 ( MO, U fl) ; Rupununi , 2 Feb 1991, Jansen-Jacobs et al. 2302 ( MO fl) ; 3 10 ' N 59 24 ' W, 6 Jul 1995, Jansen-Jacobs et al. 4393 ( K, MO, P, U fl) GoogleMaps .

PERU. Loreto: 9 Nov 1985, Vasques & Jaramillo 4604 ( MO fl).

SURINAM. Pomeroon-Supenaam, 7 28 ' N 59 02 ' W, 23 Jul 1997, Hoffman & Ehringhaus 5132 ( MO fr). GoogleMaps

VENEZUELA. 11 – 12 Apr 1970, Steyermark & Bunting 102601 ( MO ster); 18 Sep 1975, Berry 1417 ( MO fl), 14 Aug 1982, Croat 55049 ( MO ster); Aripão, 10 Sep 1994, Rosales et al. 1280 ( MO ster). Atabapo: 10 Jan 1988, Stergios et al. 11526 ( MO fl). Atures: 5 33 ' N 67 27 ' W, 21 Jun 1984, Miller et al. 1599 ( MO fl). GoogleMaps Bolivar: Cedeño, 6 35 ' 00 '' N 64 45 ' 00 '' W, 20 Apr 1996, Knab-Vispo & Rodriguez 534 ( MO ster); GoogleMaps 6 35 ' 00 '' N 64 45 ' 00 '' W, 20 Apr 1996, Knab-Vispo & Rodriguez 535 ( MO ster); GoogleMaps 4 30 ' N 61 40 ' W, 5 Nov 1985, Liesner 19568 ( MO fr). GoogleMaps