Acanthocinini, Blanchard, 1845

Key to South American genera of Acanthocinini View in CoL View at ENA with erect setae on elytral surface

1. Erect setae restricted to elytral margins.................................................................... 2 – Erect setae on the entire elytral surface.................................................................... 3

2(1). Antennae 11-segmented ( Fig. 1 View FIGURES 1–15. 1 )........................................... Lepturges ( Chaeturges) Gilmour, 1959 View in CoL – Antennae 12-segmented ( Fig. 82 View FIGURES 82–84. 82 ).................................................. Lepturgantes Gilmour, 1957 View in CoL

3(1). Last abdominal segment notably long in male (almost as long as I–IV together) ( Figs. 2–3 View FIGURES 1–15. 1 )..... Vitacinis Monné et al., 2019 View in CoL – Last abdominal segment distinctly shorter than I–IV together................................................... 4

4(3). Prothorax without lateral tubercle......................................................................... 5 – Prothorax with lateral tubercle........................................................................... 8

5(4). Elytra with minute basal crest and longitudinal carinae near suture; mesoventral process tuberculate ( Figs. 4–5 View FIGURES 1–15. 1 )............................................................................... Pseudocobelura Martins & Monné, 1974 View in CoL

– Elytra without basal crest or longitudinal carinae; mesoventral process not tuberculate............................... 6

6(5). Antennomere VIII distinctly narrower than VII; femora without long setae; mostly with metallic colors ( Figs. 6–7 View FIGURES 1–15. 1 )............................................................................................ Callipero Bates, 1864 View in CoL

– Antennomere VIII about as wide as VII; femora with or without long setae; other colors............................ 7

7(6). Tibiae with very long setae ( Fig. 10 View FIGURES 1–15. 1 )................................................ Lasiolepturges Melzer, 1928 View in CoL – Tibiae without abundant long setae (at most with a few long setae) ( Figs. 8–9 View FIGURES 1–15. 1 )..................... Sporetus Bates, 1864 View in CoL

8(4). Elytra with centrobasal crest............................................................................. 9 – Elytra without centrobasal crest......................................................................... 26

9(8). Lower ocular lobe shorter than genae; metatibiae flattened and densely pilose.................................... 10

– Lower ocular lobe as high as genae (if the lower ocular lobe is shorter than genae, the metatibiae is not flattened); metatibiae not flattened or densely pilose........................................................................... 11

10(9). Scape clavate and pedunculate; pronotum without tubercles; metatibiae densely pilose ( Figs. 11–13 View FIGURES 1–15. 1 ).............................................................................................. Microplia Audinet-Serville, 1835 View in CoL

– Scape elongate, gradually enlarged to distal extremity; pronotum bituberculated; metatibiae with sparse setae, denser laterally ( Figs. 14–16 View FIGURES 1–15. 1 View FIGURES 16–32. 16 )...................................................................... Pertyia Aurivillius, 1922 View in CoL

11(9). Fifth antennomere with dense tuft of setae ( Fig. 17 View FIGURES 16–32. 16 ).................................... Cosmotoma Blanchard, 1843 View in CoL – Fifth antennomere without tuft of setae................................................................... 12

12(11). Elytron with two crests, one at the base and another median................................................... 13 – Elytron with a centrobasal crest......................................................................... 14

13(12). Lateral tubercle of the prothorax slightly prominent, situated behind the middle; centrobasal crest formed only of setae, without projection of the integument ( Fig. 18–20 View FIGURES 16–32. 16 ).................................... Trichalcidion Monné & Delfino, 1981 View in CoL

– Lateral tubercle of the prothorax placed medially; centrobasal crest as projections of the integument, glabrous or only with a few setae ( Figs. 21–23 View FIGURES 16–32. 16 ).............................................................. Exalcidion Monné, 1977 View in CoL

14(12). Surface of the scape, ventral face of the antennomeres III–VI, femora and tibiae with very long erect setae ( e.g. distinctly longer than width of the antennomere) ( Figs. 24–26 View FIGURES 16–32. 16 )......................................... Trichotithonus Monné, 1990 View in CoL

– Antennae and legs without very long setae................................................................ 15

15(14). Elytra with lateral and/or median dorsal carinae marked...................................................... 16 – Elytra without lateral or dorsal carinae.................................................................... 20

16(15). Prothorax with laterocentral tubercle.................................................................... 17 – Prothoracic lateral tubercle as a prolongation of the curvature................................................. 19

17(16). Elytra without humeral carinae ( Figs. 27–29 View FIGURES 16–32. 16 ).................................. Lithargyrus Martins & Monné, 1974 View in CoL – Elytra with humeral carina............................................................................. 18

18(17). Elytral apex distinctly spiniform in outer angle; distance between upper eye lobes greater than three times the width of one upper lobe ( Fig. 83 View FIGURES 82–84. 82 ).............................................................. Parabaryssinus Monné, 2009 View in CoL

– Elytral apex not spiniform in outer angle; distance between upper eye lobes less than twice the width of one upper lobe ( Fig. 84 View FIGURES 82–84. 82 )…….............……. Paralcidion Gilmour, 1957 View in CoL

19(16). Basal metatarsomere as long as next two together; protibiae without spines or carinae ventrally; male with ventral face lacking long setae ( Figs. 30–32 View FIGURES 16–32. 16 ).............................................................. Baryssinus Bates, 1864 View in CoL

— Basal metatarsomere at least one time and a half as long as next two together; ventral face of the protibiae with longitudinal carinae provided of minute spines or lacking modifications; male with long setae ventrally ( Figs. 33–35 View FIGURES 33–51. 33–35 )..................................................................................... Neobaryssinus Monné & Martins, 1976 View in CoL

20(15). Mesoventral process wider or with the same width of a mesocoxa.............................................. 21 – Mesoventral process with one-fourth to one half the width of a mesocoxa........................................ 23

21(20). Ventral face of the male without long setae; ovipositor often very elongated ( Figs. 36–38 View FIGURES 33–51. 33–35 ).. Oedopeza Audinet-Serville, 1835 View in CoL – Ventral face of the male with long setae; ovipositor shorter.................................................... 22

22(21). Elytral basal crest distinct ( Figs. 33–35 View FIGURES 33–51. 33–35 ).................................... Neobaryssinus Monné & Martins, 1976 View in CoL – Elytral basal crest absent or nearly so ( Fig. 39 View FIGURES 33–51. 33–35 )................................. Baryssiniella Berkov & Monné, 2010 View in CoL

23(20). Species of reduced dimensions (total length 3–5.5 mm); lateral tubercle of the prothorax in the posterior third........... 24 – Species larger, more than 8 mm of total length; lateral tubercle of the prothorax in the middle of the sides or a little behind. 25

24(23). Pronotum without central tubercle ( Figs. 40–41 View FIGURES 33–51. 33–35 )....................................... Chaetacosta Gilmour, 1961 View in CoL – Pronotum with central tubercle ( Figs. 42–44 View FIGURES 33–51. 33–35 ).......................................... Trichillurges Gilmour, 1961 View in CoL

25(23). Pronotum with tubercles ( Figs. 45–46 View FIGURES 33–51. 33–35 )................................................. Leptocometes Bates, 1881 View in CoL – Pronotum without tubercles ( Figs. 47–48 View FIGURES 33–51. 33–35 )............................................. Onalcidion Thomson, 1864 View in CoL

26(8). Elytra with lateral carina starting at humerus............................................................... 27 – Elytra without lateral carina, or lateral carina not starting at humerus........................................... 28

27(26). Basal metatarsomere longer than II+III ( Figs. 49–50 View FIGURES 33–51. 33–35 )................................... Neoeutrypanus Monné, 1977 View in CoL – Basal metatarsomere shorter than II+III ( Figs. 51–52 View FIGURES 33–51. 33–35 View FIGURES 52–67. 52 )....................................... Carphina Bates, 1872 View in CoL 28(26). Apical urosternite deeply and triangularly notched........................................................... 29 – Apical urosternite with other aspect...................................................................... 30

29(28). Meso- and metatibiae not flattened, with sparse setae ( Figs. 53–54 View FIGURES 52–67. 52 )............................ Alcidion Sturm, 1843 View in CoL – Meso- and metatibiae flattened, with abundant setae ( Figs. 55–56 View FIGURES 52–67. 52 )....................... Pseudocriopsis Melzer, 1931 View in CoL

30(28). Pronotum with three to five distinct tubercles; elytra with granules ( Figs. 57–58 View FIGURES 52–67. 52 )................. Xylergates Bates, 1864 View in CoL – Pronotum without tubercles; elytra without granules......................................................... 31

31(30). Basal metatarsomere shorter or equal to the length of II+III................................................... 32 – Basal metatarsomere longer than II+III................................................................... 37

32(31) Prothorax and elytra covered with green microscales with metallic reflections ( Fig. 59 View FIGURES 52–67. 52 )........... Proseriphus Monné, 2005 View in CoL – Prothorax and elytra without green microscales............................................................ 33

33(32). Distance between upper ocular lobes larger than three times width of a lobe ( Figs. 60–61 View FIGURES 52–67. 52 )...... Brevoxathres Gilmour, 1959 View in CoL – Distance between upper ocular lobes one or two times width of a lobe.......................................... 34

34(33). Prothorax laterally rounded in the apical half; lateral tubercle is a prolongation of the curve.......................... 35 – Prothorax nearly parallel-sided anteriorly................................................................. 36

35(34). Ovipositor projected beyond the elytral apices ( Figs. 62–63 View FIGURES 52–67. 52 )................................... Oxathres Bates, 1864 View in CoL – Ovipositor not projected ( Figs. 64–65 View FIGURES 52–67. 52 )................................................ Sciadosoma Melzer, 1934 View in CoL

36(34). Mesoventral process one fifth width of a mesocoxa ( Fig. 66 View FIGURES 52–67. 52 )............................ Paraprobatius Breuning, 1955 View in CoL – Mesoventral process at least three-fourths width of a mesocoxa ( Fig. 67 View FIGURES 52–67. 52 )................... Pentheochaetes Melzer, 1932 View in CoL

37(31). Lateral tubercle of the prothorax in the middle of the sides or a little beyond...................................... 38 – Lateral tubercles in the posterior third.................................................................... 39

38(37). Male with antennomeres III–V without projections at inner apex; ventral face without long setae; elytra with green scales with metallic reflections ( Fig. 68 View FIGURES 68–81. 68 )...................................................... Granastyochus Gilmour, 1959 View in CoL

– Male with antennomeres III–V with projection at inner apex; ventral face with long setae; elytra without green scales ( Figs. 69–70 View FIGURES 68–81. 68 ).................................................................. Neopalame Martins & Monné, 1972 View in CoL

39(37). Prothorax with lateral tubercles very acute in apex, directed backward.......................................... 40 – Prothorax with lateral tubercles obtuse or, when acute, directed sideward......................................... 43

40(39). Body flattened, humeri not projected..................................................................... 41 – Body cylindrical; humeri projected ( Fig. 71 View FIGURES 68–81. 68 )........................................... Baecacanthus Monné, 1975 View in CoL

41(40). Prothorax and elytra without blue scales ( Fig. 72 View FIGURES 68–81. 68 ).................................. Lepturgotrichona Gilmour, 1957 View in CoL – Prothorax and elytra with blue scales with metallic reflection.................................................. 42

42(41). Antennae and legs with short erect setae ( Figs. 73–74 View FIGURES 68–81. 68 )......................... Paratrichonius Monné & Monné, 2011 View in CoL – Antennae and legs lacking short erect setae ( Fig. 75 View FIGURES 68–81. 68 )............................. Georgeana Monné & Monné, 2011 View in CoL

43(39). Prothorax with lateral tubercle reduced; male with apico-internal spiniform projection in antennomere VI ( Fig. 76 View FIGURES 68–81. 68 )............................................................................................ Palame Bates, 1864 View in CoL

– Prothorax with lateral tubercle developed; male without projection in antennomere VI.............................. 44

44(43). Antennae shorter than body in both sexes; scape gradually thickened toward apex; tibial spur very long ( Figs. 77–78 View FIGURES 68–81. 68 )....................................................................................... Tenthras Thomson, 1864 View in CoL

– Antennae longer than body in both sexes; scape linear; tibial spur not developed................................... 45

45(44). Antennae with moderately abundant long setae; prosternal and mesoventral processes, respectively, as wide as one procoxa and mesocoxa ( Fig. 79 View FIGURES 68–81. 68 )................................................................... Trichonius Bates, 1864 View in CoL

– Antennae with sparse long setae restricted to the distal antennomeres; prosternal and mesoventral processes, respectively, as wide as half the width of procoxae and mesocoxae ( Figs. 80–81 View FIGURES 68–81. 68 )........................... Piezochaerus Melzer, 1932 View in CoL