Rhysida longipes, Pocock, 1891

RHYSIDA LONGIPES View in CoL (NEWPORT, 1845)

( FIGS 8, 9)

Rhysida longipes Pocock, 1891: 418 View in CoL ; 1895: 23, pl. 2, fig. 11. Flower, 1901: 24. Kraepelin, 1903: 148, fig. 91. Chamberlin, 1920: 19. Attems, 1930: 193; 1938: 337; 1953: 138. Wang, 1962: 99. Jangi & Dass, 1984: 48, fig. 50. González-Sponga, 2002: 59, pl. 8. Schileyko, 1995; 2008: 82. Lewis, 2002: 86, figs 11–14. Chao, 2008: 61. Tran et al., 2013: 227. Waldock & Lewis, 2014: 77. Schileyko & Stoev, 2016: 257, figs 18, 22–24. Siriwut et al., 2018: 32, figs 5b, 6–8.

Brachiostoma longipes Newport, 1845: 411. Gervais, 1847: 249. Kohlrausch, 1881: 22. Haase, 1887: 83, pl. 5, fig. 86.

Branchiostoma affine Kohlrausch, 1878 View in CoL : Kraepelin, 1903: 148.

Branchiostoma gracile Kohlrausch, 1878: 21 Kraepelin, 1903: 148 View in CoL .

Branchiostoma longipes rotundatum Haase, 1887: 83 View in CoL . Kraepelin, 1903: 148.

Otostigmus simplex Chamberlin, 1913: 75 View in CoL . Attems, 1930: 153. Schileyko, 1998: 269; 2001: 432. Lewis, 2002: 1690, figs 8–11.

Rhysida longipes brevicornis Takakuwa, 1934: 224 View in CoL ; Chao, 2008: 61.

Rhysida longipes malayica Verhoeff, 1937: 218 View in CoL .

Diagnosis (based on Indian material): 18 antennal articles. Coxosternal tooth-plates with four main teeth. Sternites with paramedian sutures confined to anterior 5% of length. Ultimate leg prefemoral spine formula VL3, VM3, DM3. Two tarsal spurs on legs 1–4. Tibial spur on legs 1–2.

Material

Holotype: NHMUK 1601663 About NHMUK , West Indies.

Peninsular Indian material: CES091395, Matheran, Raigad district, Maharashtra; CES091404, Mysuru, Mysuru district, Karnataka, both collected by Jahnavi Joshi in 2007–2010. Locality coordinates in the Supporting Information ( Table S1).

Description: Length ≤ 50 mm. Eighteen antennal articles, basal three articles glabrous dorsally and 2.8 ventrally ( Figs 8A, 9A). Cephalic plate and tergites smooth. Longitudinal median furrow on anterior 10% of cephalic plate. Cephalic plate and T1 brown, the following tergites brown with green pigmentation, legs pale yellow. Forcipular coxosternal tooth-plates wider than long, with four main teeth, separated into two groups, two inner and two outer; base of tooth-plates defined by oblique sutures diverging at 130° ( Figs 8B, 9D). Trochanteroprefemoral process bearing one apical and two or three lateral teeth. Tergites with paramedian sutures complete from TT4–7. Tergites fully marginate starting from TT7–8. Tergites smooth ( Figs 8F, 9J). Paramedian sutures 5% length of sternites ( Figs 8G, 9I); longitudinally ovate median depression in posterior part of sternites ( Figs 8G, 9I). Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment as wide as long, without median furrow on posterior ( Figs 8C, 9E). Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment with lateral margins convex, moderately convergent posteriorly; posterior margin gently concave ( Figs 8E, 9C, F). Coxopleuron long, 1.6–2.0 times the length of sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment; coxopleural process with two apical spines, one subapical, one lateral spine. Pores dense, pore-field terminating distinctly beneath dorsal margin of coxopleuron; non-porose area on coxopleural process a narrow strip almost reaching to opposite posterior margin of sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment ( Figs 8E, 9B, C, F). Ultimate legs long, prefemur ≤ 5 mm, femur ≤ 4 mm, tibia ≤ 3 mm, tarsus 1 ≤ 2.25 mm and tarsus 2 ≤ 1.75 mm; prefemoral spine formula VL3, VM3, DM3 ( Figs 8C, D, 9G, H). Legs 1–4 with two tarsal spurs, legs 5–19 with one. Legs 1–2 with tibial spur. Leg 1 with femoral spur.

Distribution: This is one of the most widespread species occurring throughout the Oriental Region. In peninsular India, it also has a widespread distribution in many habitat types, including evergreen forests, rocky outcrops, dry forests and plantations. The current distribution record of this species according to Siriwut et al. (2018) and the present study is as follows: Southeast Asia and Melanesia: Cambodia; Vietnam; Myanmar –Thai–Malay Peninsula; Philippines; Papua New Guinea. East Asia: China, Taiwan. Indian subcontinent: Nepal; India (Kerala, Karnataka and Maharashtra); Sri Lanka; Pakistan. Indian Ocean: Chagos Island, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius and Yemen. Central and South America: Mexico; Peru; Cuba ( Cupul-Magaña, 2015); Haiti ( Martínez-Muñoz & Perez-Gelabert, 2018).

Remarks: Siriwut et al. (2018) recently assessed R. longipes from across Southeast Asia. They reported high genetic divergence among Indian and Asian R. longipes individuals, but those specimens from India are here recognized as a distinct species ( R. pazhuthara ). However, five individuals from across peninsular India are part of this widespread R. longipes , with less genetic divergence ( Fig. 2). Only two of them are assessed for morphological description, the others being young specimens. The Indian specimens have two tarsal spurs on legs 1–4 and a tibial spur on legs 1–2, vs. two tarsal spurs on legs 1–7 or 8 and a tibial spur on legs 1–3 or 4 in material from Southeast Asia. This is one of the most widespread among the Rhysida species assessed in the present study, occupying two biogeographical subregions, peninsular India and Southeast Asia. The genetic divergence in COI (corrected p -distance) within this species was 0.05.

Rhysida longipes View in CoL has two subspecies, R. longipes simplicolor Chamberlin, 1920 and R. longipes malayanicus Verhoeff, 1937 , in different parts of the Oriental Region ( Lewis, 2002; Chao, 2008; Siriwut et al., 2018). None of the sampled individuals of R. longipes View in CoL show morphological similarity to any of these subspecies. Further investigation of each morphological subspecies using morphological and molecular data is needed to clarify this subspecies complex.