Kamimuria tienmushanensis Wu, 1938

Kamimuria tienmushanensis Wu, 1938 View in CoL

( Figs. 1–9 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 View FIGURE 7 View FIGURE 8 View FIGURE 9 )

Kamimuria tienmushanensis View in CoL : Wu, 1938: 53; Sivec & Stark, 2008: 137, nomen dubium; Yang & Li, 2018: 32; Huo et al., 2022: 273, status revised.

Kamimuria yangxiana View in CoL : Li & Mo, 2018: 594 View Cited Treatment . syn. nov.

Material examined: 36 males, 22 females, 15 exuviae, China: Shaanxi Province, Hanzhong City, Foping County, Yuanjiazhuang Street , Jiaoxi River , 786 m, 33°30’33.44843″N, 107°58’53.42916″E, 2023.4.25 –4.26, leg. Huo Qing-Bo, Yang Xiao GoogleMaps ; 3 larvae, 20 km north and 10 km south of the above locality along Jiaoxi River , 2025.1.16 – 1.17, leg. Huo Qing-Bo .

Distribution: China (Fujian, Shaanxi, Zhejiang).

Supplementary description: Male and female adults from the Foping population (Shaanxi Province) exhibit brown coloration ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 ). Dark spots or patterns on the head and pronotum may be darker or lighter on some individuals ( Figs. 2 View FIGURE 2 , 4 View FIGURE 4 ).

Male terga usually dark brown, variation of pale patterns on terga 5–9 similar to the populations from Zhejiang and Fujian (Huo et al. 2022, their fig. 8). Median of terga 8–9 of males have large sensilla basiconica patches, while some individuals may have less dense or even absent sensilla basiconica patches on tergum 7 as also similar to Li & Mo (2018, their fig. 2b).

Aedeagus membranous and simple in structure ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ); paired apical swellings with a small process dorsally and covered by fine spines ventrally with populations from Zhejiang and Fujian (see Huo et al. (2022, their fig. 12).

Female coloration similar to males ( Figs. 1 View FIGURE 1 , 4 View FIGURE 4 ). Subgenital plate either heavily or lightly sclerotized with a pair of posterolateral lobes triangular in shape that are rounded apically with a V-shaped medial notch ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ).

Larva (as exuviae). Body length of the pharate male ca. 20–25 mm (n=5), female 30 mm (n=3). General color brown to dark brown with distinct and symmetrical dark markings on dorsal surface ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 ); ventral surface generally paler.Head brown with symmetrical dark brown markings from occipital area to M-line, frontoclypeal area darker, with two distinct yellow brown patches surrounding two posterior ocelli ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 ).

Pronotum subrectangular with rounded corners and lateral margins, length approximately twice as long as width, marginal row of setae laterally incomplete; each thoracic segment covered by fine, short brown and long black clothing hairs ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Wingpads dark in color, covered with scattered black setae, and several median patches of sensilla basiconica ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Legs relatively long, swimming hairs long and dense; surface setion of femora consist of fine black clothing hairs and brown, thick setae, but black hairs are scarce along tibia with a row of brown setae on margins ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Cercus long, with long and dense swimming hairs forming distinct tufts on the inner surface of proximal cercomeres; more distal cercomeres with short but not erect, brown setae mixed with short, fine hairs ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 ).

Galea shorter than apical tooth of lacinia, armed with several setae ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 ). Mandible broad, with three molar and three incisor teeth, molar brush short but dense ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 ). Hypopharynx brown, with short dense apical setae ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 ).

Abdominal terga 1–9 mostly dark brown ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 ). All terga bear dense apical row of fine black hairs and long brown setae; sparse sensilla basiconica present on terga 3–10, especially 7–10. Basal sterna are brown but sterna 7–10 are mostly paler, with thin clothing hairs, female sternum 8 is narrowly interrupted by sclerotized and inverted V-shaped genital notch ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 ).

Egg. Length ca. 0.53 mm, width 0.27 mm (n=6). Outline oval in shape with an obscure opercular line, widest in subequatorial area towards opercular end ( Fig. 9 View FIGURE 9 ).Anchor mushroom-shaped, with globular bodies evenly distributed and not grouped. Collar short but with distinctly toothed flange; follicle cell impressions (FCIs) towards collar rim like a darker circle. Chorionic surface small and pale globular bodies widely distributed ( Fig. 9 View FIGURE 9 ).

Remarks. Jiaoxi River is the largest river flowing through Foping County. Kamimuria tienmushanensis is the only species of Perlidae recorded from this river. The larvae of K. tienmushanensis emerge from rocks along the shoreline in large numbers in mid- to late April, with the same emergence period as populations from the Tianmu Mountains and Wuyi Mountains in southeast China. Adults are active at night and do not exhibit phototaxis (i.e., attraction to lights or bright surfaces). In addition, adults have the habit of gathering and mating, usually on the surface of cement guardrails beside stone bridges along highways, or gaps between the stones.

Unlike forest environments in nature reserves in Zhejiang and Fujian, the population of K. tienmushanensis in Foping live in densely populated urban areas ( Fig. 10 View FIGURE 10 ). Their larvae and adults appear to be tolerant to the presence of human disturbance in urban environments, similar with Kamimuria peppapiggia Mo & Li, 2019 . The reasons for the survival of K. tienmushanensis are perhaps the small human population size (>40,000 people in Foping) and lack of polluting heavy industry and animal husbandry. In addition, as one of the most important wild giant panda habitat and ecological tourism area, the local water and forests are protected by a strict environmental policy (see: http:// www.foping.gov.cn/). At present, we only found mild eutrophication along the banks of a few streams in Jiaoxi River in winter (around January), including stagnation of water flow and accumulation of green/brown algae, but in the section of the river not far from the city (20 km upstream, 10 km downstream), the water has remained clear. The EPT fauna is rich and similar in the family level to other protected areas of Qinling Mountains (unpublished data).