Campanularia, Lamarck, 1816

TLT Total Length of Trophosome their range of variation may indeed overlap with Campanularia View in CoL ( Fig. 4A View Figure 4 ). Species of Campanularia have, on average, a thinner perisarc in comparison to most other Orthopyxis (except for O. mianzani Cunha et al., 2015; Fig. 4B View Figure 4 ), and when there is overlap in the range of variation of perisarc thickness, these taxa

700 70 650 60

600

50

550

40

500

30

450

400 20

350 10

15 3.0 14

2.5

13

2.0

12

1.5

11

10 1.0

9 0.5

Campanularia volubilis I [3] Campanularia volubilis P [9] Campanularia sp. [5] Campanularia subantarctica [2] Campanularia hincksii [4] can be distinguished by the hydrothecal length and length:diameter ratio ( Fig. 4C, D View Figure 4 ).

When considering only species of Orthopyxis without hydrothecal cusps, the variation in size and perisarc thickness distinguish all individual lineages ( Fig. 1F View Figure 1 ): Orthopyxis mianzani has larger polyps with larger hydrothecae and a thinner perisarc; O. asymmetrica ( Stechow, 1919) (see re-identified materials in Table 2) have shorter polyps and hydrothecae, with thinner perisarcs; O. caliculata (Hincks, 1853) has shorter polyps and hydrothecae, but a thicker perisarc; and O. integra (MacGillivray, 1842) (see re-identified material inTable 2) have larger polyps and hydrothecae, with thicker perisarcs. The specimen from the Aleutian Islands (USNM 1106184, Govindarajan et al., 2006; Cunha et al., 2017, as Orthopyxis integra _1_ USA) is distinguished by its larger hydrothecae and pedicels ( Figs 1E, F View Figure 1 , 4D View Figure 4 ). However, variation occurs in all species, and some may overlap in their ranges, sometimes contradicting the separation of the lineages (e.g. O. asymmetrica and O. caliculata , O. caliculata and O. integra ; see Figs 1F View Figure 1 , 4 View Figure 4 ). Additional comparisons with type species and descriptions from the literature (Supporting Information, Table S3) show that the morphological patterns of the specimens identified as Orthopyxis sp.1 , O. everta (Clark, 1876) and O. integra _ IT by Govindarajan et al. (2006) and Cunha et al. (2017) are congruent with that of O. asymmetrica . Differences in hydrothecal length, perisarc thickness and length:diameter ratio of the basal chamber confirm their distinction from O. angulata Bale, 1914 , O. compressa ( Stechow, 1919) and O. caliculata (Supporting Information, Table S3).

Additional principal components were evaluated, but they do not show clear patterns of differentiation among species (Supporting Information, Fig. S1 View Figure 1 ). A PCA including only data from specimens with gonothecae separated S. rosea because of its longer gonothecae, and Orthopyxis and Bonneviella because of their broader gonothecae (see Supporting Information, Fig. S1F View Figure 1 ).