Rhamnus rhodopeus, Velen. Rhamnus intermedius, Steudel & Hochst. Rhamnus prunifolius, Sibth. & Sm. Rhamnus alpinus, L. Rhamnus alpinus subsp. alpinus Rhamnus alpinus subsp. fallax, (Boiss.) Maire & Petitmengin Rhamnus alpinus subsp. glaucophyllus, (Sommier)

5. R. rhodopeus Velen. View in CoL , FI. Bulg. 119 (1891).

Like 4 but twigs puberulent; leaves densely pubescent, the lateral veins soon branching into a reticulum. • S.E. part o f Balkan peninsula. Bu G r Ju Tu.

6. R. intermedius Steudel & Höchst. View in CoL , Flora {Regensb.) 10: 74 (1827).

Like 4 but leaves 1-1-5 cm, broadly ovate to orbicular, cuspidate. • W. Jugoslavia and Albania. Al Ju. Perhaps 4 x 9.

7. R. prunifolius Sibth. & Sm. View in CoL , FI. Graec. Prodr. 1: 157 (1806).

Small, procumbent, very spiny shrub. Leaves 0-5-1-2 cm, oblong or ovate, crenate, glabrous, deciduous; lateral veins inconspicuous; petiole not or little longer than stipules. Drupe black when ripe. Rocky places. Greece and Kriti. Cr Gr.

8. R. catharticus L. View in CoL , Sp. Pl. 193 (1753).

Shrub or small tree 4-6 m. Leaves 3-7 cm, ovate to elliptical, obtuse or cuspidate, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, deciduous; lateral veins 2-A pairs, conspicuous; petiole much longer than stipules; lamina of leaves on short shoots 2 -2 | times as long as petiole. Drupe 6-8 mm, black when ripe. 2n = 24. Usually calcicole. Most o f Europe, northwards to 61° 45' N. in Sweden; absent from the extreme south. Al Au Be Br Bu Cz Da Fe Ga Ge?Gr Hb He Ho Hs Hu It Ju Lu No Po Rm Rs (N, B, C, W, K, E) Si Su.

9. R. orbiculatus Bornm. View in CoL , Österr. Bot. Zeitschr. 37: 225 (1887).

Like 8 but small shrub; leaves 1-3 cm, orbicular or rarely ovate or elliptical; lamina of leaves on short shoots almost as long as petiole; drupe dehiscent when ripe. S.W. Jugoslavia, Albania. Al Ju.

10. R. persicifolius Moris View in CoL , Stirp. Sard. 2: 2 (1827).

Like 8 but leaves elliptic-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, pubescent beneath; petiole as long as lamina; drupe reddish when ripe. • Sardegna. Sa. Sect. Rhamnastrum Rouy . Unarmed. Leaves all alternate, deciduous. Flowers 4-merous, in cymose fascicles, rarely solitary. {Oreoherzogia W. Vent.)

11. R. alpinus L. View in CoL , Sp. Pl. 193 (1753).

Usually erect shrub up to 4 m. Leaves (1-5—)4—10(—15) cm, broadly elliptical, obtuse or cuspidate; lateral veins (5-)7-20 pairs, prominent beneath; petiole up to 20 mm; stipules caducous. Drupe 4-6 mm, black. Usually calcicole. Mountains of S. & S.C. Europe. Al Au Bu Co Ga Gr He Hs It Ju Sa. 1 Twigs pubescent; bud-scales pubescent (a) subsp. alpinus

1 Twigs glabrous; bud-scales glabrous or cibate

2 Erect; leaves green on both surfaces; lateral veins straight (b) subsp. fallax

2 Procumbent; leaves glaucous above, grey beneath; lateral veins curved (c) subsp. glaucophyllus

(a) Subsp. alpinus :

Erect. Twigs pubescent; bud-scales pubescent. Leaves green on both surfaces; lateral veins (5-)7-12 pairs. S. W. Europe; C. Alps; Italy.

(b) Subsp. fallax (Boiss.) Maire & Petitmengin View in CoL , Mat. Étude Fl. Géogr. Bot. Or. 4: 60 (1908)

( R. fallax Boiss. ):

Erect. Twigs glabrous; bud-scales cibate but otherwise glabrous. Leaves green on both surfaces; lateral veins 10-20 pairs. E. Alps; Balkan peninsula.

(c) Subsp. glaucophyllus (Sommier) Tutin , Feddes Repert. 74: 26 (1967)

{ R. glaucophyllus Sommier ):

Procumbent. Twigs glabrous; bud-scales rarely cibate. Leaves glaucous above, grey beneath; lateral veins 6-8 pairs. • N. W. Italy { Alpi Apuane ).