Viola stojanowii, W. Becker Viola fragrans, Sieber Viola calcarata, L. Viola calcarata subsp. zoysii, (Wulfen) Merxm. Viola bertolonii, Pio

42. V. stojanowii W. Becker View in CoL , Feddes Repert. 19: 332 (1924).

Hispid, caespitose perennial 8-10 cm. Leaves 2 cm x 2-3 mm, narrowly oblong-spathulate, obtuse, entire, long-petiolate. Stipules c. 15 cm, like the leaves, with a single lacinia on the outer side at the base. Flowers 1-1 -25 cm, yellow, or the upper petals tinged with violet. Spur 3-5 mm, rather stout, curved upwards, scarcely twice as long as calycine appendages. Subalpine meadows. • S. Bulgaria & N.E. Greece. Bu Gr.

43. V. fragrans Sieber View in CoL , Reise Kreta 2: 320 (1823).

Subglabrous to hispid, caespitose perennial 5-10(-15)cm. Leaves c. 1-5 cm, oblong to oblong-linear, obtuse, entire, gradually narrowed to a rather long petiole. Stipules like the leaves but shorter. Flowers usually c. 1 cm but rather variable in size, 1-2 per stem, yellow or pale violet. Spur c. 3 mm, stout, 2-3 times as long as calycine appendages. Mountain rocks. • Greece, Kriti. Cr Gr.

44. V. poetica Boiss. & Spruner View in CoL in Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. 1(6): 21 (1845).

Like 43 but glabrous; leaves up to 2-5 cm, oblong-ovate, abruptly contracted into petiole; petiole 3 times as long as lamina; flowers 1-4 per stem, violet or blue. Rockcrevices at c. 2000 m. • Mountains o f S.C. Greece {Fokis, Fthiotis). Gr.

45. V. grisebachiana Vis. View in CoL , Mem. 1st. Veneto 10: 436 (1861).

Acaulescent perennial 3-8 cm. Leaves 1-5-3 cm, ovate-orbicular, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, subglabrous, abruptly contracted into a relatively long petiole. Stipules like the leaves but smaller. Flowers c. 2 cm, basal, violet. Sepals broad, obtuse. Spur 3-4 mm, obtuse, exceeding calycine appendages. 2zi = 22. Alpine meadows . • C. part o f Balkan peninsula. Al Ju Bu.

46. V. alpina Jacq. View in CoL , Enum. Stirp. Vindob. 159 (1762).

Acaulescent perennial 4-10 cm, with a stout stock. Leaves 1-5-3-5 cm, in a basal rosette, ovate-orbicular, crenate, truncate or subcordate at base, obtuse, glabrous, long-petiolate. Stipules 5 mm, oblong or lanceolate, semi-adnate to petiole. Peduncles 2-5 cm. Flowers (l-5-)2-3 cm, violet. Spur 3-4 mm, obtuse, only slightly longer than calycine appendages. 2zz = 22. Alpine meadows and screes; calcicole. • N.E. Alps; Carpathians. Au Cz Po Rm.

47. V. nummulariifolia Vili. View in CoL , Prosp. Pl. Dauph. 26 (1779).

Glabrous, delicate perennial 3-5 cm, with numerous, short, procumbent stems. Leaves 1-2 cm, ovate to orbicular, subcordate, entire; petiole equalling or rather longer than lamina. Stipules c. 5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lower entire, the upper remotely dentate. Flowers 1 cm, bright blue. Spur obtuse, about twice as long as the rather short calycine appendages. Alpine meadows and rocks; calcifuge. • Maritime Alps, Corse. Co Ga It.

48. V. calcarata L. View in CoL , Sp. Pl. 935 (1753).

Low-growing perennial; stems up to 5 cm. Leaves 1-4 cm, rosulate, orbicular, ovate to lanceolate, crenate, glabrous or slightly hairy on the margins; petiole equalling or exceeding lamina. Stipules 0-5-1-5 cm, oblong, entire or dentate or the upper sometimes pinnatifid. Peduncles 3-9 cm, 1-4 per stem. Flowers 2-4 cm long and up to 3 cm wide, violet or yellow. Petals very wide, the lateral and upper often wider than the lower. Spur 8-15 mm, about equalling the petals, straight or slightly curved upwards. Meadows, pastures and screes, mostly above 1500 m. • Alps and S. Jura; W. part of Balkan peninsula. Al Au Ga Ge?Gr He It Ju.

(a) Subsp. calcarata :

Stems up to 5 cm; leaves medium-sized; stipules subentire or dentate; stems 1- to 2-flowered; flowers usually violet. In = 40. Alps, S. Jura.

(b) Subsp. zoysii (Wulfen) Merxm. View in CoL , Feddes Repert. 74: 30 (1967)

{ V. zoysii Wulfen ):

Stems very short; leaves broadly ovate to orbicular; stipules entire or dentate with 1-2 short laciniae; peduncles rather short; stems 1-flowered; flowers usually yellow. 2n = 40. Calcareous soils. W. part o f Balkan peninsula; S.E. Alps {Karawanken).

(c) Subsp. villarsiana (Roemer & Schultes) Merxm. View in CoL , Feddes Repert. 74: 30 (1967):

Stems somewhat elongated; heterophyllous, upper leaves narrower than lower; upper stipules pinnatifid; stems 1- to 4-flowered; flowers yellow, blue or white. 2zz = 40. S.W.Alps. Subsp. (c) is intermediate between 48(a) and 49.

49. V. bertolonii Pio View in CoL , De Viola 34 (1813)

( V. heterophylla Bertol. , non Poiret).

Glabrous, rarely puberulent or hairy perennial with stems up to 30 cm. Leaves variable in shape and size, but the lower always different in shape from the upper; the lower usually orbicular or ovate, obtuse, crenate, more or less long-petiolate, with stipules much shorter than the petiole and not or only slightly divided; the upper usually narrow, linear, entire, with pinnately or palmately divided stipules which have 3-5 narrow segments, of which the terminal is the longest. Flowers large, violet or yellow, more or less square in face-view; the petals usually contiguous, the lower petal the widest. Spur long, about equalling the petals, acute, straight or slightly curved. Maritime Alps, N. Appennini ; S. Italy, N.E. Sicilia. G a It Si.

(a) Subsp. bertolonii :

Basal leaves usually small, lanceolate to rhombic. Stipules often pinnate. Flowers 2-3 cm in diameter. 2n = 40. Maritime Alps and N. Appennini .

Intermediates occur between this and 48(c).

(b) Subsp. messanensis (W. Becker) A. Schmidt View in CoL , Flora {Regensb.) 154: 159 (1964):

Basal leaves larger than in (a), ovate. Stipules palmate. Flowers usually 3-4 cm in diameter. In = 40. S. Italy and N.E. Sicilia.

V. heterophylla Bertol. subsp. graeca (W. Becker) W. Becker , Beih. Bot. Centr. 26(2): 326 (1910), from S.E. Italy (Monte Gargano), Albania and Greece, with very narrow upper leaves, very long, pinnate stipules with long, filiform segments, flowers narrowly rectangular in face-view and 2« = 20, is doubtfully related to 49, and needs further investigation.