Eusimulium, Roubaud, 1906

Subgenus EUSIMULIUM Roubaud, 1906

Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 606, 608, 610, 612): dichotomous key (as S. aureum group). Medjerda Basin: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–35): first record for Tunisia, (as S. aureum group), distribution map, ecology at breeding sites.

Libya: Crosskey & Ashford (1981: 650 footnote): adults discovered at a window in Gharina 90 km S of Tripoli (as S. ( E.) aureum group).

Comment: The references above could not be assigned to a species or species complex within the subgenus Eusimulium .

Simulium ( Eusimulium) angustipes Edwards, 1915

Morocco: Middle Atlas, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 49): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details.

Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): first record for Algeria, biogeography, ecology. Eastern and Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 56): listed but locality unspecified. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Djurdjura Montains: Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): mistakenly listed as present (no record of this species exists for Djurdjura Mountains). Algiers, Batna, Biskra, and Bouïra Provinces: Edwards (1923: 650): recorded (as S. aureum ). Batna, Biskra, and Bouïra Provinces: Parrot (1949: 273–274): recorded (as S. aureum ). Algiers, Biskra Provinces: Belazzoug & Tabet-Derraz (1980: 107): listed (as S. aureum ). Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution.

Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified.

Comment: We suspect that at least some of the records of S. angustipes in North Africa actually pertain to the S. velutinum complex. Chromosomal investigation is needed.

Simulium ( Eusimulium) mellah Giudicelli & Bouzidi, 2000 View in CoL ( in Giudicelli et al., 2000)

Morocco: Middle Atlas, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 49): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. High Atlas: Adler et al. (2015: 276–277, 279–283, 286, 287): polytene chromosomes described.

Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Giudicelli et al. (2000: 63): first record for Algeria. Seybouse Basin: Cherairia et al. (2014: 169–121): ecology at breeding site, seasonal occurrence. Adler et al. (2015: 276–277, 279– 283, 286, 287): polytene chromosomes described. Cherairia (2015: 11 6–121, 167–168, 186): diagnosis, polytene chromosomes, ecology at breeding site, seasonal occurrence, distribution map, photographs of larvae. Tlemcen Mountains: Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 43–45): distribution.

Comment: Chromosomal analyses corroborate the morphological evidence of species status for S. mellah , and indicate that it is the sister species of the S. rubzovianum – S. velutinum complex ( Adler et al. 2015).

Simulium ( Eusimulium) petricolum ( Rivosecchi, 1963)

= Cytospecies ‘J’ Leonhardt, 1985

[ latizonum: misidentification, Bailly-Choumara & Beaucournu-Saguez, 1978, 1981, not Rubtsov]

Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 49): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Adler et al. (2015: 279–281, 283, 287): polytene chromosomes described.

Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000a: 54): first record for Algeria. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution.

Libya: Crosskey & Howard (1997: 32): listed but locality unspecified. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 42): inventoried.

Comment: Simulium petricolum is a widespread species in the Palearctic Region and, therefore, a good candidate for cryptic species. Some evidence for cryptic diversity is found in Morocco ( Adler et al. 2015), but additional samples from North Africa are needed.

Simulium ( Eusimulium) rubzovianum (Sherban, 1961)

= latinum (Rubtsov, 1962) [Italy]

= Cytospecies ‘I’ Dunbar, 1966 [in Davies]/Leonhardt, 1985

= Cytospecies ‘1’ Adler, Cherairia, Arigue, Samraoui & Belqat, 2015 [typical]

Cytoform ‘4’ Adler, Cherairia, Arigue, Samraoui & Belqat, 2015 [Morocco]

Morocco: Adler & Crosskey (2018: 43): inventoried. Rif, High Atlas: Adler et al. (2015: 280–281, 283, 285 287, 288): polytene chromosomes described, cytoform ‘4’ recognized.

Algeria: Adler & Crosskey (2018: 43): inventoried. Guelma and Souk Ahras Provinces: Adler et al. (2015: 279, 283, 284, 287): polytene chromosomes described.

Tunisia: Adler & Crosskey (2018: 43): inventoried.

Libya: Crosskey (1988: 333): first record for Libya but locality unspecified (as S. velutinum ). Crosskey & Howard (1997: 33): listed but locality unspecified. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 43): inventoried.

Comment: Simulium rubzovianum was previously regarded as a synonym of S. velutinum until cytogenetic study demonstrated that it is a valid species and is present in Algeria (as cytospecies ‘1’, which is tentatively

considered conspecific with the type from Serbia) ( Adler et al. 2015). A similar cytoform, of unknown taxonmic status, inhabits Morocco and is temporarily referred to as cytoform ‘4’ of S. rubzovianum ( Adler et al. 2015) . Although the records of S. velutinum for Libya and Tunisia are not asignable to cytoform, they are included under S. rubzovianum , given the broad distribution of this species ( Adler & Crosskey 2018).

Simulium ( Eusimulium) velutinum (Santos Abreu, 1922) (complex)

Morocco: Rif, Central Plateau , Middle Atlas, Haouz Plain, High Atlas, Anti Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 50): listed.

Algeria: Rivosecchi (1963: 209–210): first record from Algeria but locality unspecified (as S. latinum ). Eastern and Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 56): listed but locality unspecified. Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000a: 54): recorded. Lounaci et al. (2000b: (126–127, 130, 133): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 141, 143, 149–150, 153): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): biogeography, ecology. Gagneur & Chaoui Boudghane (1991: 81): abundance, relation with hyporheic environment. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306–307): new collecting localities. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1021): physical characterization of habitat, spatial distribution, microhabitat and microdistribution. Seybouse Basin: Cherairia (2015: 108–115, 167–176, 186): diagnosis, polytene chromosomes, distribution map, ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 23–25, 41– 45, 98–144): diagnosis, figures, distribution, biogeographic considerations, population structure.

Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 606, 608, 610, 612, 616–617, 618–619, 624–627, 630–635): dichotomous key, illustrations (as S. latinum ). Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 283): listed but locality unspecified. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Bizert, Jendouba, and Nabeul Provinces: Bailly-Choumara et al. (1971: 379, 381): brief description of breeding sites (as S. latinum ). Medjerda Basin, Northwestern and Eastern Tunisia, Ichkeul Lake Hydrosystem, Southern Watercourses: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–35): distribution map, ecology at breeding sites (as S. latinum ).

Comment: The above references pertain to the S. velutinum complex, rather than to its individual species, which were not recognized before the cytogenetic study of Adler et al. (2015).

Simulium ( Eusimulium) velutinum sensu stricto (Santos Abreu, 1922)

= Cytospecies ‘L’ Leonhardt, 1985

= Cytospecies ‘ 2’ Adler, Cherairia, Arigue, Samraoui & Belqat, 2015 [typical]

Morocco: High Atlas: Adler et al. (2015: 279–280, 282–287): polytene chromosomes described.

Algeria: Seybouse Basin: Cherairia et al. (2014: 169–170): ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence. Batna, Biskra, Guelma, and Souk Ahras Provinces: Adler et al. (2015: 279–280, 282–287): polytene chromosomes mapped. Cherairia (2015: 106–116): distribution map, photographs of specimens. Oued El Haï Basin: Arigue et al. (2016: 2842–2847): occurrence, abundance, physical characterization of habitat.

Comment: Cytogenetic study shows that S. velutinum sensu lato is a species complex; S. velutinum sensu stricto (= cytospecies ‘2’) has a restricted distribution, so far known only from the Canary Islands (type locality) and North Africa ( Adler et al. 2015).

Simulium ( Eusimulium) velutinum (Santos Abreu, 1922) Cytospecies ‘3’

Algeria: Guelma and Souk Ahras Provinces: Adler et al. (2015: 280–283, 285–288): polytene chromosomes described, reproductive isolation demonstrated.

Comment: This cytoform is a distinct species requiring a formal name and description ( Adler et al. 2015).

Simulium ( Eusimulium) velutinum (Santos Abreu, 1922) Cytospecies ‘5’

Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Adler et al. (2015: 281–284, 286–288): polytene chromosomes described, reproductive isolation demonstrated.

Comment: This cytoform is a distinct species requiring a formal name and description ( Adler et al. 2015).