Cerambycinae

Molecular identification of immature forms of Cerambycinae

Morphological examination and biological evidence, such as host plant and host conditions where larvae were collected, were used to identify 98 adults of 61 species, 37 larvae of 30 species, and 44 pupae of 37 species (Supporting Information, Table S1). All adults were identified to the species level, whereas 31 larvae (45.8%) and 15 pupae (25%) were identified to the tribal level or remained undetermined (Supporting Information, Table S1).

The majority of the species were recovered as monophyletic clades, allowing the identification of larvae and pupae included in each mono-clade species to the species level ( Fig. 1 View Figure 1 ; Supporting Information, Fig. S2). A total of 65 larvae of 41 species and 58 pupae of 44 species were identified, with only three larvae and one pupa remaining unidentified. Through tree-based molecular identification, 28 of 31 (90.3%) undetermined larvae and 14 of 15 (93.3%) undetermined pupae were identified to the species level (Supporting Information, Fig. S1).

In the pre-identification stage, eight larvae were identified presumptively to the species level, of which three were misidentified, whereas the rest were correct. Among the 23 larvae that were presumed to be at the genus, tribe, or subfamily level, 20 larvae were identified to the species level. Three larvae (B192, B228, and B230) could no be identified to the species level, owing to the lack of conspecific sequences in our dataset. We can presume that they belong to the genera Molorchus , Stenhomalus , and Ceresium , respectively, because the unidentified samples belonged to the aforementioned genera that were recovered as mono-clades (Supporting Information, Fig. S3).

Seven pupae were presumably identified to the species level, with only one remaining undetermined (B227). The only undetermined species was nested in a clade consisting of six Chlorophorus species, indicating that B227 is most likely to be a member of the genus (Supporting Information, Fig. S4). All eight pupae that were presumed to be at the genus, tribe, or subfamily level were identified to the species level.