LILIACEAE

CLXXXIII. LILIACEAE View in CoL View at ENA 1

Perennial herbs, often with bulbs, corms, rhizomes or tuberous roots; sometimes climbers, rarely annuals or small shrubs. Flowers usually in racemes or panicles, more rarely solitary or in cymes or umbels, regular or slightly zygomorphic, usually hermaphrodite. Perianth of two whorls, each of (2-)3(-5) usually petaloid segments, free or variously connate. Stamens usually as many as perianth-segments, free or connate. Ovary 3-locular, superior (very rarely 1 -locular or semi-inferior); styles 1 or 3(-5). Fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule or a berry.

1 Flowers axillary, or in lateral inflorescences arising from aerial stems

2 Leaves reduced to small, scarious scales; cladodes present

3 Flowers arising from the surface of ovate or elliptical cladoles; filaments united to form a tube 49. Ruscus 3 Flowers arising from the stem or from lateral inflorescences;

cladodes usually linear; filaments free 48. Asparagus 2 Leaves green, not scale-like; cladodes absent

4 Stems spiny, climbing or creeping 50. Smilax 4 Stems unarmed,not climbing,usuallyerect

5 Flowers red or yellow; leaf-margins with + spinose teeth

14. Aloe 5 Flowers white or greenish; leaves entire

6 Leaves amplexicaul; perianth-segments connate only at the base 45. Streptopus 6 Leaves not amplexicaul; perianth-segments connate for most of their length 46. Polygonation 1 Flower or inflorescence terminal on an aerial stem, or arising directly from an underground rootstock

7 Flowers arising from a corm; scape very short; ovary underground at anthesis

8 Style 1, 3-fid near apex 17. Bulbocodium

8 Styles3, free from the base

9 Perianth-segmentsconnatebelow, forminga long,slender tube 16. Colchicum 9 Perianth-segmentsfreetothebase,theirclawsapproxi­ mated to form a tube, but not connate

10 Leaves arising from top of stem, Immediately below the flowers; ovaries at or only slightly below ground-level;

anthers versatile 15. Androcymbium 10 Leaves basal, arising from top of corm; ovaries at anthesis several centimetres below ground-level;

anthers basifixed 18. Merenderà 7 Flowers with evident scape, or arising from leafy, aerial stems; ovary above ground at anthesis

11 Flowersin umbels,enclosedin budbyone or morespathe-

like bracts

12 Perianth 40-45 mm; stamens and style declinate; seeds winged 37. Agapanthus 12 Perianth not more than 20 mm; stamens and style straight; seeds not winged

13 Ovary semi-inferior; perianth-segments 3- to 7-veined,

the inner with distinct claw 39. Nectaroscordum 13 Ovary superior; perianth-segments usually 1 -veined,

usually all alike and without claw

14 Plant usually with onion-like smell when bruised;

perianth-segments free; style gynobasic 38. Allium 14 Plant without onion-like smell; perianth-segments connate at base; style terminal 40. Nothoscordum 11 Flowerssolitary, orin racemes,paniclesor cymes,or,if in umbel-like inflorescences, not enclosed by spathe-like bracts in bud

15 Larger leaves at least 100 cm, erect, equitant, very fibrous

13. Phormium 15 Leaves without this combination of characters

16 Leaves coriaceous and somewhat succulent, the margins with ± spinose teeth; anthers extrorse, basifixed 14. Aloe

16 Leavesnotcoriaceousandseldomsucculent, themargins

without spinose teeth; anthers usually introrse or

versatile

17 Perianth-segments connate at the base for at least j of their length

18 Perianth-tube longer than the lobes or teeth

19 Fruit a berry; rootstock a rhizome 42. Convallaria

19 Fruit a capsule; rootstock a bulb

20 Bracts as long as pedicels 31. Brimeura

20 Bracts minute or absent

21 Perianth somewhat constricted at mouth of tube, which is at least 4 times as long as the lobes 36. Muscari

21 Perianth not constricted at mouth of tube, which is

less than 4 times as long as the lobes

22 Capsule triquetrous 33. Bellevalia

22 Capsule globose

23 Perianth 4-5 mm 34. Hyacinthella 23 Perianth 10-25 mm 30. Hyacinthus

18 Perianth-tube equalling the lobes or shorter

24 Perianth-tube more than 10 mm

25 Flowers solitary, blue or white; perianth infundibuliform to rotate 41. Ipheion

25 Flowers in forked cymes, yellow or orange; perianth campanulate 12. Hemerocallis

24 Perianth-tube less than 10 mm

26 Anthers basifixed, extrorse; styles 3; capsule septicidal (E. Russia) 3. Zigadenus

26 Anthers dorsifixed, introrse or versatile; style 1; capsule loculicidal

27 Pedicels all shorter than the flowers

28 Flowers dull orange to yellowish-brown; filaments not winged or toothed 35. Dipcadi

28 Flowers purplish-blue; filaments winged, and toothed at apex 32. Strangweia

27 At least the lower pedicels longer than the flowers

29 Bracts absent; capsule globose 29. Chionodoxa

29 Bracts present; capsule triquetrous 31. Brimeura

17 Perianth-segments free, or connate at the base for less than I of their length

30 Styles 3-4(-5), free throughout their length

31 Leavesverticillate 47. Paris

31 Leavesalternateor basal

32 Leaves broadly ovate to elliptical, mainly cauline; stem 50-175 cm 4. Veratrum

32 Leaves ensiform, mainly basal; stem not more than

35 cm 1. Tofieldia

30 Style, if present, single, sometimes 3-fid at apex

33 Filamentsdenselyhairy

34 Inflorescence a panicle; anthers versatile, dorsifixed; seeds 3, subglobose 10. Simethis

34 Inflorescence a raceme; anthers extrorse, basifixed; seeds numerous, filiform 2. Narthecium

33 Filamentsglabrous or subglabrous

35 Stems junciform; leaves reduced to scarious scales 11. Aphyllanthes

35 Green leaves present

36 Leaves all basal (sometimes 1 or 2 sheathing the stem and appearing cauline)

37 Rootstock abulb

38 Seeds flat, winged; perianth-segments with a usually red or purple mid-vein 26. Urginea 38 Seeds not winged and seldom flat; perianthsegments concolorous, or with a median green stripe

39 Perianth white, variously tinged with yellow or green 25. Ornithogalum 39 Perianth blue, lilac or pink (rarely pure white)

40 Bracts single 27. Scilla 40 Bracts 2 to each flower 28. Hyacinthoides

37 Rootstock undifferentiated, or a cluster of

___________ tuberous roots_______________________________

41 Perianth campanulate; style and stamens declinate 8. Paradisea 41 Perianth rotate or cup shaped; style and stamens not declinate 42 Anthers dorsifixed; filaments expanded at base so as to invest the ovary 5. Asphodelus 42 Anthers basifixed; filaments not conspicuously expanded at base 43 Perianth cup-shaped, its segments shorter than the stamens 9. Eremurus 43 Perianth rotate, its segments as long as the stamens or longer 7. Anthericum 36 Some cauline leaves or large, leaf-like bracts present 44 Leaves amplexicaul 44. Smilacina 44 Leaves not amplexicaul 45 Styles 3 15. Androcymbium 45 Style 1 46 Rootstock a rhizome; leaves cordate; stamens and perianth-segments 4; fruit a berry 43. Maianthemum 46 Rootstock a bulb; leaves not cordate; stamens and perianth-segments 6; fruit a capsule 47 Anthers dorsifixed, ± versatile 48 Leaves with a wide, scarious, sheathing base; perianth ± rotate 6. Asphodeline 48 Leaves not sheathing; perianth campanulate or with revolute segments 24. Lilium 47 Anthers basifixed, introrse 49 Cauline leaves 2, opposite, spotted; perianthsegments sharply deflexed 21. Erythronium 49 Cauline leaves not spotted; perianthsegments not deflexed 50 Stigma sessile 22. Tulipa 50 Style well-developed 51 Flowers nodding, variously coloured, but usually tinged, tessellated or striped with purple, brown or green 23. Fritillaria 51 Flowers erect or horizontal, yellow or white 52 Perianth-segments yellow (rarely white), without a nectary 20. Gagea 52 Perianth-segments white, with a small, pit-like nectary at the base 19. Lloydia