Allium L.

38. Allium L. 2

Perennial, scapose, bulbous herbs, usually with a distinctive smell of onion or garlic. Bulbs solitary or clustered, composed of one to several storage scales, usuallytunicate. Leaves filiform to ovate, with sheathing base. Flowers in a terminal umbel at first totally enclosedwithin a spathe. Pedicels often with bracteoles at base. Perianth-segments persistent, free or slightly connate at base, 1 - to 3-veined. Stamens free or connate at base into an annulus, inserted at base of perianth-segments and sometimes adnate to their base; anthers dorsifixed, introrse. Style gynobasic; stigmas entire or shortly 3-lobed. Fruit a membranous capsule; seeds 1 -2, rarely more, in each loculus, usually triquetrous or compressed, rarely globose, black.

Literature: E. Regel, Acta Horti Petrop. 3: 1-266 (1875). A. Levan, Hereditas 23: 317-370 (1937). W. T. Stearn, Herbertia 11: 11-34 (1946). J. Helm, Kulturpfl. 4: 130-180 (1956). H. A. Jones & L. K. Mann, Onions and their Allies. London & New York. 1963. C. Zahariadi, Studii Cere. Biol. (Ser. Bot.) 20: 539-559 (1968). C. Zahariadi, Biol. Gallo-Hellen. 6: 27-64 (1975). R. von Bothmer, Bot. Not. 125: 62-76 (1972); Op. Bot. (Lund) 34: 1-104 (1974); Mitt. Bot. Staatssamm. (München) 12: 267-287 (1975). B. E. E. de Wilde-Duyfjes, Taxon 22: 57-91 (1973). B. E. E. de Wilde-Duyfjes, A Revision of the Genus Allium L. ( Liliaceae ) in Africa. Wageningen. 1976. W. T. Stearn, Ann. Mus. Goulandris 4: 83-98 (1978).

Many characters of systematic value in this complex genus, notably the colour of the perianth-segments and stamens and the nature of the leaf, whether solid or hollow, smooth or keeled beneath, are observable on herbarium specimens with difficulty or not at all, often not being recorded; bulbs may also be lacking. Such incomplete and inadequately annotated material may be difficult or impossible to name. Insome species the leaves wither before anthesis but their fragile remains can usually be found and should be carefully preserved. Most species flower between May and August; the flowering period has been indicated below for the few species which normally flower earlier or later than this.

Filaments which are tricuspidate have a wide, flattened lower part, at the apex of which is a central anther-bearing cusp and two lateral filamentous cusps.

A distinction must be made between bulbils (bulbilli), formed in the umbel and often replacing flowers, and bulblets or increase bulbs (bulbuli) formed by the bulb.

1 Leafnarrowed into a distinct petiole

2 Bulb densely covered with reticulate fibres; leaves sheathing lower of stem; stamens longer than perianth-segments (Sect. Anguinum ) 22. victorialis 2 Bulb naked, with only a few parallel fibres at base; leaves basal; stamens shorter than perianth-segments (Sect.

Ophioscorodon ) 39. ursinom 1 Leaf without petiole, usually linear or filiform

3 Umbel with bulbils only, without flowers

4 Leaves basal, not sheathing the stem

5 Leaf solitary, not more than 20 mm wide; stem 3-angled 37. paradoxum 5 Leaves several, 15-50 mm wide; stem terete 106. nigrum 4 Leaves sheathing lowerł or more of stem

6 Spathe with 2 persistent valves much longer than umbel 63. oleraceum 6 Spathe shorter than umbel or deciduous

7 Leaves 5-20 mm wide, solid, flat

8 Leaves 2-5; main bulb with small exterior bulblets

87. scorodoprasum 8 Leaves 6-12; main bulb composed of several large bulblets within a common tunic 75. sativum 7 Leaves 0-2-4 mm wide, fistular, semicylindrical or filiform

9 Spathe 1 -valved, deciduous 95. vincale 9 Spathe usually 2-valved, persistent

10 Leaves up to 30 cm, 1 -4 mm wide 90. sphaerocephalon 10 Leaves up to 18 cm, 0-2-0- 8 mm wide 93. pruinatum 3 Umbel withflowers,sometimesalsowithbulbils

11 Perianth 11-18 mm, lilac or purple (very rarely white), campanulate

12 Leaves cylindrical, fistular; umbel always erect; perianthsegments not more than 4 mm wide, acute or acuminate

18. schoenoprasum 12 Leaves flat, solid; umbel at some time pendent; perianthsegments 3 -5- 9 mm wide, rounded and apiculate at apex

13 Bulb with persistent, elongated fibrous tunic; umbel at

first pendent, later erect 15. narcissiflorum 13 Bulb without fibrous tunic or with only a few basal fibres; umbel always pendent 16. insubricum 11 Perianth yellow, greenish, brownish orwhiteor,if purplish, pink or red, then not more than 12 mm

14 Leaves basal or almost so, all parting from the stem at about the same height

15 Umbel almost sessile in a rosette of patent leaves (Sect.

Chamaeprason) 38. chamaemoly 15 Umbel on an evident scape (Sect. Molium pro parte)

16 Leaves hairy, or at least ciliate towards base

17 Stem hairy; leaves spirally coiled (Kriti) 24. circinnatum 17 Stem glabrous; leaves straight

18 Stamens slightly shorter to slightly longer than perianth-segments 32. subvillosum 18 Stamens as long as perianth-segments

19 Perianth-segments 3 -5-6 mm wide, with almost truncate-indented apex; filaments triangular 29. longanum 19 Perianth-segments not more than 3 mm wide, with acute or obtuse apex; filaments subulate above

a short triangular base

20 Pedicels 3-5 times as long as perianth-segments; anthers usually brown 30. subhirsutum

20 Pedicels 1 J-3 times as long as perianth-segments; anthers yellowish 31. trifoliatum 16 Leaves glabrous

21 Stigma3 -lobed; stem sharply3 -angled,flaccidafter flowering; seeds with elaiosome (Sect. Briseiś )

22 Leafsolitary; umbels usually with bulbils and few flowers 37. paradoxum 22 Leaves2-5; umbelwithoutbulbils

23 Umbel unilateral; flowers always pendent and campanulate 35. triquetrum 23 Umbel diffuse; flowers patent and stellate, later pendent and campanulate; perianth-segments connivent around the capsule 36. pendulinum 21 Stigma entire; stem terete or 2- to 3-edged, always erect; seeds without elaiosome

24 Perianth-segments 3-8mm, not recurved; bulbs elongated, narrowly conical or oblong, attached to a short rhizome

25 Spathe persistent, with one valve 1^—3 times as long as umbel; outer bulb-tunics coriaceous, dark brown or blackish, breaking into firm longitudinal strips

26 Stem 10-70 cm; leaves 3-7; pedicels longer than perianth 4. saxatile 26 Stem 3-20 cm; leaves 2-4; pedicels equalling perianth 5. horvatii 25 Spathe persistent or deciduous, shorter than umbel; outer bulb-tunics fibrous or membranous, pale,

not breaking into firm longitudinal strips

27 Perianth white or yellowish

28 Outer bulb-tunicssomewhat coriaceous, ultimately breaking into fibres; pedicels smooth

8. ericetorum 28 Outer bulb-tunics thinly membranous, never fibrous

29 Pedicels minutely scabrid 6. albidum 29 Pedicels smooth 7. stelleranum 27 Perianth purple, lilac, pink or red

30 Outer tunics fibrous; umbel 1 - 5-2 cm in diameter; capsule 4-5-5 mm 9. kermesinum 30 Outer tunics membranous; umbel 2- 5 cm in diameter; capsule 3-4 mm

31 Stamens and style shorter than perianthsegments 2. rubens 31 Stamens and style at least as long as perianthsegments

32 Leaves smooth and rounded beneath; stamens distinctly exserted 3. senescens 32 Leaves sharply keeled beneath in a living state; stamens only slightly exserted 1. angulosum 24 Perianth-segments 6-12 mm, rarely 3 -5-5 mm and then recurved; bulbs ovoid or subglobose, not on a rhizome

33 Stamens much longer than perianth-segments; umbel 5-20 cm in diameter; style up to 12 mm

(S.E. Russia) 110. caspium 33 Stamens shorter than perianth-segments; umbel not more than 10 cm in diameter; style not more than

5 mm

34 Perianth bright yellow

35 Leaves 15-35 mm wide; ovary not prominently angled or crested 33. moly 35 Leaves 3-7 mm wide; ovary prominently angled, 6-crested 34. scorzonerifolium 34 Perianth white, pink, greenish or purple

36 Perianth-segments patent or deflexed after anthesis; leaves arising direct from the bulb or sheathing the stem only up to soil-level; ovules

4-8 in each loculus

37 Perianth-segments and filaments dark purple

105. atropurpureum 37 Perianth-segments and filaments white, pink or greenish 38 Perianth-segments 3 -5-5 mm; leaves 2-10 mm

wide (S. part of U.S.S.R.) 108. decipiens 38 Perianth-segments 6-10 mm; leaves 10-70 mm wide

39 Stem 10-40 cm; leaves about as long as stem or longer, not more than 20 mm wide

109. orientate 39 Stem 50-90 cm; leaves much shorter than stem, up to 80 mm wide

40 Perianth-segments 1 -1-5 mm wide, broadly linear, acuminate, with apex incurved at anthesis; filaments narrowly triangular,

1 - 5-2- 5 mm wide at base, gradually narrowed above 107. cyrilli 40 Perianth-segments 1 - 5- 3 mm wide, narrowly elliptical, obtuse, patent at anthesis; filaments subulate, 1 -1-5 mm wide at base,

abruptly narrowed above 106. nigrum 36 Perianth-segments erect after anthesis, connivent around and covering the capsule; leaves sheathing the base of the stem for a short distance above soil-level; ovules 2 in each loculus

41 Leaves less than 0- 5 mm wide, filiform

42 Pedicels subequal; perianth 6-7 mm

40. moschatum 42 Pedicels very unequal; perianth 4-5 mm

41. inaequale 41 Leaves at least 1 mm wide

43 Leaves cylindrical, fistular; umbel dense;

pedicels usually shorter than perianth

18. schoenoprasum 43 Leaves linear, flat or canaliculate, solid; umbel lax; pedicels usually much longer than perianth (Sect. Molium pro parte)

44 Stem trigonous; leaves up to 40 mm wide

28. neapolitanum 44 Stem terete or only slightly trigonous; leaves not more than 20 mm wide

45 Spathe dividing into 2 valves; perianthsegments white, with purple keel, acuminate

25. massaessylum 45 Spathe 1 -valved but often becoming 3- to

4-lobed; perianth-segments white or pink,

not keeled

46 Outer tunics crustaceous, pitted and per­

forate; perianth usually pink 23. roseum 46 Outer tunics membranous, not pitted;

perianth white

47 Perianth-segments c. 12 mm, acuminate;

umbel often with bulbils 26. phthioticum 47 Perianth-segments 6-10 mm, obtuse or acute; umbel rarely with bulbils

48 Filaments widened in lower |; ovary widest above middle 27. breviradium 48 Filaments slender almost to base; ovary widest at middle 30. subhirsutum 14 Leaves sheathing at least the lower | or more of the stem and parting from it at different heights

49 Spathe with2 persistent unequal valves, contracted above, usually into a long, tail-like appendage, from a narrowly ovate or lanceolate base

50 Neither spathe-valve longer than umbel

51 Anthers exserted

52 Leaf-sheaths hairy 66. pilosum 52 Leaf-sheaths glabrous

53 Perianth yellow; umbel lax 68. flavum 53 Perianth white, pink or red; umbel dense

54 Outer perianth-segments widest above middle, pink or white; stamens all simple; anthers very slightly exserted 65. staticiforme 54 Outer perianth-segments widest below middle, usually dark red; inner 3 stamens tricuspidate; anthers long-exserted 90. sphaerocephalon

51 Anthersincludedoronlypartlyexsertedfrom perianth

55 Pedicels all much shorter than flowers 18. schoenoprasum

55 Some or all pedicels as long as or longer than flowers

56 Perianth 7-10 mm; umbel fastigiate; tunic finely reticulate 17. inderiense

56 Perianth 2-5-7 mm

57 Umbel diffuse, with unequal pedicels 10-45 mm; stem 30-60 cm (Islas Baléares and S. Spain)

58 Leaf-sheaths glabrous; perianth cylindric-cam- panulate, purplish 48. grosii

58 Leaf-sheaths hairy; perianth cup-shaped, greenish-yellow 47. chrysonemum

57 Umbel fastigiate or subglobose, with pedicels rarely more than 15 mm (but up to 30 mm in

41); stem 5-30 cm

59 Perianth-segments 3-4 mm 51. obtusiflorum

59 Perianth-segments 4-7- 5 mm

60 Inner perianth-segments toothed at' apex, the outer entire; inner stamens tricuspidate, the outer simple (Bulgaria) 100. jubatum

60 All perianth-segments entire; all stamens simple

61 Outer tunic membranous

62 Perianth-segments oblong-elliptical ornarrowly obovate, widest at or above middle 46. frigidum 62 Perianth-segments lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, widest below middle

63 Outer perianth-segments at least 1 •5 mm wide; stamens 3-4 mm 44. meteoricum 63 Outer perianth-segments 1 mm wide; stamens 4-5 mm 45. delicatulum

61 Outer tunic fibrous

64 Leaf-margin cibate 42. bommuelleri 64 Leaf-margin minutely scabrid

65 Pedicels almost equal, 1-2 times as long as perianth 40. moschatum 65 Pedicels very unequal, 3-6 times as long as perianth 41. inaequale

50 One or both spathe-valves longer than the umbel

66 Stamens long-exserted

67 Umbel rarely more than 3 cm in diameter, dense; pedicels not more than 15 mm, almost equal, all ascending; bulbs narrowly conical

68 Stem 10-70 cm; leaves 3-7; pedicels longer than perianth 4. saxatile

68 Stem 3-20 cm; leaves 2-4; pedicels equalling perianth 5. horvatii

67 Umbel 1 -5-5 cm in diameter, lax; pedicels up to

30 mm, unequal, some often curved downwards; bulb ovoid or subglobose (Sect. Codonoprasum )

69 Leaf-sheaths, especially the lowest, hairy 72. hirtovaginum

69 Leaf-sheaths glabrous

70 Ovary narrowly obovoid, much longer than wide; perianth purple (very rarely white) 71. carinatum

70 Ovary subglobose, about as long as wide; perianth usually yellowish

71 Ovary sessile 74. stamineum

71 Ovary with very short but distinct stalk

72 Perianth c. 5 mm; filaments 7 mm; umbel lax; pedicels up to 40 mm, very unequal 68. flavum

72 Perianth 2-5-4 mm; filaments 5 mm; umbel compact; pedicels not more than 15 mm, almost equal 73. hymettium

66 Stamens included or with anthers just exserted

73 Perianth 8-10 mm; anthers blackish; umbel with bulbils 69. melanantherum

73 Perianth3 -8mm; anthersyellow orreddish; umbel without bulbils

74 Leaves and sheaths hairy

75 Stems not more than 15 cm; perianth-segments obtuse 66. pilosum

75 Stem up to 70 cm; perianth-segments acute

56. paniculatum 74 Leaves and sheaths glabrous

76 Umbel lax, with conspicuously unequal pedicels,

the longest 15-70 mm

77 Umbel with bulbils, few-flowered 63. oleraceum

77 Umbel without bulbils, many-flowered

78 Pedicels slightly flattened or winged; perianth clear pink 62. podolicum

78 Pedicels terete or ribbed; perianth variously coloured

79 Ovary slightly longer than wide, oblongcylindrical, truncate at apex 61. macedonicum

79 Ovary about twice as long as wide, ellipsoid, narrowed towards apex

80 Perianth-segments narrowly lanceolate or very narrowly oblong, gradually narrowed to the acute apex; stamens shorter than perianth

• 58. sipyleum

80 Perianth-segments mostly narrowly oblong with the apex obtuse or almost truncate, mucronate; stamensaboutas longas perianth

81 Cells on ribs of leaf-sheaths much longer than wide 56. paniculatum

81 Cells on ribs of leaf-sheaths about as long as wide 60. favosum

76 Umbel more compact, the longest pedicels usually less than 20 mm

82 Leaves sheathing c. £ of stem (Kriti) 70. tardans

82 Leaves sheathing lower of stem

83 Ovary almost as wide as long

84 Umbel very dense, subglobose, many-flowered; perianth white or pink; ovary broadly obovoid 65. staticiforme

84 Umbel lax, fastigiate, usually few-flowered; perianth yellowish, very rarely pink; ovary subglobose 67. luteolum

83 Ovary 2-3 times as long as wide

85 Perianth 6-5-8 mm; stamens shorter than perianth-segments 64. parnassicum

85 Perianth 3-6 mm; stamens about as long as perianth-segments

86 Perianth 3-4 mm 51. obtusiflorum

86 Perianth 5-6 mm

87 Outer tunic membranous; anthers yellow

57. pallens

87 Outer tunic often breaking into parallel fibres; anthers violet 59. rupestre

49 Spathe 1-valved (sometimes 2- or 3-lobed) or deciduous,

or both 1 -valved and quickly deciduous, or 2-valved with equal valves shorter than or just equalling umbel

88 Stem fistularandinflated, 5 -40mm indiameter; umbel dense, many-flowered; perianth white or yellowish

(Sect. Cepa )

89 Leaves circular in section; stem widest at about the middle; perianth 7-9 mm; stamens 8-12 mm 21. fistulosum

89 Leaves semicircular in section; stem widest below the middle; perianth 3-4-5 mm; stamens 4-5 mm 20. cepa

88 Stem usuallysolid, notinflated, usuallyslender

90 Filaments all subulate and simple or the inner 3 with a small tooth on each side at base

91 Umbel fastigiate with erect or ascending pedicels;

stem 9-25 cm

92 Leaves sheathing stem almost up to umbel;

perianth-segments oblanceolate, truncate (Greece,

Kriti) 50. callimischon

92 Leaves sheathing lower £-£ of stem; perianthsegments lanceolate, acute or obtuse

93 Spathe 1 -valved, entire; outer tunic fibrous 49. cupani

93 Spathe with 2 short lobes; outer tunic membranous

94 Perianth pink; ovary at anthesis acute at apex

52. parciflorum

94 Perianth yellowish; ovary at anthesis rounded at apex 53. rouyi

91 Umbelsubglobose orhemispherical; stem 20-100 cm

95 Perianth blue; bulb subglobose 54. caeruleum 95 Perianthnotblue; bulbnarrowlyovoidorcylindrical, rarely subglobose

96 Stamens not exceeding perianth-segments

97 Perianth 7-12 mm; outer bulb tunic crustaceous, pitted 23. roseum 97 Perianth 5-7 mm; outer bulb tunic membranous,

not pitted

98 Stamens c. ł as long as perianth-segments, the inner 3 narrowly triangular 43. rubellum 98 Stamens about as long as perianth-segments, the inner 3 subulate 19. schmitzii 96 Stamens exceeding perianth-segments

99 Leaves 5-25 mm wide; stem 60-100 cm; perianth greenish-yellow, smooth; filaments 7-8 mm

14. obliquimi 99 Leaves 1-5 mm wide; stem usually 20-60 cm; filaments 4-6 mm

100 Bulbs narrowly ovoid, without rhizome;

perianth papillose 55. sabulosum 100 Bulbs almost cylindrical, elongated, with a short rhizome; perianth smooth

101 Outer perianth-segments about twice as long as wide, oblong-elliptical, 3-toothed at apex;

spathe mostly 1 -valved (N.W. Spain)

. 12. palentinum 101 Outer perianth-segments about 3 times as long as wide, lanceolate or elliptical, obtuse or subacute (not toothed) at apex; spathe 2-

valved

102 Outer bulb-tunics splitting into brown strips;

perianth-segments c. 5 mm 13. hymenorhizum 102 Outer bulb-tunics becoming completely fibrous, often reticulate; perianthsegments c. 4 mm

103 Inner stamens with a small tooth on each side at base; dehisced anthers c. 0- 5 mm

11. lineare 103 Inner stamens without teeth at base;

dehisced anthers c. 1 - 5 mm 10. suaveolens 90 Filaments of inner 3 stamens tricuspidate (Sect.

Allium )

104 Leavessheathingstem uptoumbel

103. chamaespathum 104 Leavessheathingonlylower i ofstem

105 Inner perianth-segments laciniate or toothed above,

the outer entire (C. Bulgaria) 100. jubatum 105 All perianth-segments entire

106 Perianth-segments 7-10 mm, acuminate

107 Leaves not more than 4 mm wide, fistular;

stamens much shorter than perianth-segments

104. heldreichii 107 Leaves 5-15 mm wide, flat; stamens about as long as perianth-segments

108 Perianth pink; segments smooth on keel and margin 85. acutiflorum 108 Perianth white; segments scabrid on keel,

minutely denticulate on margin 86. pyrenaicum 106 Perianth-segments 2-5-7 mm, acute to obtuse

109 Umbel 0-5-2- 5 cm in diameter, very compact;

pedicels all shorter or scarcely longer than flowers

110 Perianth 5-5-6 mm; outer tunics reticulately fibrous 99. gomphrenoides 110 Perianth 2-5-4(-5-5) mm; outer tunics coriaceous, sometimes splitting into parallel fibres in upper part

111 Filaments 4-7 mm, long-exserted

90. sphaerocephalon 111 Filaments 3 mm, included 101. rubrovittatum 109 Umbel 1 -10 cm in diameter, compact to lax;

pedicels longer than flowers 112 Stamens included or with anthers slightly exserted

113 Leaveshollow, 0 -5 -2mm wide

114 Spathe deciduous

115 Umbel usually with bulbils; central cusp of inner stamens c. 1 - 5 mm 95. vineale 115 Umbel without bulbils; central cusp of inner stamens c. 0- 5 mm 94. regelianum 114 Spathe persistent or with persistent base, 2-lobed

116 Perianth-segments 3-3- 5 mm, strongly papillose, blackish-purple; perianth broadly ovoid (Spain) 92. melananthum 116 Perianth-segments 4-4- 5 mm, papillose on keel, pink or purplish

117 Perianth c. 3 -5-5 mm, cylindrical

93. pruinatum 117 Perianth c. 4 mm, ovoid 102. integerrimum 113 Leaves flat, often canaliculate above, 3-40 mm wide

118 Umbelwith bulbils

119 Flowers usually aborted and withering in bud; spathe with very long beak; basal part of inner stamens shorter than or equalling central cusp, bulb composed of 5-15 bulblets of ± equal size 75. sativum 119 Flowers normal; spathe with short beak; basal part of inner stamens 2-3 times as long as central cusp, bulb composed of

1 -2 large bulbs and varying numbers of smaller bulblets

120 Pedicels not more than 20 mm; outer perianth-segments smooth though slightly papillose; bulblets blackish

87. scorodoprasum 120 At least some pedicels more than 20 mm; outer perianth-segments scabrid on keel; bulblets yellowish 76. ampeloprasum 118 Umbelwithoutbulbils

121 Stamens much shorter than perianth

122 Perianth purplish or reddish-purple

87. scorodoprasum 122 Perianth white 88. albiflorum 121 Stamens about as long as perianth

123 Margin of upper leaves smooth

77. polyanthum 123 Margin of upper leaves minutely scabrid

124 Leaves 5-40 mm wide; pedicels 10-60 mm

76. ampeloprasum 124 Leaves 3-8 mm wide; pedicels 6-15(-20)

mm

125 Outer tunics densely fibrous; bulblets yellowish 84. baeticum 125 Outer tunics membranous; bulblets blackish-purple 89. pervestitum 112 Stamens exserted, both anthers and lateral cusps usually projecting well beyond the perianth

126 Leavesnot morethan4 mm wide,oftenterete

127 Spathe persistent, 2- to 4-valved

128 Perianth-segments white, with greenish or yellowish mid-vein, smooth or papillose

90. sphaerocephalon 128 Perianth-segments red or blackish-purple, papillose

129 Perianth cylindrical to narrowly ovoid; anthers long-exserted 90. sphaerocephalon 129 Perianth subglobose; anthers scarcely exserted 92. melananthum 127 Spathedeciduous,1 -valved

130 Umbel usually with bulbils; outer perianthsegments narrowly ovate, smooth

95. vineale

130 Umbel without bulbils; outer perianth-

segments narrowly oblong or lanceolate

131 Outer perianth-segments strongly papillose

on mid-vein; inner widest below the

middle

132 Perianth pink; inner segments slightly

narrower than filaments 94. regelianum

132 Perianth whitish; inner segments slightly

wider than filaments 83. talijevii

131 Outer perianth-segments smooth or papil­

lose on mid-vein; inner widest at or above

the middle

133 Inner and outer perianth-segments sub­

equal; basal part of filament less than

twice as long as central cusp 97. guttatum

133 Inner perianth-segments distinctly longer

than the outer

134 Perianth-segments white with green

stripe, the outer papillose on keel;

pedicels 5-15 mm; basal part of fila­

ment 2-3 times as long as central cusp

98. dilatatum

134 Perianth-segments purple, smooth; pedi­

cels 10-25 mm; basal part of filament

equalling or shorter than central cusp

96. amethystinum

126 Leaves more than 4 mm wide

135 Leaves fistular

136 Spathe deciduous, 1-valved; umbel often

apparently 2-tiered with the outer pedicels

short and deflexed and the inner long and

erect; lateral cusps of inner stamens much

longer than the central one 96. amethystinum

136 Spathe persistent, 2-valved; umbel ovoid,

hemispherical or subglobose; lateral

cusps of inner stamens about as long as

the central one

137 Umbel less than 3 cm in diameter, usually

ovoid 90. sphaerocephalon

137 Umbel up to 6-5 cm in diameter, hemi­

spherical 91. proponticum

135 Leaves flat, usually canaliculate

138 Leaf-margin smooth 77. polyanthum

138 Leaf-margin minutely scabrid

139 Outer tunics of bulb becoming reticulately

fibrous; perianth usually dark purple

79. atroviolaceum

139 Outer tunics membranous or coriaceous,

occasionally with parallel fibres; perianth

white, pink, lilac, purple or pale green

140 Outer perianth-segments with some large

tooth-like papillae along the keel, the

lateral surface smooth or with smaller

papillae

141 Basal part of inner stamens 1-1 -5 mm

wide; top of stem bent or coiled before

anthesis 82. pardoi

141 Basal part of inner stamens 1-5-2-5 mm

wide; top of stem erect before anthesis

142 Bulblets usually numerous; outer

perianth-segments mostly widest

about middle 76. ampeloprasum

142 Bulblets few; outer perianth-segments

mostly widest near base 80. bourgeaui

140 Outer perianth-segments without large

papillae on keel

143 Leaves sheathing lower | of stem; upper

leaves much exceeding the stem 83. talijevii

143 Leaves sheathing the lower L 4 of stem;

upper leaves not exceeding the stem

144 Perianth-segments almost smooth, with

sparse, low, ellipsoid papillae

(France) 73. scaberrimum 144 Perianth-segments covered with dense,

uniform, minute papillae circular at

base

145 Outer stamens simple; inner perianth-

segments narrowly oblong

80. bourgeaui

145 Outer stamens often tricuspidate; inner

perianth-segments narrowly obovate

81. commutatum