Marmosops ( Sciophanes ) pinheiroi ( Pine, 1981 )

Marmosops ( Sciophanes) pinheiroi ( Pine, 1981) View in CoL

Marmosa parvidens pinheiroi Pine, 1981: 61 .

Marmosops pinheiroi: Voss et al. 2001: 49 View in CoL (part); name combination.

M [ armosops]. pirenhoi Flores, 2004: 133 (part); incorrect spelling of Marmosops pinheiroi ( Pine, 1981) View in CoL .

[ Marmosops Schiophanes ] pinheiroi: Díaz-Nieto et al. 2016: 928 ; first use of the current name combination.

Holotype. USNM 461459 (original numbers T-391 and L5049) consists of the skin and skull of an adult female collected on 08 May, 1969, by personnel of the Institute Evandro Chagas.

Type locality. Serra do Navio ( 0º59’N, 52º03’W), left bank of the Rio Amapari, state of Amapá, Brazil GoogleMaps .

Geographic distribution. It occurs in the Guiana Shield and east of the Negro River, from southeastern Ven-ezuela to the Amazon River, through Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and the states of Amapá, Roraima and Pará in Brazil ( Figure 5 View FIGURE 5 ).

Amended diagnosis. Dorsal coloration grayish-brown; tail length (LT: 120–167 mm) much longer than head and body length ( HBL: 75–115 mm); ventral coloration ranging from white to cream, with wide lateral bands of gray-based and white-tipped hairs, which usually join on the throat and do not extend to the inner surface of the hind limbs; lacrimal foramina exposed in lateral view; supraoccipital with slightly convex shape in dorsal view; upper third molar (M3) with anterior and posterior portions of the stylar shelf projected labially in the same proportion (in occlusal view); upper molars with preprotocrista and anterolabial cingulum seperated, not forming a continuous shelf along the anterior margin of the tooth crown; metaconule of the upper molars slightly developed; and talonid of the lower fourth molar (m4) usually bicuspid.

Morphological description. Marmosops pinheiroi ( s.s) has a head and body size of 75–115 mm and longer tail (LT: 120–167 mm; Tables 4 View TABLE 4 and 5 View TABLE 5 ); dorsal hairs 6–8 mm long; dorsal fur smooth, grayish-brown, being slightly lighter laterally; rostrum lighter than the top of the head, presenting light brown coloration, with some pale red and gray hairs; mask around the eyes blackish, with conspicuous posterior portion; cheeks with a greater amount of white hairs, but gray-based and white-tipped hairs also present; hands covered dorsally by whitish hairs; tail bicolor, generally grayish brown dorsally (73.8%, n=42); tail scales arranged in a spiral, each with three hairs inserted in the posterior margin; the central hair of the triplet clearly thicker and more pigmented than the lateral ones; venter varying from cream to white, with wide lateral bands of gray-based and white-tipped hairs (except in MPEG 40017, 40027, 40406, 40407, which have slightly narrower lateral bands), usually joining on the throat (74%, n=42) and not extending to the inner surface of the hind limbs (64.3%, n=42); hands with lateral spoon shaped carpal tubercle in adult males.

Craniodentally, Marmosops pinheiroi ( s.s.) exhibits a zygomatic process of the squamosal widely overlapped dorsally by the jugal; lacrimal foramina exposed in lateral view (except in MPEG 39972 and 40025, in which foramina are not exposed); supraorbital margin slightly rounded with non-prominent crest; long nasal bones (ex-tending slightly behind the lacrimal) and wider posteriorly than anteriorly (except in MPEG 2277; MNRJ 70256, 70359, 70362 70730, 70798, whose nasal bones are similarly wide along all extension); supraoccipital with slightly convex shape in dorsal view; paraoccipital process generally long and narrow (77.7%, n=36); tympanic process of alisphenoid with ventral surface usually oval (75.7% n=37); cochlear fenestrae exposed in ventral view (except in MNRJ 70256, 70730); palatine fenestrae absent, but diminutive perforations in the palatine and/or maxillary bones may be present ( MPEG 40002, 40005, 40013, 40017, 40406; MNRJ 70256); upper canines (C1) with anterior and posterior accessory cusps in males and females; upper third molar (M3) with anterior and posterior portions of the stylar shelf projected labially in the same proportion; upper molars with preprotocrista and anterolabial cingulum separated, not forming a continuous shelf along the anterior margin of the tooth crown; metaconule of the upper molars; Figures 7B and C View FIGURE 7 ) undeveloped; lower canine (c1) premolariform, with posterior accessory cusp, subequal (63%, n=35) or slightly higher (37%, n=35) to the first lower premolar (p1); paraconid of the second lower molar (m2) higher than the entoconid of the lower first molar (m1); and talonid of the lower fourth molar (m4) usually bicuspid (61%, n=38).

Geographic variation. We did not observe any geographic variation among samples of M. pinheiroi examined in this report.

Comparisons with M. parvidens and other species of the “Parvidens” group ( Table 6). Comparisons between M. pinheiroi ( s.s.) and M. marina are provided above. Externally, M. pinheiroi ( s.s.) is distinguished from M. parvidens and M. woodalli by exhibiting grayish-brown dorsal color ( Figure 4C View FIGURE 4 ), versus slightly reddish brown in M. parvidens ( Figure 4B View FIGURE 4 ) and usually dark brown in M. woodalli ( Figure 4D View FIGURE 4 ); ventral coloration varying from cream to white ( Figure 4C View FIGURE 4 ), versus cream in M. parvidens ( Figure 4B View FIGURE 4 ) and white in M. woodalli ( Figures 4D View FIGURE 4 ); lateral bands of gray-based hairs wide on the venter, usually joining on the throat and not extending to the inner surface of the hind limbs ( Figure 4C View FIGURE 4 ), versus usually absent in M. parvidens , whose venter is covered with a continuous band of cream colored hairs extending along the inner surface of the anterior and posterior limbs ( Figure 4B View FIGURE 4 ), and narrow and irregularly arranged, joining or not on the throat and/or mid-chest in M. woodalli ( Figure 4D View FIGURE 4 ). Is also differs from M. parvidens by exhibiting conspicuous blackish facial mask around the eyes that extends posteriorly (versus usually inconspicuous; Table 6). Finally, M. pinheiroi ( s.s) has, on average, longer feet ( Tables 4 View TABLE 4 and 5 View TABLE 5 ) and shorter dorsal fur than M. woodalli (6.9 mm in the former versus 7.6 mm in the latter species).

Craniodentally, M. pinheiroi ( s.s.) differs from M. parvidens and M. woodalli by exhibiting lacrimal foramina exposed (versus variably exposed) in lateral view; tympanic process of the alisphenoid with ventral surface usually oval, versus usually globose in M. parvidens and variable in M. woodalli ; and talonid of the lower fourth molar (m4) usually bicuspid (versus usually tricuspid). It also differs from M. parvidens by exhibiting preprotocrista and anterolabial cingulum separated, not forming a continuous shelf on the anterior margin of crown of the upper molars (versus attached, forming a continuous shelf on the anterior margin of crown of the upper molars; Figures 7B and C View FIGURE 7 ); and small accessory cusp between the metaconid and the entoconid of lower molars absent ( Figure 8 View FIGURE 8 A-B). Marmosops pinheiroi (s.s.) can also be discriminated from Marmosops woodalli by exhibiting a slightly convex supraoccipital (versus rounded and markedly convex; Figures 9 View FIGURE 9 A-B); anterior and posterior stylar portions of the M3 projected labially in the same proportion (versus posterior portion more projected labially than anterior portion; Figures 6 View FIGURE 6 A-B).

Habitats and sympatry. Marmosops pinheiroi ( s.s.) extends along Humid Forests of Uatumã-Trombetas and Savannas of Guiana ecoregions ( sensu Olson et al. 2001). The species has been recorded in sympatry with M. parvidens in Floresta Estadual de Faro , on the left bank of the Nhamundá River, state of Pará, Brazil; in Floresta Estadual de Trombetas, Óbidos, Pará, Brazil; in Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil ( Figure 5 View FIGURE 5 ); in Paracou, French Guiana ( Voss et al. 2001; Voss et al. 2013; Díaz-Nieto & Voss 2016); and in Demerara-Mahaica, French Guiana ( Voss et al. 2013; Díaz-Nieto & Voss 2016).

Natural history data. Mammary formula 4–1–4 = 9. Lactating females were recorded in March and April in Parque Nacional Viruá, state of Roraima, Brazil.

Specimens examined (n=69). BRAZIL - Amapá: Macapá, rigth bank of Rio Amapari , 0°2’N, 51°4’W, 1 M ( MPEG 2277 View Materials ) GoogleMaps ; Serra do Navio, Rio Amapari , 0º54’3”N, 52º0’14”W, 1 M, 1 F ( MPEG 15255 View Materials , 15256 View Materials ) GoogleMaps ; Serra do Navio, Rio Amapari , 0°59’N, 52°03’W, 1 F ( USNM 461459 About USNM , photograph of the holotype) GoogleMaps . Pará: Floresta Estadual Faro (Flota Faro), left bank of Rio Nhamundá , 1°16’44”S, 58°2’24”W, 1 F ( MPEG 39972 View Materials ) GoogleMaps ; Parque Estadual de Monte Alegre, Monte Alegre , 2°3’6”S, 54°10’58”W, 1 M ( MPEG 38171 View Materials ) GoogleMaps ; Óbidos, Flota Trombetas , 0°58’0”S, 55°30’60”W, 19 M, 6 F, 2? ( MPEG 40002 View Materials , 40005 View Materials , 40012 View Materials , 40013 View Materials , 40016-40019 View Materials , 40023-40027 View Materials , 40030 View Materials , 40032 View Materials , 40033 View Materials , 40037 View Materials , 40402 View Materials , 40405-40409 View Materials , 40410-40412 View Materials ; MPEG: CN063 ) GoogleMaps ; Oriximiná , 1°45’S, 55°51’W, 1 M, 1 F ( MPEG 39805 View Materials , 39806 View Materials ) GoogleMaps . Roraima: Caracaraí, Parque Nacional Viruá , 01º15’N, 61º9’W, 23 M, 10 F, 2? ( MNRJ 70256 View Materials , 70359 View Materials , 70362 View Materials , 70389 View Materials , 70396 View Materials , 70397 View Materials , 70410 View Materials , 70412 View Materials , 70421 View Materials , 70422 View Materials , 70487 View Materials , 70730 View Materials , 70738 View Materials , 70745 View Materials , 70746 View Materials , 70753 View Materials , 70754 View Materials , 70757 View Materials , 70760 View Materials , 70762 View Materials , 70763 View Materials , 70765 View Materials , 70772 View Materials , 70793-70795 View Materials , 70798 View Materials , 70802 View Materials , 70819 View Materials , 70833 View Materials , 70856 View Materials , 70923 View Materials , 70950 View Materials , 70953 View Materials ) GoogleMaps .