Alycaeinae W.T. Blanford, 1864

Subfamily Alycaeinae W.T. Blanford, 1864

( Fig. 12 View Figure 12 )

Alycaeinae Blanford, 1864: 465 .

Tope genus: Alocaeus Baird, 1850.

Content: Alocaeus Baird, 1850 (type species: Alocaeus eodouxi Venmans, 1956; Fig. 12A View Figure 12 ), Chamalocaeus Möllendorff, 1897 (type species: Alocaeus (Chamalocaeus) fuhstorferi Möllendorff, 1897), Coclorox Godwin-Austen, 1914 (type species: Coclostoma constrictum Benson, 1851 ), Dicharax Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1900 (type species: Alocaeus hebes Benson, 1857 ; Fig. 12D View Figure 12 ), Diorox Benson, 1859 (type species: Alocaeus amphora Benson, 1856; Fig. 12C View Figure 12 ), Metalocaeus Pilsbry, 1900 (type species: Alocaeus (Metalocaeus) melanopoma Pilsbry, 1900, Fig. 12E View Figure 12 ), Pincerna Preston, 1907 (type species: Pincerna liratula Preston, 1907 ), and Stomacosmethis Bollinger, 1918 (type species: Alocaeus (Stomacosmethis) sarasinorum Bollinger, 1918 ). Currently contains 349 extant species (Páll-Gergely et al. 2020, 2021, Jirapatrasilp et al. 2021, MolluscaBase 2024).

Diagnosis: External tube present (visible along the suture externally), microtunnels few (four or five) to many (>50), long, running from umbilicus to sutural tube; tube and microtunnels rise only in subadults (do not extend beyond the last half whorl), entirely absent in juveniles.

Distribution: Western India through the Himalaya to Japan in the east, Korea in the north, and Indonesia to the south ( van Benthem Juting 1948, 1959, Azuma 1982, Minato 1988, Páll-Gergely et al. 2020, 2021, Jirapatrasilp et al. 2021) ( Fig. 11 View Figure 11 ).

Remarks: We do not list below the included genera, because the genus-level classification of the Alycaeinae was published recently (Páll-Gergely et al. 2020). Te only change at the genus level compared with the paper by Páll-Gergely et al. (2020) is that Coclorox has been treated as a synonym of Pincerna following Páll-Gergely (2017), while it is currently accepted as a valid genus (see Gitenberger et al. 2022, Páll-Gergely et al. 2023). In fact, Gitenberger et al. (2022) referred to the unpublished molecular phylogeny published in the present study. However, when we gave information to Edmund Gitenberger, we considered Stomacosmethis balingensis (Tomlin, 1948) (Tomlin, 1948) (Tomlin, 1948)(Tomlin, 1948)(Tomlin, 1948)(Tomlin, 1948) (Tomlin, 1948)(Tomlin, 1948)(Tomlin, 1948) a Pincerna species based on shell shape. However, in the present molecular phylogeny no true Pincerna are represented; therefore, we cannot confirm that Coclorox and Pincerna and phylogenetically distinct. Nevertheless, it seems likely that while Coclorox is closely related to Alocaeus and Diorox, Pincerna is a relative of Stomacosmethis . Tus, we maintain Coclorox as a valid genus, but this question has to be addressed by future molecular studies.