Stethorrhagus Simon, 1896

Genus Stethorrhagus Simon, 1896 View in CoL

Stethorrhagus Simon, 1896: 421 View in CoL .

Stethorrhagus View in CoL – Simon 1898: 200, figs 198–199, 202 ( type species by subsequent designation, S. limbatus Simon, 1896 View in CoL ). — Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: 34. — Bonaldo 2000: 125.

Diagnosis

Stethorrhagus shares with Parachemmis and Tupirinna a pair of anterolateral sternal excavations in both sexes and a ventral tibial apophysis (VTA) in the male palp ( Figs 1C–F View Fig , 5C View Fig , 8D–E View Fig , 13B View Fig , 14A View Fig , 16C View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 1c, 6c, 9b, 15a; Bonaldo 2000: figs 25–26, 116–118, 335, 344; Xavier & Bonaldo 2021: figs 8a, 21a, 22g). They differ from both Parachemmis and Tupirinna by the male palpal embolus with a bifid tip, with the ejaculatory duct opening on the bifurcation ( Figs 14A View Fig , 17A View Fig , 20A View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 5c–d, 6a) (embolus tip entire in Parachemmis and Tupirinna ; Bonaldo 2000: figs 325–326, 328; Xavier & Bonaldo 2021: figs 8a–c, 20b–c). Females of Stethorrhagus further differ from Parachemmis by the single copulatory opening leading to a single copulatory duct that branches posteriorly ( Figs 2C–D View Fig , 4C–D View Fig , 6C–D View Fig , 19C–D View Fig , 25C–D View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 10f–g, 11c–d, 18a–b, 19c–d) (two separated epigynal copulatory openings that lead to long, wide copulatory ducts in Parachemmis – Bonaldo 2000: figs 333–334, 337–338) and from Tupirinna by the faint carapace color pattern, without the contrasting longitudinal median stripe ( Figs 1A View Fig , 2A View Fig , 5A View Fig , 6A View Fig , 9A View Fig , 12A View Fig ).

Description

See Bonaldo & Brescovit (1994: 34).

Composition

Stethorrhagus archangelus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 , S. bradypus sp. nov., S. callithrix sp. nov., S. canis sp. nov., S. chalybeius (L. Koch, 1866) , S. duidae Gertsch, 1942 , S. felis sp. nov., S. hyula Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 , S. latoma Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 , S. limbatus Simon, 1896 , S. loxodonta sp. nov., S. lupulus Simon, 1896 , S. maculatus (L. Koch, 1866) , S. mandrillus sp. nov., S. naja sp. nov., S. nigrinus ( Berland, 1913) , S. ovis sp. nov., S. oxossi Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 , S. papilio sp. nov., S. peckorum Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 , S. penai Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 , S. planada Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 , S. roraimae Gertsch, 1942 , S. sciurus sp. nov., S. sylvilagus sp. nov., S. tremarctos sp. nov., S. tridentatus Caporiacco, 1955 .

Distribution

Neotropical region ( Fig. 48 View Fig ).

Key to species of Stethorrhagus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 View in CoL (adapted from Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994)

1. Males (those of S. roraimae View in CoL , S. maculatus View in CoL , S. nigrinus View in CoL , S. canis sp. nov., S. papilio sp. nov. and S. sciurus sp. nov. unknown) ............................................................................................................ 2

– Females (those of S. duidae View in CoL , S. latoma View in CoL , S. peckorum View in CoL and S. penai Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 View in CoL , unknown) ........................................................................................................................................ 22

2. Sternal excavations shallow, without delimited internal margin ( Figs 1B View Fig , 2B View Fig , 3B View Fig , 4B View Fig , 7D View Fig , 8B View Fig ) .... 3

– Sternal excavations deep, with delimited internal margin ( Figs 9B View Fig , 12C–D View Fig , 15C–D View Fig , 22B View Fig , 24C–D View Fig ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 8

3. Tibial dorsal apophysis (DTA) present; embolus insertion prolateral ( Figs 1E–F View Fig , 3E–F View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 10b, 13b) .......................................................................................................... 4

– DTA absent; embolus insertion medial ( Fig. 8D View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 14b, 22b) ......... 7

4. Sub-embolic prolateral process (SePP) shoulder-like, blunt, developed prolaterally ( Figs 1C–D View Fig , 3C–D View Fig ) ............................................................................................................................................... 5

– SePP reduced to a small projection ( Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 12a, 13a) .............................. 6

5. DTA large and rounded; ventral lobe of RTA with an intermediate process between ventral process of ventral lobe of RTA (vVL) and dorsal process of ventral lobe of RTA (dVL) ( Fig. 1E–F View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 10b) .............................................................................. S. lupulus Simon, 1896 View in CoL

– DTA small, represented by a shallow excavation; intermediate process between vVL and dVL absent ( Fig. 3E–F View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 11b) ................... S. oxossi Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 View in CoL

6. TP1 relatively small in relation to embolus, directed prolaterally, not covering embolar base ( Fig. 5D– E View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 12b) ........................ S. archangelus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 View in CoL

– TP1 large in relation to embolus, directed apically, covering embolar base ( Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 13a) ......................................................................... S. latoma Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 View in CoL

7. Tibia with apical spur ( AS) long, with wide base, inserted ventrally on tibial surface; embolus widened, flat and triangular, with reduced apical prongs ( Fig. 7E–F View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 22a–b) .......................................................................... S. peckorum Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 View in CoL

– Tibia with AS short, inserted apically on vVL; embolus filiform, with long apical prongs ( Fig. 8C–F View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 14a–b) ........................................... S. tridentatus Caporiacco, 1955 View in CoL

8. Ventral lobe of RTA composed only of vVL ( Fig. 10C–D View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 9a–c) ..... ......................................................................................................................... S. limbatus Simon, 1896 View in CoL

– Ventral lobe of RTA bifid, composed of vVL and dVL ( Figs 13B View Fig , 14B View Fig , 29A–B View Fig , 30A–B View Fig , 32A–B View Fig , 33A–B View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 15c) .................................................................................. 9

9. Dorsal lobe of RTA wide, triangular; SePP and TP1 absent ( Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 15c) ..... ...................................................................................................... S. penai Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 View in CoL

– Dorsal lobe of RTA finger-shaped or absent; SePP and/or TP1 present ( Figs 14A–B View Fig , 30A–B View Fig , 33B View Fig ) ......................................................................................................................................................... 10

10. dVL not protruding, represented by a slight elevation continuous to vVL ( Figs 13B View Fig , 14B View Fig ) ...........11

– dVL protruding ( Figs 29B View Fig , 33B View Fig , 35C View Fig ) ............................................................................................ 16

11. dVL glabrous; AS large, laminar, shifted dorsally ( Figs 14A–B View Fig , 17A–B View Fig ) ..................................... 12

– dVL covered by long, thick modified hairs; AS indistinguishable from vVL ( Figs 19B View Fig , 20B View Fig , 22E View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 17b, 19b) ..................................................................................... 13

12. AS triangular in retrolateral view; embolus inserted between SePP and a Sub-embolic retrolateral process (SeRP) ( Figs 13A–B View Fig , 14A–B View Fig ) ............................................................ S. tremarctos sp. nov.

– AS diamond-shaped in retrolateral view; SeRP absent ( Figs 16A–C View Fig , 17A–B View Fig ) .................................. .......................................................................................................................... S. mandrillus sp. nov.

13. SePP and embolus geminated at base; embolus short ( Figs 19A View Fig , 20A View Fig ) ........... S. loxodonta sp. nov.

– SePP and embolus separated at base ( Figs 21C View Fig , 22C View Fig , 25A View Fig , 26A View Fig , 22C View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 19a) ........................................................................................................................................... 14

14. TP1 represented by a wide, serrated keel ( Figs 21C–D View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: Fig. 17b View Fig ) ........ ............................................................................................... S. planada Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– TP1 tooth-like ( Figs 22C View Fig , 25A View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 17a, 19a) .................................. 15

15. TP1 curved, pointing prolaterally ( Fig. 22C–E View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 19a) ...................... ................................................................................................... S. hyula Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– TP1 straight, pointing apically ( Figs 25A–B View Fig , 26A View Fig ) ........................................... S. sylvilagus sp. nov.

16. vVL and dVL glabrous, without thick modified hairs ( Figs 27C–D View Fig , 29A–B View Fig , 30A–B View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: Fig. 20b View Fig ) ............................................................................................................... 17

– vVL with thick modified hairs ( Figs 32B View Fig , 35C View Fig ) ............................................................................. 18

17. vVL longer than dVL, bifid in the distal third; embolus wide-based, with reduced apical prongs ( Fig. 27C–D View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 20a–b) .................................. S. duidae Gertsch, 1942

– vVL slightly shorter than dVL, entire; embolus narrow-based, with well-developed apical prongs ( Figs 29A–B View Fig , 30A–B View Fig ) ................................................................................................. S. ovis sp. nov.

18. Thick modified hairs present in both vVL and dVL ( Figs 32B View Fig , 35B–C View Fig , 36B View Fig , 39C View Fig ) ...................... 19

– Thick modified hairs present only in vVL; dVL glabrous ( Figs 41B View Fig , 42C View Fig ) ................................... 21

19. SePP with pointed tip directed retrolaterally ( Figs 32A View Fig , 33A View Fig ) ........................... S. callithrix sp. nov.

– SePP with blunt tip directed apically ( Figs 35B View Fig , 38A–C View Fig ) .............................................................. 20

20. RTA with dorsal lobe (DL); tegulum with TP1 ( Figs 35B View Fig , 36A–B View Fig ) ........................... S. felis sp. nov.

– Both DL and TP1 absent ( Figs 38A–C View Fig , 39A–C View Fig ) ................................................ S. bradypus sp. nov.

21. SePP finger-shaped as long as the embolus, tip blunt ( Figs 41A–C View Fig , 42A–C View Fig ) ............ S. naja sp. nov.

– SePP comma-shaped smaller than embolus, tip pointed ( Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 16a) ........ ............................................................................................................. S. chalybeius (L. Koch, 1866)

22. Sternal excavations shallow, without delimited internal margin .................................................... 23

– Sternal excavations deep, with delimited internal margin .............................................................. 26

23. Ventral epigynal median plate (VEP) absent; dorsal plate with an accentuated V-shaped notch ( Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 14d–e) .......................................... S. tridentatus Caporiacco, 1955

– VEP present; dorsal plate without V-shaped notch ......................................................................... 24

24. Copulatory opening (CO) circular; median plate not invaginated medially ( Fig. 6C View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 12d) ............................................... S. archangelus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– CO otherwise; median plate invaginated medially ( Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 10f, 11c) .... 25

25. CO V-shaped, with a clearly delimited anterior margin ( Fig. 2C View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 10f) .................................................................................. S. lupulus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– CO U-shaped, without a clearly delimited anterior margin ( Fig. 4C View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 11c) .................................................................................... S. oxossi Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

26. CO a large transverse excavation (nearly four times wider than long) ( Fig. 11C, E View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 9d) ............................................................................... S. limbatus Simon, 1896

– Copulatory opening circular or a small transverse excavation (nearly as long as wide) ( Figs 25C View Fig , 41D View Fig ) ................................................................................................................................................ 27

27. CO disposed anteriorly in relation to spermathecae ( Figs 25C View Fig , 38D View Fig , 41D View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 18a, 19a, 21b, 23a) ................................................................................................................... 28

– CO disposed posteriorly in relation to spermathecae ( Figs 16D View Fig , 19D View Fig , 29C View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 16d) ................................................................................................................................. 37

28. VEP present ( Figs 38D View Fig , 41D View Fig ) ......................................................................................................... 29

– VEP absent ( Figs 23C View Fig , 44C View Fig ) ........................................................................................................... 34

29. CO with straight posterior margin ( Figs 38D View Fig , 41D View Fig ) ....................................................................... 30

– CO with U-shaped posterior margin ( Figs 25C View Fig , 32C View Fig ) .................................................................... 31

30. VEP placed medially on epigynal plate; primary spermathecae (SI) extended anteriorly, with long fertilization ducts inserted on the SI’s extension, beyond CO level ( Figs 38D–E View Fig , 39D–E View Fig ) ............... ............................................................................................................................. S. bradypus sp. nov.

– VEP placed posteriorly on epigynal plate; primary spermathecae (SI) not extended anteriorly, below CO level ( Figs 41D–E View Fig , 42D–E View Fig ) .................................................................................. S. naja sp. nov.

31. VEP sub-rectangular, placed medially on epigynal plate ( Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 18a) ....... ............................................................................................... S. planada Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– VEP gently procurved, placed posteriorly on epigynal plate ( Figs 25C View Fig , 32C View Fig , 43C, E View Fig ) ................. 32

32. Copulatory duct (CD) long (from CO to posterior margin of VEP, more than six times as long as CO width) ( Figs 32C–D View Fig , 33C–D View Fig ) ............................................................................. S. callithrix sp. nov.

– CD short (from CO to posterior margin of VEP, less than four times as long as CO width) ( Figs 25C View Fig , 43C, E View Fig ) ............................................................................................................................................ 33

33. Area between the posterior margin of VEP and the posterior margin of epigynal ventral plate bulging ( Figs 25C View Fig , 26C View Fig ) ................................................................................................. S. sylvilagus sp. nov.

– Area between the posterior margin of VEP and the posterior margin of epigynal ventral plate depressed ( Fig. 43C, E View Fig ) ......................................................................................... S. sciurus sp. nov.

34. Epigynal plate with a posterior median half-moon-shaped sclerotization ( Fig. 23C View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 19c) ........................................................... S. hyula Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994

– Epigynal plate without such a sclerotization ( Figs 45C–F View Fig ; 44C–F View Fig , 11C View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 21b, 23a) .................................................................................................................................. 35

35. CO small (width nearly 12 times smaller than the distance between CO and posterior margin of epigynal plate) ( Fig 7C View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 23a) ................. S. roraimae Gertsch, 1942

– CO large (width four times smaller than the distance between CO and posterior margin of epigynal plate) ( Figs 44C View Fig , 45C–F View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 21b) ..................................................... 36

36. CO with posterior border sinuous; CD’s dorsal reinforcement rods not surpassing CO anteriorly ( Fig. 44C–D View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 21b) ............................... S. nigrinus ( Berland, 1913)

– CO with posterior border straight; CD’s dorsal reinforcement rods surpassing CO anteriorly ( Fig. 45C–F View Fig ) ........................................................................................................... S. papilio sp. nov.

37. CO circular or sub-circular ( Figs 17D View Fig , 20C View Fig ) .................................................................................. 38

– CO slit-shaped ( Figs 29C View Fig , 47C, E View Fig ) ................................................................................................. 42

38. CO with anterior margin delimited by a protruding lip ( Figs 16D View Fig , 17C View Fig ; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 16d) ........................................................................................................................................... 39

– CO with anterior margin not delimited, depressed ( Figs 13D View Fig , 19D View Fig , 46C View Fig ) ..................................... 40

39. Lip divided into two humps ( Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 16d) ... S. chalybeius (L. Koch, 1866)

– Lip entire ( Figs 16D View Fig , 17C View Fig ) ............................................................................... S. mandrillus sp. nov.

40. Depression anterior to CO deep, quadrangular ( Figs 13D View Fig , 14C View Fig ) .................... S. tremarctos sp. nov.

– Depression anterior to CO shallow, sub-triangular ......................................................................... 41

41. VEP lateral margins straight, diverging anteriorly ( Fig. 46C View Fig ) ............ S. maculatus (L. Koch, 1866)

– VEP lateral margins curved, converging anteriorly ( Figs 19D View Fig , 20C View Fig ) ............... S. loxodonta sp. nov.

42. CO large (as wide as the distance between CO and posterior margin of epigynal plate), placed on the posterior half of the epigynal plate ( Fig. 47C, E View Fig ) ..................................................... S. canis sp. nov.

– CO small (width five times smaller than the distance between CO and posterior margin of epigynal plate), placed on the anterior half of the epigynal plate ( Figs 29C View Fig , 36C View Fig ) ....................................... 43

43. VEP posterior margin nearly straight ( Figs 29C View Fig , 30C View Fig ) ............................................... S. ovis sp. nov.

– VEP posterior margin procurved ( Figs 35D View Fig , 36C View Fig ) ..................................................... S. felis sp. nov.