Filograninae Rioja, 1923 sensu Kupriyanova et al., 2023

Subfamily Filograninae Rioja, 1923 sensu Kupriyanova et al., 2023

Subfamily diagnosis. Tube not spirally coiled; body symmetrical; thoracic sickle ( Apomatus ) chaetae present; abdominal chaetae flat geniculate.

Remarks. The subfamily Filograninae was proposed by Rioja (1923: 107) who stated that presence of pinnules on the opercular peduncle “indicates that the species included in this subfamily are very primitive, …, corroborated by a hardly developed operculum”. However, molecular phylogenetic studies (e.g., Kupriyanova et al., 2006; Lehrke et al., 2007; Kupriyanova et al., 2023) found that both traditional subfamilies Serpulinae and Filograninae were not monophyletic, so Kupriyanova et al. (2023) re-classified and re-formulated the sub-family diagnoses and based these on chaetal structures.