Bischofia javanica

Bischofia javanica View in CoL Blume ― Fig. 1 View Fig ; Map 1 View Map 1

Bischofia javanica View in CoL Blume (1826 –1827) 1168;Hassk.(1844) 250 (‘ Bischoffia ’); Decne. (1844) 153; Miq. (1859) 363; Müll.Arg. (1866) 478 (‘ Bischoffia ’); Bedd. (1872) pl. 259 (‘ Bischoffia ’); Brandis (1874) 446 (‘ Bischoffia ’); Kurz (1877) 355 (‘ Bischoffia ’); Gamble (1881) 355 (‘ Bischoffia ’); Hook.f. (1887) 345; J.J.Sm. (1910) 291; Pax & K.Hoffm. (1922) 313, f. 26 (‘ Bischoffia ’); Gagnep.(1927) 542, f. 66: 15-18;f. 67: 6-10;Hurus.(1954) 339 (‘ Bischoffia ’); Backer & Bakh.f. (1963) 474;A.C.Sm. (1981) 495; Radcl.-Sm. (1987) 54, f. 7; Welzen (2005) 124, f. 26, pl. V: 2; (2007) 610, f. 1; P.T.Li (Li BT) & M.G.Gilbert (2008) 217. ― Bischofia javanica Blume var. genuina Müll. Arg. (1866) View in CoL 478 (‘ Bischoffia ’), nom. illeg. ― Lectotype (designated here): Anonymous (Blume) s.n., s.d. (L, L0448126), Java.

Andrachne trifoliata Roxb. (1832) View in CoL 728. ― Stylodiscus trifoliatus (Roxb.) Benn. (1840) View in CoL 133, t. 29. ― Bischofia trifoliata (Roxb.) Hook. (1852) View in CoL t. 844. ― Bischofia javanica Blume var. lanceolata Müll.Arg.(1866) View in CoL 479 (‘ Bischoffia ’). — Lectotype (designated here): Roxburgh plate 1698 (CAL), India (see note).

Microelus roeperianus Wight & Arn. (1833) 298; Wight (1852) t. 1880. ― Bischofia roeperiana (Wight & Arn.) Decne. (1844) 153; Baill. (1858) 595, pl. 26, f. 25-32 (‘ Bischoffia ’). ― Lectotype (designated here, following Hooker 1887): R. Wight 941 (E, E00179541; iso BR, E 4 sheets, G-DC, K 2 sheets), Peninsula Ind. orientalis.

Bischofia oblongifolia Decne. (1844) 152, t. 153 (in text ‘tab. 154’). ― Bischofia javanica Blume var. oblongifolia (Decne.) Müll.Arg. (1866) 479 (‘ Bischoffia ’). ― Type: Not indicated.

Bischofia toui Decne. (1844) 153. ― Bischofia javanica Blume var. toui (Decne.) Müll.Arg. (1866) 478 (‘ Bischoffia ’). ― Type: Not indicated.

[ Andrachne apetala Roxb. ex Wall. (1847) 7956A, nom. inval., nom. nud.]

Bischofia leptopoda Müll.Arg. (1866) 479 (‘ Bischoffia ’). ― Type: Herbarium of the U.S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Wilkes s.n. ’ 1865 (holo G-DC), Tonga.

Phyllanthus? gymnanthus Baill. (1862) 240 ― Type: Vieillard 1162 (P), New Caledonia, Kanala .

Tree up to 40 m high, dbh up to 2 m; buttresses often present, up to 0.5 m high, 1.5 cm out. Outer bark thin, up to 3 mm thick, slightly cracked to usually flaking with fibrous, thin strips (like Eucalyptus ) or scaling, pale reddish to usually dark brown to grey-brown; inner bark up to 1 cm thick, red-brown to pink to light reddish to cream inside, soft; exudate red; sapwood white to light red, soft to hard; heartwood dark beefy red. Stipules c. 5 by 1.7 mm. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 5.5–17.5 cm long, petiolules up to 6.5 cm long, especially central one longer; leaflets mainly elliptic, 5–18 by 2.5–10 cm, length/width ratio 1.4–2.3, coriaceous when mature; base cuneate, occasionally with two glandular teeth at point of petiole insertion on upper surface, apex acuminate (to cuspidate), upper surface dark green, lower surface light green; nerves in 7–8 pairs. Inflorescences up to 32 cm long in fruit, branching often tomentose, glabrescent; bracts ovate, those to branches c. 4.3 by 1.8 mm, those to flowers 0.8 -2.6 by 0.3 -1.3 mm. Staminate flowers c. 2.5 mm diam; red in bud, yellowish when open; pedicel c. 2.6 mm long; sepals ovate to almost circular, 1.2 - 2 by 0.6 - 1.1 mm, light green, apex rounded, slightly hairy; torus c. 0.5 mm high; filaments 0.5–0.6 mm long, light green, anthers c. 1 by 0.8 mm, yellow-green to light yellow. Pistillate flowers quickly developing into fruits; pedicel in fruit up to 11 mm long; sepals ovate, 2.1–4 by 0.8–1 mm, apex acute; staminodes up to c. 0.5 mm high; ovary green; style c. 0.7 mm long, stigmas 4.5–5 mm long, whitish. Fruits dry 8–10 by 7–10 mm, wrinkled, dark red to brown. Seeds 4.2- 4.8 by 3.2 -3.4 by 2.5- 3 mm, brown.

Distribution ― India ( Assam, Kerala), Nepal, Bangladesh, China ( Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong), Taiwan, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, the Moluccas, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, E Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Cook Islands. Note the absence in Cambodia.

Habitat & Ecology ― A pioneer species that occurs in many different, generally open habitats in primary wet evergreen to dry evergreen to deciduous to disturbed forest,beach forest, secondary montane forest, riparian forest, savannah, degraded scrub forest, thickets, village commons, fields; usually in wetter places, often along streams, mangrove edge, forest margins, roads; soils: on (peaty) sand, loam, clay, clay-loam, limestone, rock, coral reef, ultramafic. Altitude: sea level up to 1500(-2350) m. Flowering: March till May, November; fruiting: throughout the year. Fruits eaten by Oriolus birds, an invasive species in the Bonin Islands.

Vernacular names ― Sumatra: Bintoeng, Bintoengan, Geroendjing, Gradjing, Kajoe sikkam, Kalek oeba, Kroendjing, Ma- dangbienoengan; Kerindjing (Malay); Sikam (Timor); Singkam (Toba); Tingkem, Tjikam, Tjingham, Tjingkam, Tjinkam (Karo). Java: Gadok (Sundanese); Gendungan, Genlungan, Gi(e) ntoeng, Gintoengan. Borneo: Kalimantan: Bato (Dayak); Betoh; Sabah: Bongkoi; Kapas-kapas (Dusun-Kinabatangan); Tungou (Dusun); Sarawak: Buah jelintik, Merbak (Iban); Bual tu-arur (Kelabit). Philippines:Alimunos (East Cagayan); Guilon; Tuwod, Tuwol an aguyae (Ifugao). Sulawesi: Boeroenga, Kayawoe; Marintek (Tontembuan); Mau hal (Bunaq); Peti mati. Lesser Sunda Islands: Alor: Atait; Bali: Gintoengan; Flores: H. uwu, Na; Sumba: Memala ( Wuijewa); Ternate: Simamo; Timor: Wat- toeng. New Guinea: Papua ( Indonesia): Dafoa ( Itik & Mander); Defer ( Berik); Goe ( Karoon); Guddie ( Kemtoek); Poem ( Dani); Oewem, Wala ( Mooi); Rikreu ( Nemo); Senteroraar, Sentoroar, Sentroari, Toroep ( Kebar); Sebie, Serbie, Siesemo ( Manikiong); Papua New Guinea: Gugul ( Utu); Gwek ( Bembi); Keme (Ku- man); Kena ( Kopiago); Marramar ( Miniafia, Utukap dial.); Morwar ( Kaigorin); Nangum ( Madang); Ruru ( Wanigela); Simi ( Rawa); Unai ( Jal); Ur ( Onjob, Koreaf dial.) .

Uses ― Medicinal use in China ( Hainan); fruits eaten in Borneo ( Sarawak); wood used for firewood in New Guinea and for fencing (poles easily sprout!) in the Solomon Islands; in the latter and in Tonga the squeezed bark or the latex is used with charcoal as a brown or black dye and for tanning strings and fishing nets in New Guinea. In Tonga the stem is used for handicrafts.

Note ― Forman (1997) does not list Andrachne trifoliata (or any of the synonyms) in his list of possible Roxburgh type specimens or drawings. Specimens in Kew showing the name A. trifoliata have no original Roxburgh handwriting and one of them can at best be a neotype. Sanjappa et al. (1994) provide a list of Roxburgh drawings present in CAL. In their table 1 (titled ‘plates absent in Kew’) no. 1698 is a plate of A. trifoliata . Forman (1997) states that most of the plates absent in Kew do not depict Roxburgh species, except those listed by him; unfortunately he missed A. trifoliata .