Saldula pallipes ( Fabricius, 1794 )

Saldula pallipes ( Fabricius, 1794) View in CoL

( Figs 12 View FIGURE 12 , 22 View FIGURES 20–24 , 28 View FIGURES 25–30 )

Acanthia pallipes Fabricius, 1794: 71 .

Saldula pallipes View in CoL : Van Duzee (1916: 50); Kiritshenko, 1951: 96; Cobben, 1960: 260; Chen & Zheng, 1987: 396; Vinokurov, 1988: 755; Péricart, 1990: 183; Chen & Lindskog, 1994: 408; Lindskog, 1995: 131; Vinokurov et al., 2012: 59; Vinokurov & Kment, 2015: 378 View Cited Treatment ; Vinokurov et al., 2018: 135.

Chinese common name. Ḟãø.

Material examined. CHINA: Heilongjiang: 3 males, 3 females, Shangzhi city, Wujimi village, 45.2324°N, 127.8333°E, 231 m, 16 August 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); Jilin: 3 males, 1 female, Yanbian Prefecture, Tumen city, Riqing county, Jieman village, 42.8988°N, 129.8029°E, 167 m, 13 August 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 2 males, Baishan city, Changbai county, Malugou town, Shuangshantou, 41.5138°N, 128.1381°E, 829 m, 9 August 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 1 male, 2 females, Baishan city, Changbai county, Wangtian’e Mountain, 41.4888°N, 127.9434°E, 682 m, 9 August 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 1 male, 3 females, Baishan city, Jiangyuan distinct, Dayangcha county, Houhuluhe River, 42.0584°N, 126.6724°E, 605 m, 8 August 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM). Liaoning: 1 male, Dalian city, Wafangdian county, Dongfeng Reservoir, 39.7725°N, 121.9178°E, 18 m, 4 August 2017, Xudong Yuan leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 1 female, Dandong city, Kuandian county, 40.9986°N, 125.1703°E, 222 m, 9 July 2016, Juanjuan Yuan leg. (NKUM); 1 male, Fushun city, Xinbin county, Guishihadagou, 41.7967°N, 124.6041°E, 252 m, 7 August 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM). Hebei: 1 male, Baoding city, Laiyuan county, Sunjiaquan village, 39.3993°N, 114.9213°E, 656 m, 21 September 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM). Inner Mongolia: 3 males, 3 females, Ordos, Zhunge’er Banner, Xuejiawan county, 39.8530°N, 111.2432°E, 1097 m, 21 July 2023, Huanyu Chen leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 3 females, Wulanchabu city, Lamadongwan, 41.1393°N, 112.2920°E, 1425 m, 11 July 2023, Yuqi Zai leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 3 females, Huolinguole city, Huolinguole Wetland Park, 45.5346°N, 119.6770°E, 821 m, 10 July 2021, Zhen Ye leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 2 females, Ningcheng county, Huluyu Scenic Spots, 41.8138°N, 118.7568°E, 1017 m, 3 August 2021, Zhen Ye leg. (NKUM). Shandong: 1 male, 1 female, Yantai city, Kunyushan Natural Reserve, 37.2748°N, 121.7624°E, 121 m, 4 August 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 1 male, 3 females, Yantai city, Zhaoyuan county, Luoshan Mountain, 30 July 2007, Qiang Xie leg. (NKUM). Gansu: 1 male, 3 females, Zhangye city, Shandan county, X590 county road, 38.3979°N, 101.1556°E, 2321 m, 6 July 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 2 males, 2 females, Lanzhou city, Qinwangchuan National Wetland Park, 36.4642°N, 103.6558°E, 1887 m, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM). Xinjiang: 3 males, 2 females, Tacheng Prefecture, Emin county, G219 National Highway, 46.9104°N, 84.4075°E, 1227 m, 22 July 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 3 females, Tacheng Prefecture, Tacheng city, S211 Province Road, 46.8970°N, 82.9592°E, 742 m, 21 July 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 3 females, G217 National Highway, Bayinbuluke Grasslands, 42.8756°N, 83.7229°E, 2461 m, 17 July 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 3 females, Altai Prefecture, Altai city, Dadonggou, 47.9510°N, 88.1026°E, 1042 m, 25 July 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 3 females, Altai Prefecture, Fuyun county, 46.9542°N, 89.5384°E, 761 m, 26 July 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 1 male, 2 females, Altai Prefecture, Altai city, Baiqu village, 47.7738°N, 88.0705°E, 735 m, 24 July 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 3 females, Ili Prefecture, Xinyuan county, S315 Province Road, 43.7371°N, 83.3146°E, 1527 m, 17 July 2023, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 1 male, 1 female, Kashi Prefecture, Aketao county, 19 July 2002, YunLing Ke leg. (NKUM). Shanxi: 2 males, 3 females, Lüliang county, Pangquangou Nature Reserve, 37.8382°N, 111.4805°E, 1713 m, 16 July 2023, Beichen Zhang leg. (NKUM). Hubei: 1 male, 1 female, Huanggang city, Yingshan county, Jiangjiafan village, 30.9098°N, 115.7853°E, 146 m, 13 July 2021, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 3 females, Huanggang city, Yingshan county, Bisheng Canyon, 30.9792°N, 115.9441°E, 356 m, 13 July 2022, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM). Sichuan: 2 males, 3 females, Aba Prefecture, Xiaojin county, Jiesi village, 31.3117°N, 102.6965°E, 3812 m, 25 July 2024, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); Yunnan: 2 males, 2 females, Xianggelila county, Napahai Nature Reserve, 15 May 2011, Zhen Ye leg. (NKUM); Xizang: 3 males, 3 females, Changdu city, Basu county, Jida village, 29.8892°N, 96.6812°E, 3878 m, 31 July 2024, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM); 3 males, 2 females, Changdu city, Mangkang county, Rumei town, 29.7014°N, 98.4047°E, 3280 m, 30 July 2024, Zihe Li leg. (NKUM).

Dignosis. Body oblong, dorsum with dense, short pubescence ( Fig. 12a View FIGURE 12 ). Head short and wide, antennomere II mainly blackish, with yellowish apex, length of antennomere II longer than antennomeres III+IV; mandibular plates black, transverse swelling, maxillary plates and anteclypeus yellowish, labiomeres III+IV mainly black to blackish-brown, preocellar spots nearly circular. Pronotum short and wide, lateral margin shallowly convex; hemelytra with distinct variation, corium mainly dull yellowish-white in pale individuals, basal part of corium black, lateral margin of exocorium with two black spots, dark individuals with complex black-white pigmentation ( Fig. 12b–f View FIGURE 12 ); legs mainly yellowish, femora with dark stripe on ventral side and dark spots on lateral side, dorsal side of foretibia and middle tibia with complete black stripe, apical half of tarsomere III of each leg infuscate. Male parameres with long setae on dorsal side, posterior side of processus sensualis with a tooth-like edge or process, processus sensualis with a row of relatively long setae ( Fig. 12g –i View FIGURE 12 ); parandria with blunt apex, inner half with weaker sclerotization ( Fig. 12j View FIGURE 12 ); median endosomal sclerite distinctly slender, U-shape. Female subgenital plate nearly triangular, with a blunt apex, apical half pale.

Comparative notes. Saldula pallipes is closely related to S. palustris ( Douglas, 1874) , and these two species are difficult to distinguish based on appearance alone. However, they differ in the male genitalia. The paramere of S. pallipes has relatively long setae on the processus sensualis ( Fig. 12g, i View FIGURE 12 ), whereas the setae in the same position on S. palustris are relatively short ( Fig. 13f, h View FIGURE 13 ). Additionally, the paramere of S. pallipes features a tooth-like process on the lateral side of the processus sensualis ( Fig. 12h View FIGURE 12 ), whereas that of S. palustris is smooth ( Fig. 13g View FIGURE 13 ). The parandria of S. pallipes exhibit weaker sclerotization on the inner side ( Fig. 12j View FIGURE 12 ), whereas the parandria of S. palustris are almost uniformly sclerotized ( Fig. 13i View FIGURE 13 ). Beyond these morphological differences, S. pallipes and S. palustris appear to occupy distinct ecological niches, despite some overlap in their geographical distributions (i.e., authors’ observations and distributional data from China confirmed that S. pallipes prefers semi-humid regions, whereas S. palustris prefers semi-arid regions). S. pallipes is also similar to S. arenicola arenicola , (for comparative notes between these two species,see under S. arenicola arenicola ).

Habitats. This species demonstrates a preference for semi-humid regions within the country but exhibits adaptability by also inhabiting semi-arid areas, thereby occupying multiple habitats ( Figs 22 View FIGURES 20–24 , 28 View FIGURES 25–30 ).

Distribution in China. Saldula pallipes is one of the most common and wide-distribute species in China, including Heilongjiang ( Chen & Lindskog 1994, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Jilin ( Chen & Lindskog 1994, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Liaoning ( Chen & Lindskog 1994, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Hebei ( Drake & Maa 1954, Chen & Lindskog 1994, Liu & Bu 2009, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Tianjin ( Chen & Lindskog 1994, Liu & Bu 2009), Shandong ( Chen & Lindskog 1994, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Gansu ( Chen & Lindskog 1994, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Xinjiang ( Vinokurov et al. 2012, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Inner Mongolia ( Chen & Lindskog 1994, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Shanxi (new record), Hubei (new record), Sichuan ( Chen & Lindskog 1994, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Yunnan ( Chen & Lindskog 1994, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Xizang ( Chen & Lindskog 1994, Vinokurov et al. 2018), Taiwan ( Drake & Maa 1954).

General distribution. World-wide distributed, including Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, Palearctic, Panamanian, Saharo-Arabian and Sino-Japanese ( Schuh et al. 1987, Larivière & Larochelle 2018).