Limnonectes maanyanorum, Gonggoli & Shimada & Matsui & Nishikawa & Sidik & Kadafi & Farajallah & Hamidy, 2025

Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov.

( Figs. 5–6 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 )

Limnonectes kuhlii “Lineage 3”: Matsui et al. (2016) Holotype. Adult female (MZB Amph 33530) from Mekang River , Mt. Karasik , Apar Batu Village , Awang District, Barito Timur Regency, Central Kalimantan Province (Borneo), Indonesia at - 1.915357°S, 115.303402°E, elevation 91 m a.s.l., collected by Ade Damara Gonggoli and Adventus Robertino Rangin on 12 January 2023. GoogleMaps

Paratypes (n = 10). Total of eight specimens from Mekang River , Mt. Karasik , Apar Batu Village , Awang District, Barito Timur Regency, Central Kalimantan Province (Borneo), Indonesia at - 1.918157°S, 115.308813°E, elevation 164 m a.s.l.: one adult male (MZB Amph 33514) collected with holotype; seven adult females (MZB Amph 33513, 33515, 33531–35) collected by Ade Damara Gonggoli, Adventus Robertino Rangin, Tendang, and Pa Nika on 22 February 2022 GoogleMaps .

Two specimens from Margomulyo Village , Samboja District, Kutai Kertanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province (Borneo), Indonesia at - 1.052250°S, 116.992798°E, elevation 68.3 m a.s.l. GoogleMaps : two juveniles (MZB Amph 15264–65) collected by Amir Hamidy and Abran Slamet on 18 February 2009.

Etymology. The species epithet maanyanorum refers to the name of the local ethnic, Dayak Maanyan, who live in Central Kalimantan, from where the species is found. The species epithet is in genitive plural, meaning of the “Maanyan”.

Local common name. On Mt. Karasik, the local people of the Dayak Maanyan ethnic call this frog “Senteleng Watu”, which means “Katak Batu” in Indonesia and “Rock Frog” in English.

Suggested English common name. Maanyan Creek Frog.

Suggested Indonesian common name. Bangkong-tuli Maanyan.

Diagnosis. The new species clustered within the L. kuhlii complex in molecular analyses and can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: medium size (SVL 45.9 mm in the only adult male, 40.4–58.5 mm in adult females); toes fully webbed; tympanum hidden; dorsal skin of body rugose; dorsal skin of tibia densely covered by small warts and coarsely scattered with well-elevated large tubercles; flap of skin on outer side of third finger well-developed, moveable; inner and outer webbing of fourth toe fairly well excised; disk of third finger not much wider than basal phalanx; disk of fourth toe wider than basal phalanx; male nuptial pad on first finger without minute asperities; head longer than wide; throat covered with confluent irregular dark gray blotches.

Description of the holotype (measurements in mm). Adult female (SVL 57.0), habitus stocky; head longer (HL 24.1, 42.3 % SVL) than wide (HW 23.0, 40.3 % SVL); rostrum longer (RL 9.3, 16.4 % SVL) than eye (ED 5.6, 9.9 % SVL); nostril dorsolateral on canthus, closer to snout tip (SL 4.0, 7.0 % SVL) than to eye (N-EL 5.4, 9.4 % SVL); internarial distance (IND 4.6, 8.0 % SVL) longer than interorbital distance (IOD 4.2, 7.3 % SVL); snout obtusely pointed in lateral view; canthus rounded; lore concave; pineal spot distinct; tympanum indistinct; pair of odontoid processes on lower jaw, obtuse in profile; vomerine teeth in oblique groups, groups separated from each other and from choana by half length of one group; vocal sac and vocal slits absent.

Forelimb stout, relatively short (FLL 28.0, 49.2 % SVL); fingers moderately slender; finger length formula II <I <IV <III; finger webbing absent; finger tips bluntly rounded, without circummarginal grooves; disk of third finger (3TDW 1.0, 1.7 % SVL) not much wider than basal phalanx; inner palmar tubercle oval and low (IPTL 3.3, 5.7 % SVL); middle palmar tubercle oval and low; outer palmar tubercle slightly oval and elongated, contacting with middle palmar tubercle; proximal subarticular tubercle slightly rounded, elevated; distal subarticular tubercle indistinct; skin flaps on inner and outer side of second and third fingers present, more developed on outer side of third finger than inner, freely moveable; supernumerary metacarpal tubercles absent.

Hindlimb stout, relatively short (HLL 82.0, 143.9 % SVL), about three times length of forelimb, toe length formula I <II <V <III <IV; foot (FL 25.8, 45.3 % SVL) slightly longer than tibia (TL 25.5, 44.7 % SVL); tibiotarsal articulation reaching between eye and nostril in preserved condition; toes tips blunt, rounded; disk of fourth toe (4TDW 1.5, 2.6 % SVL) wider than basal phalanx; toes fully webbed, webbing formula I 1–1 II 1–1 III 1–1 IV 1–1 V; inner and outer webbing of fourth toe fairly well excised; skin flaps on outer side of fifth and inner side of first toe present, moveable; proximal subarticular tubercle distinct, oval elongated; middle subarticular tubercle distinct, oval elongated, longer than proximal subarticular tubercle; distal subarticular tubercle distinct, slightly rounded; inner metatarsal tubercle elongated (IMTL 4.2, 7.3 % SVL); outer metatarsal tubercle absent.

Dorsal skin of head and anterior part of the trunk rugose, wrinkled, without warts; posteriorly rugose with small warts; few small warts and wrinkles on upper eyelids; transverse strip between posterior margins of eyes; dorsolateral fold absent; short dorsolateral ridge behind eyes; strong, curved, supratympanic fold from eye to above arm base; ventral skin of abdomen and thigh smooth; cloaca rugose with small warts; ulnar side of hand with scattered translucent spinules; dorsal skin of tibia densely covered with small warts and coarsely scattered with well-elevated large warts, each wart tipped with translucent spinule; tarsus covered with small warts dorsolaterally; skin flap along outer side of fifth toe with translucent spinules; ventral metatarsal skin of fourth toe with irregular translucent spinules.

Coloration. Dorsal side greenish-brown with irregularly shaped, indistinct confluent dark spots; head with one dark brown interorbital bar; upper and lower lips with three dark brown bands; canthus and supratympanic fold covered by one dark gray band; throat white, with confluent irregular dark gray blotches; abdomen white; limbs marked dorsally with dark brown crossbars; thigh ventral side nearly translucent with thin yellowish blotches. In preservative, whole-body coloration turned olive-gray; dark gray blotches on throat remain unchanged; translucent spinules turned whitish.

Variation. Individuals of the type series were very similar in proportions. Table 2 View TABLE 2 shows the individual variations in morphometric values. A single male was greater than females in RHW, RIOD, R1TOEL, ROSL, and RITOL, while females were larger than males in ROW. Male with obtuse tip of odontoid processes. Throat of one female (MZB Amph 33535) almost entirely covered by dark blotches. From base to level of subarticular tubercle of male first finger brownish, thickened, forming a nuptial pad without minute asperities.

Comparisons. Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. differs from L. barioensis and L. tawauensis by webbing on inner and outer of the fourth toes fairly well excised, Fig. 9E View FIGURE 9 [vs. little excised, Fig. 9G, H View FIGURE 9 ], first finger distinctly longer than second finger [vs. slightly longer: Matsui et al. (2024)], skin flap on outer side of third finger freely moveable [vs. weakly moveable, except L. tawauensis : Matsui et al. (2024)], male having obtuse odontoid processes tip [vs. sharply pointed, except L. barioensis : Matsui et al. (2024)]; and by female having longer first finger, RFFL 17.2–19.4 % SVL (vs. shorter, ≤ 15.6 % SVL: Matsui et al. 2024), and longer first toe, R1TOEL 19.4–21.9 % SVL (vs. shorter, ≤ 16.0 % SVL: Matsui et al. 2024).

Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. differs from L. conspicillatus , L. lambirensis , L. mocquardi , L. penerisensis , L. paginatanensis , L. separatus , L. lanjakensis , L. abanghamidi , L. batulawensis , and L. paulyambuni , by dorsal skin of tibia having pattern I of warts (vs. pattern II or III, see Table 3 View TABLE 3 ). Additionally, Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. differs from L. mocquardi , L. paginatanensis , L. separatus , L. abanghamidi , L. batulawensis , and L. paulyambuni , by having first finger distinctly longer than second finger [vs. first finger as long as or slightly shorter than second: Matsui et al. (2024)]. Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. differs from L. lambirensis , L. mocquardi , L. paginatanensis , and L. abanghamidi , by outer side of third finger having moveable skin flap [vs. weekly moveable or non-moveable: Matsui et al. (2024)].

Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. differs from L. asperatus , L. rhacodus , L. deinodon Dehling , L. hikidai , L. cintalubang , L. sinuatodorsalis Matsui , and L. kong , by having fully webbed toes [vs. fourth toe not webbed to base of tip: Inger et al. (1996), Dehling (2014), Matsui & Nishikawa (2014), Matsui et al. (2014b), Matsui (2015), Dehling & Dehling (2017)]; and odontoid processes tip obtuse in male [vs. pointed tusk, except L. kong : Inger et al. (1996), Dehling (2014), Matsui & Nishikawa (2014), Matsui et al. (2014b), Matsui (2015), Dehling & Dehling (2017)]. Additionally, Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. differs from L. kong by absence of minute asperities on male nuptial pads [vs. present: Dehling & Dehling (2017)], and moveable skin flap on the outer side of third finger [vs. non-moveable: Dehling & Dehling (2017)].

Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. differs from L. kuhlii by the absence of thickened skin on the anterior chin in male (vs. present), and nuptial pad present in males (vs. absent). Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. differs from L. sisikdagu McLeod, Horner, Husted, Barley & Iskandar , by absence of translucent spinules on ventral skin of anterior chin of males [vs. present: McLeod et al. (2011)], and absence of minute asperities on male nuptial pads [vs. present: McLeod et al. (2011)].

Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. differs from L. utara Matsui, Belabut & Ahmad , and L. selatan Matsui, Belabut & Ahmad , by smaller of female body size, SVL 40.4–58.5 mm [vs. ≥ 59.2 mm: Matsui et al. (2014a)], few large warts on dorsal skin of tibia [vs. many large wars: Matsui et al. (2014a)], and absence of minute asperities on male nuptial pads [vs. present: Matsui et al. (2014a)]. Additionally, Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. differs from L. utara by less confluent dark markings on dorsum [vs. more confluent: Matsui et al. (2014a)].

Distribution and natural history. Limnonectes maanyanorum sp. nov. is distributed within an elevational range of 91–164 m a.s.l. in the northern part of Meratus Mountain Range based on available data. The type series from Mt. Karasik were found in secondary forest, near disturbed areas along small, rocky stream with a width of up to 2 m ( Fig. 10A View FIGURE 10 ). The holotype was collected from the ground at the edge of the stream at around 20:00 h, while other type specimens have been found on leaves or rocks near the stream. The following anuran species have been found at the Mt. Karasik site with the new species: Hylarana picturata (Boulenger) ; Kalophrynus meizon Zug ; L. leporinus (Andersson) ; L. paramacrodon (Inger) ; Leptobrachium abbotti (Cochran) ; Limnonectes sp. 1 ; Pelobatrachus kalimantanensis (Munir, Hamidy, Matsui, Iskandar, Sidik, & Shimada) ; Leptobrachella fritinniens (Dehling & Matsui) ; Phrynoidis asper (Gravenhorst) ; and Staurois guttatus (Günther) .