Opoptera hilaris Stichel, 1901

Opoptera hilaris Stichel, 1901

Figs 25–33 View FIGURE 25 View FIGURE 26 View FIGURE 27 View FIGURE 28 View FIGURE 29 View FIGURE 30 View FIGURE 31 View FIGURE 32 View FIGURE 33

Opoptera aorsa hilaris Stichel, 1901 . Insekten-Börse, 18 (52): 413; no data.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. View in CoL 5A, p. 203; syn.: hilara View in CoL [sic].

Opoptera aorsa hilara View in CoL [sic]; Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 489-490; 1 male Ecuador, Aguamo [= Ahuano], 370 m, east of the Andes, R. Haensch leg., typus in collection Dohrn, Stettin.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 23.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25, p. 99, fig. 25 (male d, v).— Fruhstorfer, 1911 –12, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 292.— Miranda-Ribeiro, 1931. Bol. Mus. Nac. 7 (1): 38.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 52.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. View in CoL 5A, p. 203.

Opoptera aorsa fuscata Stichel, 1908 View in CoL . Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 175; 3 males, 1 female of Manaos [= Manaus], (Amazonas), [ Brazil], Hahnel leg, collection Staudinger, MfN.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25, p. 99.— Fruhstorfer, 1911 –12, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 292.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 52; syn.: aorsina .— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. View in CoL 5A, p. 203; syn.: aorsina . Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes aorsa colombiana Rothschild, 1916 . Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 310; 1 male, Bogotá, Colombia.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 52. Syn. nov .

Ops View in CoL [iphanes] aorsina Stichel, 1932 (Staudinger in litt.). Lep. Cat. 51, p. 52; nom. nud. (ICZN, Art. 12.1—no description, as synonym of Opoptera aorsa fuscata View in CoL ).

Opoptera aorsa colombiana View in CoL ; Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. View in CoL 5A, p. 203.

Opoptera hilaris ; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 1985 (1): 12; phylog.— Penz & Mohammadi, 2013. Biota neotrop. 13 (3): 167, 169, 176.— Penz & Heine, 2016. Neotrop. Entomol. 45 (1): 51, fig. 1 (male d, v); morph., beh.— Penz et al., 2017. Zootaxa , 4258(3): 202.

Opoptera hilaris fuscata ; Penz, 2009a. Zootaxa 1985 (1): 12.

Opoptera hilaris colombiana ; Penz, 2009a. Zootaxa 1985 (1): 12.

Taxonomic history. Stichel (1902) redescribed the subspecies as hilara [sic] based on a male. Stichel (1908) described Opoptera hilaris fuscata . Rothschild (1916) described Opsiphanes aorsa colombiana . Stichel (1932) considered Opsiphanes aorsa aorsina (Staudinger in litt.) as a synonym of Opoptera aorsa fuscata and Casagrande (2004) did the same. Penz (2009) raised hilaris to species status and considered fuscata and colombiana as valid subspecies of Opoptera hilaris .

Type material. Opoptera aorsa hilaris Stichel, 1901 was described based on an unknown number of individuals. Although Stichel (1902) complemented the brief original description, mentioning that the description is based on a male from Ecuador, [Napo], Aguamo [= Ahuano], 370 m, east of Andes, R. Haensch leg., with the type in collection Dohrn, Stettin [= Szczecin, Poland], the type material was not found in the collections around the world, even after exhaustive searches by dedicated researches on the taxonomy of Nymphalidae , as M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for correction identification, a male specimen with the same characters mentioned by Stichel (1902), will be deposited in MUSM, with the following labels: / PERU, M. de Dios, Par-que [sic] Manu, Pakitza 340m 11°55’48”S 71°15’18”W 30 Sep 1991 Leg. O. Mielke / is hereby designated as the neotype of Opoptera aorsa hilaris Stichel, 1901 , and the following labels will be attached: / NEOTYPUS / Neotypus Opoptera aorsa hilaris Stichel, 1901 , Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025/ ( Fig. 29 View FIGURE 29 ).

Opoptera aorsa fuscata Stichel, 1908 was described based on three males and one female from Manaus, Amazonas, [ Brazil]. A male specimen was found in NHMUK with the following labels: / Opsiphanes aorsa, Godt. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1919 .⸻6./ O. aorsina / Manaos Stgr 878./ ♂ / Manaos, Amazonas. Ex Staudinger./. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for correction identification, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opoptera aorsa fuscata Stichel, 1908 , Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025/ ( Fig. 30 View FIGURE 30 ).

Other two syntypes were found at the MfN, one female and one male. A female with the following labels: / Typus / Man. H. /, and the male the following labels: / ɑorsina Stgr. / Zool. Mus. Berlin / Manáos 86. Hhl./ Typus / become a paralectotype and the following labels will be attached: PARALECTOTYPUS / Paralectotypus Opoptera aorsa fuscata Stichel, 1908 , Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025/ ( Figs 31–32 View FIGURE 31 View FIGURE 32 ) .

Opsiphanes aorsa colombiana Rothschild, 1916 was described based on a male from Bogotá, Colombia. The holotype is deposited in NHMUK, with the following labels: / Opsiphanes aorsa columbiana [sic] Rothsch. / Bogota, coll. [crossed out with pen]/ Type / Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1./ ( Fig. 33 View FIGURE 33 ).

Diagnosis. HW with tail prolongation. DHW of the males with long hairs distributed on areas adjacent to the scent-pocket. Differs from Opoptera aorsa by the interrupted transversal band forming a series of contiguous and irregular spots in the discal cell on VFW ( Figs 25–26 View FIGURE 25 View FIGURE 26 ).

Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, with flat dorsal surface; anterior margin medially concave; anterior projection of saccus shorter than the arms; uncus pointed, convex margin in the distal portion, laterally expanded; gnathos with the proximal portion wide than the distal portion and with anteriorly directed projection, distal portion pointed; valva sickle-shaped, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider than the posterior portion, distal portion pointed and with ventral margin serrated; aedeagus with lateral projections; fultura inferior rectangular ( Fig. 27 View FIGURE 27 ).

Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, narrow, folded median portion, anteriorly directed forming an arch; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, wider than the lamella antevaginalis, median portion with transverse keel, posterior margin corrugated; intersegmental membrane rounded in the anterior margin, slightly emarginated and with sclerotized plate in the median portion ( Fig. 28 View FIGURE 28 ).

Variation. Forewing length, male (n=5): 35–39 mm, female (n=5): 37–44 mm. Hindwing length, male (n=5): 39–47 mm, female (n=5): 41–52 mm. FW subapical region slightly projected. DFW width of the orange band, may be continuous or interrupted on M 3. DHW marginal region with faded band and orange; males with marginal band orange or may be absent; females with marginal band yellowish, conspicuous or faded. VFW size and shape of the spots adjacent to the b ”, “ c ” elements; transverse band within the discal cell may be emarginated, not forming a series of contiguous and irregular spots; size and shape of the spots adjacent to the “ d ” element and may be absent; size and shape of the spots adjacent to the “ d ” element and may be absent; size and shape of the band adjacent to the “ f ” element; size and shape of the eyespot between M 1 –M 2. VHW size and shape of the spots in the basal region (elements c, d); size and shape of the eyespots; size and shape of the spots between M 1 –M 3. Male genitalia: tegumen with dorsal surface ranging from flat to convex, with anterior margin medially sinuous. Female genitalia: may a have keel from lateral margin extending from the lateral margin towards the lamella postvaginalis.

Comments. In this study, Opoptera hilaris fuscata Stichel, 1908 and Opoptera hilaris colombiana Rothschild, 1916 are synonymized with Opoptera hilaris Stichel, 1901 . In the descriptions of the subspecies proposed by Stichel (1901, 1902, 1908), the morphological characters mentioned are consistent with Opoptera hilaris . When examining specimens of Opoptera hilaris fuscata and Opoptera hilaris colombiana , both the wing band and spots patterns and male genitalia are consistent with Opoptera hilaris . Therefore, considering the wing pattern and male genitalia, no distinct characters were found to justify maintaining Opoptera hilaris fuscata Stichel, 1908 and Opoptera hilaris colombiana Rothschild, 1916 as subspecies.

Geographic distribution. Colombia (Bogotá, Meta) ; Venezuela (Apure) ; Ecuador (Tungurahua, Guayas) ; Peru ( Amazonas , San Martín, Huánuco, Junín, Cuzco, Madre de Dios); Bolivia (La Paz) ; Brazil ( Amazonas , Acre, Rondônia, Goiás, Mato Grosso) ( Fig. 60 View FIGURE 60 ). Elevation between 200 and 1,000 m .

Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly throughout the year, except in March.

Specimens examined. Neotype of Opoptera aorsa hilaris Stichel, 1901 ; photos of the lectotype of Opoptera aorsa fuscata Stichel, 1908 ; holotype of Opsiphanes aorsa colombiana Rothschild, 1916 , and the following specimens: COLOMBIA: Meta —La Macarena, II-1962, 1 male, Schmidt Mumm leg., DZ 3964 (DZUP). VENEZUELA: Apure —La Morita, 8–14-IV-1972, 1 female, Salcedo leg., DZ 57.867 (DZUP). ECUADOR: no locality, 1 male, ex. coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.816 (DZUP); Tungurahua, Minza Chica [probably spurious locality], 21-V-1993, 1 female, M. Büche leg., OM 35.464 (DZUP—OM), Minza Chica [probably spurious locality], 6-VI-1993, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 35.201 (DZUP—OM); Guayas —Guayaquil [probably spurious locality], 1 male, J. Arp leg., ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.861 (DZUP). PERU: Amazonas —( Cordillera del Cóndor, Quebrada Kegkem ), 03°36’S, 78°18’W, 700 m, 20-XII-2003, 1 male, J. Grados & A. Asenjo leg., (MUSM). San Martín —( Nueva Jordania), ca. 05°39’S, 77°42’W, 1100-1200 m, II-2013, 1 male, IX-2011, 1 male, I-2014, 1 male, J. Pintado leg., (MUSM); Rioja, [06°04’S, 77°10’W], 800-900 m, 1934, 1 male, MHN 1577 (MUSM); Juanjui, [07°11’S, 76°44’W], [300 m], 1 male, (MUSM). Huánuco —Tingo María, 670 m, VII-1986, 1 male, Büche leg., OM 35.362 (DZUP—OM), 670 m, 6-VII-1987, 1 male, Büche leg., OM 34.958 (DZUP—OM), 670 m, 30-IX-1990, 1 male, Büche leg., OM 35.225 (DZUP— OM), 670 m, 4-VIII-1991, 1 male, Büche leg., OM 35.321 (DZUP—OM), 670 m, 3-IX-1987, 1 female, Büche leg., OM 35.266 (DZUP—OM). Junín —( Río Perené ), 300–800 m, 1-X-1987, 2 males, Tello leg., OM 18.435, 18.436 (DZUP—OM); Satipo, XI-1987, 1 male, DZ 57.862 (DZUP). Cuzco —(Nuevo Mundo), 11°33’S, 73°09’W, 380 m, 29-X-1997, 1 female, G. Valencia leg., (MUSM); (Camp [amento] San Martín 3), 11°47’S, 72°42’W, 475 m, 27-IV-1997, 1 female, 2-V-1997, 1 female, 6-V-1997, 1 male, 1 female, genitalia # CP-72-MUSM, CP-74-MUSM, legs # CP-6-MUSM, CP-7-MUSM (MUSM); Quillabamba ( Cosñipata Valley ) [the locality given is spurious], 12º51’ S, 72º41’ W, 2200 m [the elevation is spurious], 1 male, R. E. Espinoza leg., OM 69.324 (DZUP—OM), 12º51’ S, 72º41’ W, 2200 m [the elevation is spurious], 1 male, R. E. Espinoza leg., OM 70.873 (DZUP—OM); Pilcopata ( Villa Carmen ), 12°54’S, 71°24’W, 540 m, 29-VIII-2016, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., (MUSM); Chontachaca ( Cosñipata Valley ), 12º 56’ S, 71º 24’ W, 700 m, 2012, 1 male, Local Collector, OM 71.490 (DZUP—OM), 12º 56’ S, 71º 24’ W, 700 m, 2012, 1 male, Local Collector, OM 71.470 (DZUP—OM), 12º56’ S, 71º24’ W, 700 m, 2012, 1 male, Local Collector, OM 71.450 (DZUP—OM), 13°02’S, 71°28’W, 950 m, IX-2004, 1 male, (MUSM), I-2011, 1 male, R. Egoavil leg., (MUSM); ([ Quebrada ] Quitacalzón , Río Cosñipata ), [13°01’S, 71°30’W], 1100 m, 11-II-1975, 1 male, 20-V-2012, 1 male, 1-XI-2016, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., 2-II-2010, 1 male, S. Kinyon leg., (MUSM), ( Cosñipata Valley and Quitacalzón ), 24-X-2016, 1 male, M. McInnis leg., OM 82.791 (DZUP—OM). Madre de Dios —Parque Nacional del Manu ( Pakitza ), 11º55’48” S, 71º15’18’’ W, 340 m, 2-X-1991, 2 males, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.817, 57.819 (DZUP), 12-X-1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.818 (DZUP), 20-X-1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.820 (DZUP), 15-X-1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.821 (DZUP), 10-X-1991, 2 males, M. Casagrande leg., DZ 57.822, 57.828 (DZUP), 15-X-1991, 1 male, M. Casagrande leg., DZ 57.823 (DZUP), 5-X-1991, 1 male, I. Bohórquez leg., DZ 57.824 (DZUP), 1-X-1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.825 (DZUP), 9-X-1991, 1 male, M. Casagrande leg., DZ 57.826 (DZUP), 30-IX-1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg. (MUSM), [11°57’S, 71°17’W], 400 m, 20-IX-1988, 1 male, M.G. Pogue leg., (MUSM), “ 11°53’S, 70°58’W ”, 400 m, 15-XI-1990, 2 males, J. Macdonald leg., 19-X-1990, 1 female, G. Lamas leg., (MUSM); ( Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri , Río Cupodnoe ), 12°47’S, 70°57’W, 410 m, 27-V-2011, 1 male, 8-V-2011, 2 males, 29-V-2011, 1 male, 12°50’S, 70°52’W, 365 m, 2-VI-2011, 2 males, L. Huerto & B. Medina leg., (MUSM); ( Boca Río La Torre ), [12°50’S, 69°17’W], 300 m, 12-XI-1979, 1 male, 16-XI-1979, 1 male, 19-XI-79, 1 male, 23-XI-1979, 1 male, J.B. Heppner leg., 27-VII-1980, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., 30-IX-1981, 1 male, G. Lamas et al. leg., 19-II-1982, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., (MUSM); ( Reserva de Tanbopata ), 12°50’S, 69°17’W, 290 m, XII-1994, 1 male, S. Fratello leg., (MUSM); P[uerto] Maldonado (30km SW), 19-XI-1982, 1 female, J.J. Anderson leg., (MUSM); ( Primavera Baja ), 12°54’S, 70°05’W, 234 m, 4–11-XI-2009, 1 male, C. Castillo & E. Martínez leg., (MUSM); (Albergue Amazonia), 12°52’S, 71°23’W, 500 m, 29-IX-2011, 1 female, M. McInnis leg., (MUSM). BOLIVIA: La Paz —Caranavi, 900–1500 m, I-2003, 1 male, OM 76.689 (DZUP—OM); Cochabamba ( Yungas del Palmar), 1000 m, I-1949, 1 male, ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 57.866 (DZUP). BRAZIL: Amazonas — São Paulo de Olivença , 1 male, DZ 57.860 (DZUP); ([= illegible]), 1 female, J. Arp leg, ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.871 (DZUP). Acre —Bujari (50 km NO), 200 m, 10–12-IX-2004, 1 male, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.836 (DZUP), 200 m, 25-IX-2003, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.837 (DZUP); Senador Guiomard ( Reserva Catuaba ), 10º 4’ 27’’ S, 67º 37’ 17’’ W, 200 m, 27–5-VIII– IX-2011, 6 males, D. Dolibaina & D. Moura leg., DZ 57.811, 57.812, 57.851, 57.844, 57.852, 57.853 (DZUP), 200 m, 17–19-VII-2004, 1 male, O.-C. Mielke leg., OM 65.068 (DZUP—OM), 200 m, 2–5-IX-2004, 1 male, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.839 (DZUP), 24-IX-2003, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.838 (DZUP), 23–27-VII-2008, 7 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.840, 57.841, 57.842, 57.843, 57.848, 57.849, 57.850 (DZUP), 1– 3–5-X-2006, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.845 (DZUP), 29–30-IX-2006, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.846 (DZUP), 6–7-X-2006, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.847 (DZUP); Porto Acre ( Reserva Humaitá ), 200 m, 8–10-IX-2004, 7 males, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.829, 57.830, 57.831, 57.832, 57.833, 57.834, 57.835 (DZUP). Rondônia —([Candeias do Jamari vide Miranda-Ribeiro, 1931]), 1 male, DZ 57.827 (DZUP); Ariquemes, 150 m, 9-VIII-1978, 1 female, E. Furtado leg., DZ 57.766 (DZUP); Porto Velho, SAntonio [= Santo Antônio ], 1 female, USNMNH 2041410 (USNM); Jaru, 6-X-1975, 1 male, Brown leg., DZ 57.864 (DZUP), 5-IX-1976, 1 female, Brown leg., DZ 57.874 (DZUP). Mato Grosso —Diamantino ( Rio Arinos, Fazenda São João ), 300–400 m, 7-IX-1979, 1 male, 8-V-1976, 1 male, E. Furtado leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.858, 57.859 (DZUP); Cáceres, 13-XI-1984, 1 male, 19-XI-1984, 1 male, 12-XI-1984, 1 male, 17-XI-1984, 1 male, Buzzi, Mielke, Elias & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.854, 57.855, 3961, 57.856 (DZUP); Rio Verde , 1 male, E. May-Rio leg., DZ 57.857 (DZUP). Goiás —( Rio Maranhão), 2-VI-1977, 1 male, Gifford leg., ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 3958 (DZUP); Goianésia, XI-1969, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.765 (DZUP), XI-1969, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 3959 (DZUP).