Opoptera syme (Hübner, [1821])

Opoptera syme (Hübner, [1821]) View in CoL

Figs 41–50 View FIGURE 41 View FIGURE 42 View FIGURE 43 View FIGURE 44 View FIGURE 45 View FIGURE 46 View FIGURE 47 View FIGURE 48 View FIGURE 49 View FIGURE 50

Caligo syme Hübner, [1821] . Samml. exot. Schmett., 2, pl. [71], figs 3, 4 ([female d, v]).—Doubleday, [1845]. List Lep. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 117.—Wytsman & Kirby, 1898–1903, in Hübner & Geyer. Samml. exot. Schmett. (New English facs. Ed.) 2, pl. 284 (71), figs 3, 4 (female d, v).— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 53.

Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823 . Analecta ent., p. 41; male, female, Brasília [ Brazil].— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 53.

Morpho acadina Godart, [1824] , in Latreille & Godart. Enc. Méth. 9 (2), p. 438, 451; male, female, Brésil [ Brazil].— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 53.

Pavonia acadina ; Guérin-Méneville, 1832, in Iconogr. Règne Anim. G. Cuvier 2, pl. 79, fig. 1 ([female] d).— Griffith & Pidgeon, 1832, in Griffith (ed.) Anim. Kingdom, 15 (32), p. 590, pl. 47, fig. 1 ([female] d).

Pavonia syme ; Boisduval, 1836. Spec. Gén. Lép., Atlas View in CoL 1, p. 4, pl. 12, fig. 2 ([male] v).— Burmeister, 1873. Rev. Mag. Zool., (3) 1 (1): 43; syn.: acadina .— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 53.

Caligo alcimedon, Westwood, 1851 , in Doubleday. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 342.— Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.- min. Ver. Regensb. 19 (5), p. 65.—Kirby, 1971. Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep., p. 128.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 54.

Opsiphanes syme ; Westwood, 1851, in Doubleday. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 345; syn.: acadina .— Lucas, 1851, in Chenu (ed.). Enc. d’Hist. nat., Pap. diurn., p. 170.— Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.— Prittwitz, 1865. Stett. ent. Ztg. 26, p. 309.— Kirby, 1871. Cat. diurn. Lep., p. 125; syn.: acadina .— Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 107.— Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 212.— Glaser, 1887. Cat. etymol. Col. Lep., p. 304, 383; etymol.— Köhler, 1923. Ztschr. wiss. Insektenb. 18 (12), Sonderb., p. 21.—J.F. Zikán, 1928. Ent. Rdsch. 45 (3): 10.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 53.

Opsiphanes acadina ; Ménétriés, 1855. Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. Petr. Lep., Pars I, p. 38; syn.: syme .

Opsiphanes (Opoptera) syme ; Aurivillius, 1882. Kongl. Svenska Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 75.

Opoptera syme View in CoL ; Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 491.— Stichel 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 24, 51, pl. 2, fig. 1 (venation).— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25, p. 106.— Casagrande, 1996. Revt. bras. Zool., 12 (3): 683, 685, figs 12, 18 (male gen.), 25 (female gen.); morph.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. View in CoL 5A, p. 203; syn.: alcimedon , acadina , fumosa View in CoL , colombicola View in CoL .— Penz, 2007. Syst. Ent. 32 (4): 675, 678; phylog.— Penz, 2009a. Zootaxa 1985 (1): 10; phylog.—Penz et al., 2013. Syst. Ent. 38 (2): 318; phylog.— Penz & Mohammadi, 2013. Biota neotrop. 13 (3): 157, 160, 164, figs 2, 5, 9 (male d, v).— Penz & Heine, 2016. Neotrop. Entomol. 45 (1): 51, fig. 1 (male d, v); morph., beh.— Aguiar et al., 2024. Neotrop. Entomol. 53 (1): 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107; morph., immature, ecol.

Opoptera syme syme View in CoL ; Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 491.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 53; syn.: alcimedon , acadina .

Opoptera syme fumosa Stichel, 1902 View in CoL . Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 491; 2 male syntypes, Espírito Santo [ Brazil], in collection Stichel; several male and female syntypes in coll. Fruhstorfer.

Opoptera syme fumosa View in CoL ; Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 178.— Fruhstorfer, 1911 –12, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 293.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 54.

Opsiphanes syme colombicola Rothschild, 1916 . Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 310; 1 male, “ Popayán , Colombia ”, Lehmann. [leg.].

Opoptera acadina ; Schwanwitsch, 1924. Proc. zool. Soc. London 1924 (2): 520, 528, pl. 3, fig. 15 (wings).— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 54.

Opoptera syme colombicola View in CoL ; Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 54.

Taxonomic history. Opoptera syme (Hübner, [1821]) was illustrated as Caligo syme by Hübner ([1821]). Dalman (1823) described Papilio alcimedon , and Godart (1824) described Morpho acadina . Boisduval (1836) treated the species as Pavonia syme . Westwood (1851) transferred syme to Opsiphanes and considered Morpho acadina as a junior synonym. Ménétriés (1855) and Kirby (1871) treated acadina as a synonym of syme . Burmeister (1873) mentioned acadina as a synonym of Pavonia syme . Aurivillius (1882) treated Opoptera as a subgenus of Opsiphanes . Stichel (1902) transferred syme to Opoptera . Rothschild (1916) described Opsiphanes syme colombicola . Stichel (1932) treated Papilio alcimedon and Morpho acadina as junior synonyms of Opoptera syme syme , and listed Opoptera syme colombicola as a valid subspecies. Casagrande (2004) regarded Papilio alcimedon , Morpho acadina , Opoptera syme fumosa , and Opoptera syme colombicola as junior synonyms of Opoptera syme .

Type material. Caligo syme Hübner, [1821] was described based on a figure [female]. The type material was not found in collections around the world even after exhaustive searches carried out by researchers dedicated to the taxonomy of Nymphalidae , such as M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas. Therefore, this specimen, a female of Caligo syme Hübner, [1821] is hereby designated as the neotype to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for a correct identification. The specimen designated as the neotype exhibits the same morphological characters of the female illustrated by Hübner ([1821]) and is deposited in the DZUP, with the following labels: / 13–15-II-2010 FAZENDA DOS CAMPOS, VÍRGINIA MINAS GERAIS, 1500 m MIELKE & CASAGRANDE LEG./ DZ 57.751/, to which the following labels will be attached: / NEOTYPUS / Neotypus Caligo syme Hübner, [1821] , Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025/ ( Fig. 45 View FIGURE 45 ).

Morpho acadina Godart, [1824] was described based on at least one female and one male from Brazil. A male syntype in MNHN, bearing the following labels: / Brésil Delalande MUSEUM DE PARIS/ TYPE/ SYN-TYPE /. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for correct identification, the specimen indicated as a male is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Morpho acadina Godart, [1824] , Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025/ ( Fig. 46 View FIGURE 46 ).

Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823 was described based on an unknown number of individuals from Brasília [ Brazil]. Two females were found, although Dalman (1823) considers it as a male and a female. These syntypes were deposited in the RMS, with the following labels: / P. Alcimedon ♀ Dalm., Anal. Typ./ Brasilia/ P. Alcimedon ♂ Dalm., Anal. Typ./ Brasilia/. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for correct identification, the specimen indicated as a female is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823 , Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025/. The other syntype indicated as male by Dalman, is also a female and is hereby designated as the paralectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / PARALECTOTYPUS / Paralectotypus Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823 , Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025/ ( Figs 47–48 View FIGURE 47 View FIGURE 48 ).

Opoptera syme fumosa Stichel, 1902 was described based on two males from Espírito Santo , Brazil, deposited in the Stichel collection. A syntype was found in the NHMUK with the following labels: / Op. syme fumosa Stich. Type/ Typus/ Type/ Brasilia Espirito Santo e. c. H. Stichel/ Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939-1/. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for a correct identification, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opoptera syme fumosa Stichel, 1902 , Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025/ ( Fig. 49 View FIGURE 49 ).

Opsiphanes syme colombicola Rothschild, 1916 was described based on one male [holotype] from Popayán, Colombia [probably spurious locality], collected by Lehmann., deposited in the NHMUK with the following labels: / Type/ Popayan, Colombia (Lehmann)/ Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939-1./ Opsiphanes syme colombicola Rothsch. / ( Fig. 50 View FIGURE 50 ).

Diagnosis. DFW with yellowish band, forming a “Y”, with the proximal arm narrow and equivalent to the distal arm. HW without tail prolongation. DHW of the males with hairpencil grouped in bundles in the discal cell; females have blue iridescence in the discal region. VHW with conspicuous white band in the submarginal region. Differs from Opoptera sulcius in that the proximal arms of the “Y” are narrower and zigzag-shaped ( Figs 41–42 View FIGURE 41 View FIGURE 42 ).

Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, with dorsal surface flat; anterior projection of saccus shorter than the arms; uncus pointed, not exceeding the length of the valva, proximal portion with tuft of setae, lateral margin concave; gnathos with proximal portion rectangular and with spines anteriorly directed, distal portion elongated and pointed; valva elongated, projected beyond the uncus, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider, narrowing towards the median portion, posterior portion wide and flattened; aedeagus without lateral projections; fultura inferior lozenge-shaped ( Fig. 43 View FIGURE 43 ).

Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized in the median portion and anteriorly straight; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized and with median protuberance posteriorly projected; intersegmental membrane rounded in the anterior margin; ductus bursae with basal portion sclerotized ( Fig. 44 View FIGURE 44 ).

Variation. Forewing length, male (n=5): 36–42 mm, female (n=5): 42–46 mm. DHW yellowish marginal band may be conspicuous or faded. VHW, shape and size of the eyespots in the discal region. VFW shape and size of the spots adjacent to the “ c ”, “ d ”, “ e ” elements, in the basal and discal regions, size and shape of the eyespot in the submarginal region; submarginal band (element j) may be faded and not reach the apex ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 ). Male genitalia: gnathos varies in size and number of spines in the proximal portion. Female genitalia: distal portion of the valva with indent in the dorsal and ventral margins.

Comments. Considering the geographic distribution of Opoptera syme , it is without doubt that the specimen described by Rothschild (1916) was not collected in Colombia.

Geographic distribution. Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo ) ( Fig. 60 View FIGURE 60 ). Elevation between 500 and 1,700 m.

Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly in January–April, September, November and December.

Specimens examined. Photos of the neotype of Caligo syme Hübner, [1821] ; lectotype of Pavonia acadina Godart, 1824 ; lectotype of Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823 ; lectotype of Opoptera syme fumosa Stichel, 1902 ; holotype of Opsiphanes syme colombicola Rothschild, 1916 , and the following specimens: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais —Itaipé, 650 m, 29-III-1969, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.749 (DZUP); Caratinga, 26-II-1972, 1 male, Pe. Moure & Graf leg., DZ 57.727 (DZUP); Santa Bárbara ( Caraça ), 1300–1500 m, 1–5-II-1985, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.752 (DZUP); Carmo do Rio Claro , 1-IX-1959, 1 male, Mielke leg., OM 2698 (DZUP—OM); Conceição da Aparecida, 4-II-1960, 1 male, Mielke leg., OM 2142 (DZUP—OM); Virgínia (Fazenda dos Campos), 1500 m, 13–15-II-2010, 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.751 (DZUP); Conceição dos Ouros, II-2017, 1 male, Pereira leg., DZ 57.728 (DZUP); Delfim Moreira, 1500–1700 m, 17–18-I-2004, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.754, 57.755 (DZUP); Camanducaia ( Monteverde ), 1650 m, 8-III-1981, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.753 (DZUP). Espírito Santo — Santa Teresa , 750 m, 25-III-1970, 1 male, 30- III-1970, 1 male, K. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.756, 57.757 (DZUP). Rio de Janeiro — Nova Friburgo ( Pico São João [= Parque Estadual dos Três Picos]), 1000–1400 m, 9-II-1987, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.750 (DZUP). Itatiaia (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia), 1000–1200 m, 5-II-1958, 1 female, 3 males, H. Ebert, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.734, 57.743, 57.745, 57.758 (DZUP); Petrópolis ( Independência ), 900 m, 3-XII-1939, 1 male, 6-III-1939, 1 male ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.726, 57.730 (DZUP), 4-XI-1934, 1 female, 13-IV-1932, 1 male, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.739, 2404 (DZUP); Rio de Janeiro ( Serra de Santa Teresa ), 1 female, D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.735 (DZUP); (Lagoinha), 19-II-1922, 1 male, Ferreira d’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.731 (DZUP); ( Sumaré ), 30-I-1934, 2 females, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.732, 2414 (DZUP), 1-II-1934, 1 female, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.733 (DZUP), 7-II-1930, 1 male, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.747 (DZUP); (Jacarepaguá—Três Rios), 13-II-1965, 1 male, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.748 (DZUP), 13-II-1965, 1 male, Octavio leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.746 (DZUP); (Horto Florestal, Gavea [= Jardim Botânico ]), 12-XII-1954, 1 female, L. Travassos leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.738 (DZUP). São Paulo —Araras, 600 m, 6-I-1966, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.744 (DZUP); Rio Claro , 600 m, 10-III-1963, 2 females, 2-III-1963, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.737, 57.740, 57.741 (DZUP); Campos do Jordão ( Umuarama ), 3–15-II-1937, 1 male, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 2511 (DZUP); Anhembi (Fazenda Barreiro Rico [= Estação Ecológica Barreiro Rico]), 500 m, 31-III-1968, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.759 (DZUP); Jacareí, II-1976, 1 male, DZ 57.729 (DZUP).